Tooj: conductivity, zog, yam ntxwv thiab cov kev siv

Nyob rau hauv muaj ntau yam ceg ntawm niaj hnub kev lag luam yog heev lug siv khoom xws li tooj liab. Cov hluav taws xob conductivity ntawm no hlau yog heev. Qhov no piav txog cov feasibility ntawm nws daim ntawv thov nyob rau hauv feem ntau qhov hluav taws xob engineering. Tooj conductors yog tau nrog zoo heev zoo. Ntawm cov hoob kawm, khoom siv no siv tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv hluav taws xob engineering, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv lwm yam industries. Vim nws qhov tseeb nrog rau nws cov qualities xws li kuj mus corrosive kev puas tsuaj nyob rau hauv ib co corrosive npuas, refractoriness, plasticity, etc.

keeb kwm ntaub ntawv

Tooj yog ib tug hlau paub rau cov txiv neej txij li thaum ancient lub sij hawm. Nws piav txog cov thaum ntxov cov kev taw qhia ntawm cov neeg uas muaj cov ntaub ntawv no feem ntau nws heev nyob rau hauv qhov nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov nuggets. Muaj ntau zaum ntseeg tias nws yog tus thawj tooj liab hlau zoo los ntawm tus neeg ntawm cov pa tebchaw. Thaum cov pob zeb cia li rhuab nyob rau hauv qhov hluav taws kub thiab sai heev txias, ua rau lawv keej. Tom qab ntawd cov tooj liab rov qab pib ua nyob rau ceg txheem ntseeg uas muaj qhov sib ntxiv ntawm thee thiab tshuab bellows. Improvement ntawm tus txheej txheem no thaum kawg coj mus rau lub creation ntawm tus ncej cub tawg. Tseem tom qab, tus hlau pib tau txais los ntawm oxidizing smelting ores.

Tooj: conductivity khoom

Nyob rau hauv lub quiescent lub xeev, tag nrho cov ntawm tej hlau dawb electrons nyob ib ncig ntawm lub keeb. Thaum ib tug sab nraud qhov chaw ntawm raug cov txheej txheem ntawm nyob rau hauv ib tug ib theem zuj zus thiab ua muaj tam sim no. Lub degree ntawm hlau muaj peev xwm mus dhau los ntawm nws lub xeem hu ua conductivity. Lub tsev ntawm kev ntsuas nyob rau hauv nws cov International SI Siemens yog txhais raws li 1 CM = 1 ohm ^-1.

Lub conductivity ntawm tooj liab heev. Raws li qhov ntsuas no, nws surpasses tag nrho paub hnub no los luj hlau. Zoo tshaj nws tam sim no kis tsuas yog lub silver. Qhov taw qhia conductivity tooj liab yog 57h104 cm ^-1 ntawm ib tug kub ntawm +20 ° C. Tsaug rau no nws vaj tse no hlau yog tam sim no feem ntau ntawm tag nrho cov neeg xyuas pib siv nyob rau hauv industrial thiab domestic hom phiaj.

Tooj zoo mas qhov hluav taws xob load thiab kuj yog txhim khu kev qha thiab check. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, qhov no hlau yog yus muaj los ntawm ib tug siab melting point thiab (1083,4 ° C). Qhov no, nyob rau hauv lem, tso cai rau lub tooj liab rau ib ntev lub sij hawm mus ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv ib tug rhuab lub xeev. Raws li cov loj heev tam sim no neeg xyuas pib raws li txhuas tsuas lwv nrog cov hlau.

