Yuav ua li cas yog lub relativistic los?

Classical physics yog ntawm lub tswv yim hais tias tag nrho cov observers, hais txog ntawm qhov chaw, yuav tau txais tib yam kev tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lawv cov kev ntsuas ntawm lub sij hawm thiab ntev. Lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm Relativity hais tias lub observers yuav tau sib txawv tau, xws distortions yog hu ua tus "relativistic los". Thaum nce cov kev ceev ntawm lub teeb Newtonian physics kauj ruam ib sab.

ceev ntawm lub teeb

Tus paub txog A. Michelson ua nyob rau hauv 1881 ntsuas cov kev ceev ntawm lub teeb, kuv pom tau hais tias cov kev tshwm sim yuav tsis yog nyob ntawm seb cov kev ceev uas tsiv tawg qhov chaw. Ua ke nrog EV Michelson Morley xyaum ua tej yam nyob rau hauv 1887 ua lwm xyaum ua tej yam, tom qab uas lub ntiaj teb no yog tseeb: tsis muaj teeb meem nyob rau hauv uas cov kev taw qhia cov kev ntsuas yog cov kev ceev ntawm lub teeb yog qhov txhia chaw thiab yeej tib yam nkaus. Cov qhabnias ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv tej teeb meem nrog rau cov tswv yim ntawm physics thaum lub sij hawm, vim hais tias yog hais tias tus lub teeb mus nyob rau hauv ib qho kev puag ncig (cua), thiab lub ntiaj chaw yog tsiv nyob rau hauv tib lub nruab nrab, ntsuam nyob rau hauv txawv kev qhia yuav tsis tau tib yam.

Tom qab ntawd, lub Fabkis mathematician, physicist thiab astronomer Jules Anri Puankare yog ib tug ntawm cov founders ntawm lub hom phiaj ntawm Relativity. Nws tsim ib tug Lorentz kev tshawb xav raws li uas twb muaj lawm ether nyob ruaj ruaj, kom cov kev ceev ntawm lub teeb txheeb ze rau nws tsis yog nyob rau hauv lub qhov chaw tus nqi. Cov tsiv ntas nqa Lorentz transformation, es Nkas Lis Lais (Galileo transformation saws kom deb li deb nyob rau hauv lub Newtonian mechanics). Henceforth Nkas Lis Lais hloov dua siab tshiab los ua ib tug tshwj xeeb cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub Lorentz transformation, kev hloov mus rau lwm inertial siv system nrog me me (piv rau cov kev ceev ntawm lub teeb) ceev.

Lub abolition ntawm lub ether

Relativistic nyhuv ntawm kev txo qhov ntev, kuj hu ua Lorentz contraction, yog hais tias rau ib observer cov khoom tsiv txheeb ze rau nws, yuav muaj ib tug me me ntev.

Ib tug tseem ceeb pab rau cov kev tshawb xav ntawm Relativity Albert Eynshteyn tswvcuab. Nws kiag li abolished xws li ib tug lub sij hawm raws li "ether", mus rau lub sij hawm no prisutstvavshy nyob rau hauv kev xav thiab suav ntawm physicists, thiab tag nrho cov tswv yim hais txog cov khoom ntawm qhov chaw thiab lub sij hawm, nws txav mus rau kinematics.

Tom qab ua hauj lwm tawm nyob rau hauv lub teeb ntawm Einstein, Poincare tsis tau tsuas yog nres sau ntawv scientific ntaub ntawv rau cov kawm, tab sis ho tsis hais lub npe ntawm nws lug txhawb cov miv nyob rau hauv tej yam nws tej hauj lwm, tsuas yog tus tsuas yog cov ntaub ntawv ntawm ib tug siv rau lub hom phiaj ntawm lub photoelectric nyhuv. Poincare txuas ntxiv mus sib tham txog lub zog ntawm cov ether, categorically tsis tej ntawv ntawm Einstein, txawm hais tias nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no mus rau lub zoo heev paub txog, kho nrog kev sib hwm, thiab txawm muab nws ib tug ci ntsa iab feature, thaum tus thawj coj ntawm lub dua Polytechnic tsev kawm ntawv xav caw Einstein nyob rau hauv Zurich los ua ib tug xib fwb ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv.

