TNT - dab tsi yog qhov no? Muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab lub hwj chim tshuaj

Niaj hnub no, cov kev pab muab rau cov tib neeg sib txawv muaj ntau explosives. Cov lawv ib tug tshwj xeeb qhov chaw yog nyob los ntawm cov TNT. Qhov no tshuaj compound yog heev nrov nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam uas yuav tsum tau disassembly ntawm cov hlau, pob zeb ua los yog av ci Siv. Qhov no yog xam tias yog qhov thawj heev nyob rau hauv cov khoom ntawm cov mos txwv rau cov tub rog.

Thaum TNT twb tau txais?

Formula trinitrotoluene (C ₆ H ₂ (TSIS MUAJ _{2) 3} CH ₃₎ twb muab tau nyob rau hauv 1963 xyoo. Qhov tus tsim ntawm no heev yog ib tug German chemist Julius Wilbrand. Txij li thaum 1891, lub industrial zus tau tej cov TNT yog tsim los pab. Nyob rau hauv 1902, lub German thiab cov American cov tub rog nyob rau hauv cov khoom ntawm cov mos txwv hloov picric acid, TNT. Zog ntawm Guj kuj Okhta cog siv German tshuab nyob rau hauv 1909 thiab pib coj mus muag ntau lawm ntawm explosives. Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub petrochemical kev lag luam tau ua lub impetus rau loj zus tau tej cov TNT.

npe

TNT - ib tug siab heev (nws), uas kuj hu ua:

• trinitrotoluene;
• tolite;
• Trinity;
• nitrotolom.

Heev sib tov abbreviated:

• TNT;
• TNT;
• T.

Yuav ua li cas yog qhov teeb meem?

TNT - ib yam khoom tsim raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm cov tshuaj sis ntawm nitric thiab sulfuric acid nrog toluene. Nyob rau hauv lub qub xeev yog ib tug khoom TNT daj crystalline yeeb tshuaj, uas yog tau yaj ntawm +81 ° C, thiab nyob +310 ° C zes. TNT yog tsis rhiab heev rau txhua yam kev nyuaj siab. Yaj trinitrotoluene siv pyridine, acetone thiab chloroform.

TNT muaj tag nrho lub zog ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob. Siv nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj raws li ib tug anti-fungal neeg sawv cev. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, lub siab toxicity ntawm TNT twb hloov los ntawm lwm cov zoo tshaj lam khoom.

lub xeev

TNT - yog heev uas yuav ua tau nyob rau hauv plaub lub xeev:

• Flake.
• Hmoov. Yus ib tug siab rhiab heev rau lwm influences, tshwj xeeb yog rau qhov hluav taws kub.
• Nias los yog cam khwb cia. Peev xwm ntawm burning daj hluav taws. Tsis muaj ib tug txheej txheem fuse los yog detonator capsule cia li tawg. Nws yus siab rhiab heev rau av.
• Melting. Raws li nyob rau hauv lub flake, rau lub xeev no ntawm TNT xam qhovkev tsawg rhiab heev rau av. Yuav kom thauj fused trinitrotoluene, yuav tsum muaj intermediate detonators. Rau lub hom phiaj no, zoo tagnrho rau nias TNT.

Raws li cov khoom yog ua?

Flake zoo yog raug rau ib tug tshiab khiv manufactured explosives.

TNT raug txoj kev yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw nyob rau hauv ob ua sawv:

• toluene ua. Tom qab lub nitration cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm nitric acid, sulfuric acid thiab toluene yog tsim me me nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm daj ntseg daj flakes, uas yog ces raug mus rau ntau yam txhua yam influences. Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem no, sulfuric acid yog siv raws li ib tug dehydrating neeg sawv cev.
• Nitration nrog oleum, nyob rau hauv cov lus teb rau uas nkag mus rau mono- thiab dinitrotoluene. Nyob rau hauv lub thib ob theem ntawm dehydrating neeg sawv cev ua oleum. Lub tshaj acids uas yog feem ntau siv nyob rau hauv thawj zaug rau theem ntawm siv thiab ua cov TNT.