Cov nyhuv ntawm impurities rau lub conductivity ntawm tooj liab

Ntawm cov hoob kawm, nyob rau hauv peb lub sij hawm rau cov smelting ntawm cov liab hlau yog siv ntau npaum li cas sophisticated hom kev kawm tshaj nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm. Txawm li cas los, txawm hnub no tau heev ntshiab Cu yog yuav luag tsis yooj yim sua. Tooj liab yog yeej ib txwm tam sim no tag nrho cov xaiv ntawm impurity. Nws yuav ua tau, piv txwv li, pob zeb ntais, hlau los yog beryllium. Meanwhile, qhov ntau impurities nyob rau hauv cov tooj liab, cov uas tsis tshua nws hluav taws xob tivthaiv. Rau lub chaw ua khoom ntawm nyob ntawm tej, piv txwv li, nws yog tsim tsuas txaus ntshiab hlau. Raws li specifications, rau lub hom phiaj no yuav siv tau nrog rau qhov nyiaj ntawm tooj liab impurities tsis tshaj 0.1%.

Heev feem ntau nyob rau hauv no hlau nws muaj ib tug tej yam feem pua ntawm cov leej faj, arsenic thiab antimony. Tus thawj substance ho thiaj li ductility ntawm cov khoom. Lub conductivity ntawm tooj liab thiab leej faj txawv heev. no admixture ho tsis muaj cai tam sim no. Qhov ntawd yog ib tug zoo insulator. Txawm li cas los, qhov hluav taws xob conductivity ntawm tooj liab cov leej faj tsis muaj feem xyuam yuav luag txhua txoj kev. Tib yam siv rau lub thermal conductivity. Nrog antimony thiab arsenic tus txheem no yeej muaj tseeb. Cov ntsiab yog tau txo qhov hluav taws xob conductivity ntawm tooj liab zoo heev.

alloys

Tag nrho cov xaiv ntawm additives yuav siv tau tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau kev txhim kho lub dag lub zog ntawm xws li ib tug cov khoom siv xws li tooj liab. Nws hluav taws xob conductivity, lawv kuj txo. Tab sis lawv siv yuav ho ntev lub neej ntawm tag nrho cov hom ntawm cov khoom.

Nyob rau hauv feem ntau tus neeg mob, raws li lub dag lub zog mus pab tau txoj-additive siv tooj liab Cd (0.9%). Cov no ib tug cadmium bronze. Nws conductivity yog 90% ntawm cov conductivity ntawm tooj liab. Tej zaum, es tsis txhob ntawm cadmium li additives yog siv raws li txhuas. Lub conductivity ntawm no hlau yog 65% ntawm cov tib daim duab tooj liab. Yuav kom nce lub dag lub zog ntawm cov nyob ntawm tej nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov additives tej zaum yuav siv tau, thiab lwm yam ntaub ntawv thiab tshuaj - tin, phosphorus, chromium, beryllium. Cov no ib tug bronze ntawm ib tug tej hom. Ib tug compound ntawm tooj liab nrog zinc hu ua dag.

yam ntxwv alloys

Nyob ntawm seb hlau hluav taws xob conductivity tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub xov tooj ntawm impurities nyob rau hauv lawv, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv lwm yam kev ntsuas. Piv txwv li nrog ua cua sov kub muaj peev xwm tooj liab tam sim no ntws los ntawm nws txo. Nws influences lub conductivity ntawm ib tug hlau txawm nws txoj kev siv thiab ua. Nyob rau hauv lub tsev thiab nyob rau hauv kev lag luam yuav siv tau raws li mos-annealed tooj liab nyob ntawm tej thiab nyuaj twv. Nyob rau hauv thawj variant ntawm cov muaj peev xwm kis tau los ntawm nws tus kheej saum toj no tam sim no.

Txawm li cas los, feem ntau tseem ceeb ua hauj lwm, ntawm chav kawm, siv additives thiab lawv muaj nuj nqis ntawm cov hluav taws xob conductivity ntawm tooj liab. Cov nram qab no pib ntawm tus nyeem ntawv nrog cov lus qhia txog cov kev muaj peev xwm tam sim no kom dhau feem ntau alloys ntawm cov hlau.

Cov hluav taws xob conductivity dag thiab tooj liab piv. Txawm li cas los, cov thawj hlau daim duab, ntawm chav kawm, ib tug me ntsis tsawg dua. Tab sis nws thiab siab tshaj hais tias ntawm lub bronze. Raws li ib tug tooj dag hlau yog siv heev lug. Tam sim no nws kis tau tsawg dua ntawm tooj liab, tab sis nyob rau tib lub thiab nqi tsawg. Feem ntau cov feem ntau ua los ntawm dag kom mob, clamps thiab ntau qhov chaw rau radios.