kev tshawb xav ntawm Relativity

Txawm muaj ntau yam ntawm cov neeg uas yog kiag li nyob rau txawv nrog physics thiab kev kawm txog zauv, yam tsawg kawg nyob rau hauv nqe lus dav dav, yog dab tsi lub hom phiaj ntawm Relativity, vim hais tias nws yog tej zaum cov feem ntau nto moo ntawm scientific theories. Nws postulates rhuav tib yam notions ntawm lub sij hawm thiab qhov chaw, thiab txawm hais tias tag nrho cov me nyuam kawm ntawv kawm txog cov kev tshawb xav ntawm Relativity, tab sis kom to taub nws nyob rau hauv nws txoj kev paub no tsis txaus cia li mus paub lub mis.

lub sij hawm dilation nyhuv yog kuaj nyob rau hauv lub sim thiab supersonic aircraft. Yog atomic moos on board, tom qab rov qab pib poob rau ib tug split thib ob. Yog hais tias muaj yog ob observers, ib tug ntawm cov uas yog nyob ruaj ruaj thiab lwm yam kev xyaum ntawm ib yam ceev txheeb ze mus rau tus thawj, thaum lub sij hawm saib leej twg yog nyob ruaj ruaj, yuav mus sai, thiab tus kwv yog mus lub sij hawm ntawd yuav kav ntev me ntsis. Txawm li cas los, yog hais tias tus mus saib yuav txiav txim siab rov qab mus thiab mus saib lub sij hawm, nws hloov tawm hais tias nws saib pom ib tug me ntsis me me tshaj lub ua ntej. Uas yog, muaj ib tug ntau dua kev ncua deb ntawm lub scale ntawm qhov chaw, nws "siv" tsawg tsawg lub sij hawm, thaum tsiv.

Relativistic los nyob rau hauv lub neej

Muaj coob tus ntseeg hais tias mus saib relativistic los tsuas yog thaum cov kev ceev ntawm lub teeb, los yog tus mus kom ze rau nws, thiab xwb nws yog, tab sis koj yuav tau saib lawv, tsis yog cia li rhuav koj spaceship. Nyob rau hauv cov nplooj ntawv ntawm qhov kev phau ntawv journal cev Review ntawv yuav tau nyeem nyob rau hauv lub theoretical ua hauj lwm ntawm Swedish zaum. Lawv sau hais tias cov relativistic los yog tam sim no txawm nyob rau hauv ib lub roj teeb rau ib lub tsheb. Txheej txheem yog tau ua tsaug rau lub ceev ceev zog ntawm electrons ntawm cov atoms ntawm cov hlau lead (los ntawm txoj kev, lawv muaj ib tug yog vim li cas feem ntau ntawm cov voltage nyob rau hauv lub terminals). Nws kuj piav yog vim li cas, dua li cov kev zoo sib thooj ntawm cov hlau lead thiab tin, tin-raws li cov roj teeb tsis ua hauj lwm.

txawv txawv co

lub muab kev ceev ntawm lub electrons nyob rau hauv lub atoms yog heev tsawg, ces cov Relativity kev tshawb xav cia li tsis ua hauj lwm, tab sis muaj ib co kev zam. Yog hais tias koj tsiv mus ntxiv thiab ntxiv down lub periodic table, nws yog tseeb hais tias cov hlau lead yog hnyav dua ib tug ntau ntawm cov ntsiab nyob rau hauv nws. Qhov loj loj ntawm lub nuclei yog counterbalanced los ntawm nce lub electron tshaj tawm, thiab tej zaum nws yuav txawm txoj kev lub teeb.

Yog hais tias peb xav txog qhov no nam los ntawm cov kev tshawb xav ntawm Relativity, nws yog tseeb hais tias cov electrons nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug cov ntaub ntawv yuav tsum tau ib tug lossis loj loj. Tib txoj kev kom txuag tau tus angular momentum, tab sis lub orbital yuav compressed radially, thiab yog ua tau pom nyob rau hauv atoms ntawm hnyav hlau, tab sis lub orbital "qeeb" electrons yeej tsis hloov. Qhov no relativistic cov nyhuv yog pom nyob rau hauv atoms ntawm tej co nyob rau hauv lub s-orbitals nrog qhov tseeb, spherically symmetrical zoo. Nws yog ntseeg hais tias raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm Relativity mercury muaj ib tug kua hauv lub xeev ntawm aggregation ntawm chav tsev kub.

qhov chaw mus ncig teb chaws

Khoom nyob rau hauv qhov chaw raug sib cais los ntawm txhua lwm yam los ntawm loj heev mus, los yog tej thaum tsav tsheb nyob rau hauv qhov kev ceev ntawm lub teeb yuav siv sij hawm ib tug ntev heev lub sij hawm los mus kov yeej lawv. Piv txwv li, mus rau Alpha Centauri - lub ze tshaj plaws lub hnub qub, spaceship, muaj cov kev ceev ntawm lub teeb, coj plaub xyoos, thiab mus cuag peb nyob sib ze galaxy - lub loj Magellanic huab - yuav tsum tau 160 txhiab xyoo.

Ya rau Alpha Centauri thiab rov qab yog tseem tau, vim hais tias yuav tsum tau tag nrho cov ntawm yim xyoo, thiab rau lub tsheb neeg uas xav tias cov nyhuv ntawm lub sij hawm dilation, qhov no lub sij hawm yuav tsawg npaum li cas, tab sis nyob rau nws rov qab los ntawm ib qho chaw twg mus rau ib tug nyob sib ze galaxy astronauts nrhiav tau hais tias lawv cov haiv neeg ntiaj chaw twb dhau peb puas thiab nees nkaum ntau txhiab xyoo, tib neeg kev vam meej yuav tau ntev mus nyob qhovtwg li. Yog li, lub relativistic los cia neeg tsiv mus nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm. Nws yog suav tias yog ib qho ntawm cov ntsiab teeb meem ntawm qhov chaw tshawb kawm, vim hais tias dab tsi yog qhov point yuav tsum yeej xwb txheej chaw, yog hais tias nws yog tsis muaj peev xwm rov qab mus?

ntau yam

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau lub zoo-paub qeeb lub sij hawm, thiab muaj tus relativistic doppler nyhuv, raws li uas yog hais tias tus yoj qhov chaw pib tsiv, nthwv dej propagating nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia ntawm lub zog, yuav tsum ntaus nqi los ntawm ib tug observer li "luv luv", thiab ntawm tshem lub wavelength yog nce.

Xws li ib tug tshwm sim yog raug tej yam uas tsis, li ntawd, nws yuav pom hauv qhov piv txwv ntawm lub suab nyob rau hauv lub neej txhua hnub. suab yoj yuav txo tau ntaus nqi los ntawm cov tib neeg pob ntseg raws li ib tug microscopic laus. Yog li ntawd, thaum ib lub teeb liab ntawm lub tsheb ciav hlau los yog ib lub tsheb yeej yuav hnov los ntawm afar, nws yog tsawg dua, thiab yog hais tias lub tsheb ciav hlau yuav mus dhau los qhov saib, hais nyob rau tib lub suab, nws qhov siab yuav tsum muaj ntau thaum lub sij hawm mus kom ze, tab sis raws li sai raws li nws kos theem chaw thiab lub tsheb ciav hlau cia li nkaum kiag tam sim ntawd, lub suab nrov dheev dauv rau hauv qab no thiab tseem yuav mus nyob rau hauv qis sau ntawv.

Cov relativistic los tshwm sim los ntawm lub classical analog zaus hloov ntawm lub receiver thiab qhov chaw tsab ntawv tsa suab thiab relativistic deceleration lub sij hawm.

Hais txog magnetism

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, niaj hnub physicists yog nce tswv yim txog cov magnetic teb raws li ib tug relativistic nyhuv. Raws li qhov no txhais, cov magnetic teb tsis yog ib qho kev ywj lub cev qhov chaw ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas, nws tsis yog txawm ib daim ntawv ntawm electromagnetic teb ces. Lub magnetic teb nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm lub hom phiaj ntawm Relativity - tsuas yog cov txheej txheem uas muaj tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub qhov chaw ib ncig ntawm lub taw tes nqi vim kis tau tus mob ntawm ib qho kev siv hluav taws xob field.

Adherents no ziag no ntseeg hais tias yog C (ceev ntawm lub teeb nyob rau hauv lub tshuab nqus tsev) yog infinite, lub hais tawm kev ceev ntawm kev sib tshuam dhau yuav tau unlimited, thiab yog li ntawd yuav tsis muaj tej kev muaj magnetism.