Tooj alloys siab kuj

Cov neeg xyuas pib ntaub ntawv no yog siv mas nyob rau hauv qhov siv thiab ua resistors, rheostats, hluav taws xob seev thiab pab kiag li lawm. Feem ntau cov feem ntau siv rau lub hom phiaj no tooj liab alloys constantan thiab manganin. Lub resistivity ntawm cov thawj (86% Cu, 12% Mn, 2% Ni) yog 0.42-0.48 micromhos / m, thiab lub thib ob (60% Cu, 40% Ni) - 0.48-0.52 micromhos / m.

Kev sib txuas lus nrog rau cov coefficient ntawm thermal conductivity

Lub conductivity ntawm tooj liab - 59,5 lab / m. Qhov no xam, raws li twb tau hais, yog muaj tseeb, tab sis tsuas yog nyob rau ib tug kub ntawm +20 ^° C thermal conductivity ntawm tej hlau, thiab yog ib tug conductivity daim ntawv cog lus. Tsim nws txoj kev cai Wiedemann - Franz. Nws yog ua rau co ntawm high kub thiab yog qhia nyob rau hauv cov nram no mis: K / γ = π ^2/3 (k / e) ² T, qhov twg y - lub conductivity, k - Boltzmann tus tsis tu ncua, e - elementary xwb.

Ntawm cov hoob kawm, xws li ib tug kev twb kev txuas tshwm sim thiab ib tug hlau xws li tooj liab. Thermal thiab hluav taws xob conductivity muaj ib tug heev. Nyob rau hauv ob qhov chaw tom qab nws yog nyiaj rau neb ob leeg tej cim no.

Cov compound ntawm tooj liab thiab txhuas nyob ntawm tej

Nyob rau hauv xyoo tsis ntev los nyob rau hauv tsev neeg thiab kev lag luam pib yuav tsum tau siv nce siab hluav taws xob. Thaum lub sij hawm Soviet lub sij hawm, lub xov tau ua feem ntau ntawm cov pheej yig txhuas. Tus tshiab uas yuav tsum tau ntawm nws kev ua tau zoo, hmoov tsis, tsis tau raws li. Niaj hnub no, yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv lub tsev thiab nyob rau hauv kev lag luam feem ntau hloov mus rau txhuas hlau tooj liab. Lub ntsiab kom zoo dua ntawm lub yav tas, nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus refractoriness, yog hais tias nyob rau hauv lub oxidative txheej txheem ntawm lawv conductive khoom no tsis txo.

Feem ntau cov Modernization ntawm hluav taws xob, txhuas thiab tooj liab nyob ntawm tej yuav tsum tau kev cob cog rua. Koj ua qhov no yuav tsis ncaj qha. Ua tau, lub conductivity ntawm txhuas thiab tooj liab txawv tsis ntau heev. Tab sis, tsuas hauv cov hlau. Oxidizing cov zaj duab xis txhuas thiab tooj liab muaj ntau zog. Vim li no, lub conductivity yog significantly txo nyob rau kev twb kev txuas. Oxidative zaj duab xis ntawm txhuas txawv ntau kuj tshaj tooj liab. Yog li ntawd, lub ua ke ntawm cov ob hom ntawm conductors yuav tsum tau ua heev dua lwm yam los ntawm ib tug tshwj xeeb adapter. Nws yuav ua tau, piv txwv li, clip, muab tshuaj txhuam muaj kev tiv thaiv co ntawm tshwm sim oxide. Qhov no embodiment yog feem ntau siv nrog adapters txuas nyob ntawm tej rau hauv txoj kev. Nyob rau hauv cov chav uas nquag siv hlws ris saws. Lawv tsim muaj xws li ib tug tshwj xeeb phaj uas eliminates kov ntawm lub txhuas thiab tooj liab. Nyob rau hauv lub qhaj ntawv ntawm xws conductors nyob rau hauv lub domestic ib puag ncig, es tsis txhob sib ntswg nyob ntawm tej pom zoo kom ncaj qha siv lub tshuab ntxhua thiab cov noob txiv rau ib nrab "choj".

lub zog

Yog li, peb pom seb zoo li cas qhov hluav taws xob conductivity ntawm tooj liab. Qhov no xam tej zaum yuav txawv nyob ntawm seb lub tsim ntawm cov hlau impurities. Txawm li cas los, qhov kev thov rau tooj liab nyob rau hauv qhov kev lag luam yog txiav txim thiab nws lwm ib qho kev zoo lub zog, kom tau txais cov lus qhia txog uas nws yog ua tau los ntawm lub rooj hauv qab no.

tshuaj zog

Raws li xws yam ntxwv ntawm tooj liab, qhov hluav taws xob conductivity thiab thermal conductivity uas yog heev thiab yog intermediate ntawm lub ntsiab ntawm cov thawj triad pab pawg neeg VIII, thiab cov thawj alkaline pab pawg neeg ntawm cov periodic rooj. Los ntawm nws yooj yim tshuaj zog muaj xws li:

• nyiam daim ntawv ceg;

• muaj peev xwm tsim kob tebchaw thiab insoluble sulfides.

Feem ntau cov yam ntxwv rau tooj liab yog divalent lub xeev. Zoo sib xws rau alkali hlau nws muaj suab tsis muaj. Nws reactivity yog tseem tsawg. Nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm CO ₂ los yog cov dej zaj duab xis tsim ntsuab carbonate rau tooj liab nto. Tag nrho cov tooj liab ntsev yog tshuaj lom. Lub mono- thiab divalent qhia hlau ntaub ntawv ib tug ruaj khov heev complex tebchaw. Qhov siab tshaj plaws muaj nuj nqis rau kev ua lag luam yog ammonia.

Scope ntawm kev siv

Lub siab thermal thiab hluav taws xob conductivity ntawm tooj liab txiav txim nws ntau daim ntawv thov nyob rau hauv ntau yam industries. Ntawm cov hoob kawm, feem ntau ntawm cov hlau yog siv nyob rau hauv hluav taws xob engineering. Txawm li cas los, qhov no yog tsis yog tib cheeb tsam ntawm nws daim ntawv thov. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, tooj liab yuav siv tau:

• nyob rau hauv hniav nyiaj hniav kub;

• nyob rau hauv architecture;

• thaum lub tsev dej thiab lub cua sov;

• nyob rau hauv roj pipelines.

Yuav kom tsim ntau yam ntawm jewels siv mas tooj liab hlau nrog kub. Qhov no yuav tsub tus kuj mus deformation ntawm ornaments thiab puas. Lub architecture yuav siv tau rau tooj liab cladding ntawm ru tsev thiab facades. Lub ntsiab kom zoo dua ntawm xws li ib tug finish yog check. Piv txwv li, los xij ntawm no xyov hlau clad ru tsev yog ib tug zoo-paub architectural landmarks - lub Catholic Cathedral nyob rau hauv lub German nroog ntawm Hildesheim. Tooj ru tsev ntawm lub tsev tiv thaiv nws nrog qhov chaw rau luag 700 xyoo.

engineering kev pab

Lub ntsiab zoo ntawm tooj liab cov kav dej kuj durability thiab kev cia siab. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, cov hlau yog tau muab tshwj xeeb cim thaj chaw ntawm cov dej, uas ua rau nws pab tau rau tus kab mob. Yuav kom sib sau ua ke pipelines thiab cua sov rau cov tooj liab raj kuj tob suited - mas vim nws xeb kuj thiab ductility. Thaum muaj xwm ceev nce siab xws kab tau mas ntau dua load dua steel. Lub tsuas drawback ntawm cov tooj liab kav yog lawv cov qib high nqi.