Cov ua ntawm flaked TNT lub xeev mus rau hauv melting los yog compacted hmoov.

piav qhia

• TNT yog yus muaj los ntawm cov uas tsis muaj rhiab heev rau lwm cov neeg kho tshuab kev nyuaj siab: impacts, tua lub mos txwv sparks, kev sib txhuam.
• Thiab impervious tshuaj influences.
• Kilogram TNT tau faib 1010 kcal zog.
• Yog hais tias koj muaj ib tug txheej txheem blasting cap TNT teb nrog ib tug ceev ntawm 6900 meters ib ob.
• Trinitrotoluene tsis hnov mob nrog ntoo, yas, ua vaj tse, cib.
• Insoluble nyob rau hauv cov dej.
• Tom qab heev cua sov, ntxoov nyob rau hauv dej thiab melting TNT tau kom lawv cov heev zog.
• Nws nyhav yuav tsaus ntuj raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm kis tau tus duab tshav ntuj.
• Tau mus hlawv raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm kis tau tus qhib nplaim taws. Yog li TNT illuminated nrog yellowish nplaim taws muaj hmoov quav emission.
• TNT yuav nyob twj ywm nyob rau hauv operable mob txawm tom qab heev cia. Ntau yam tej yam kev mob ntawm (dej, lub ntiaj teb los yog munition lub cev) tsis cuam tshuam rau thaj chaw ntawm lub nplaum tawg TNT.

Uas BB yuav nkag mus rau hauv kev twb kev txuas?

TNT yuav tsum muaj ntaub ntawv nyob hauv cov ntshiab daim ntawv los yog tov nrog rau lwm cov explosives. Ntawm lawv, feem ntau yog:

• RDX;
• tetryl;
• PETN;
• amiachno-Saltpeter explosives.

Qhov sib ntxiv ntawm TNT rau hexogen, tetrilu TENu thiab entails ib tug txos ntawm lawv heev zog. Tom qab tas li ntawd ntawm TNT nyob rau hauv amiachno Saltpeter-BB yog cai kom lawv tshuaj kuj thiab txo tus hygroscopicity.

Daim ntawv thov ntawm industrial heev

Quarries thiab mines yog lub ntsiab qhov chaw explosives siv. Mas rau tej yam no explosives manufactured nyob rau hauv qhov chaw. Muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm TNT, npaj rau tsuas ua hauj lwm, xws li hauv qab no Cheebtsam:

• granulated ammonium nitrate;
• diesel roj: 3%;
• carbon hmoov: 5%.

A yuavtsum tau kawm uantej yog tus xub ntiag ntawm TNT flake (8%). Qhov no peb-ib feem TNT kom high efficiency ntawm blasting. Kev siv cov explosives tsis ua mob ib puag ncig.

Yuav ua li cas kom tawg?

TNT tom qab lub av yoojyim ib lub caij nyoog los mus ciaj sia xwb mus rau cov neeg uas nyob deb deb ntawm lub epicenter. Thaum txhais trinitrotoluene yam ntxwv xaiv loj npaum li cas ntawm lub zog, uas muaj rau hauv lub ntsiab tawm tau BB - poob siab yoj. Thaum lub sij hawm cov neeg ua phem nres, tab sis nws txaus ntshai yog sau ib tug heev ntaus ntawv. Tawm hais txog lub hom phiaj no yog cov rau tes, ceev, bolts thiab tej daim ntawm rebar.

Yuav kom txiav txim seb lub hwj chim ntawm tus tawg siv ib tug TNT sib npaug: lub zog tso nyob rau hauv lub tawg ntawm explosives sib npaug zos rau nws loj. Pob tawg lawm kilograms ntawm TNT ua txaus lub zog mus tua ib tug neeg uas yog los ntawm lub epicenter ntawm ib tug deb ntawm peb meters. Nrog cov tawg tso 4,19h106 George. Cov kev ruaj ntseg tej zaum nws yuav yuav nyob rau hauv ib tug deb ntawm 15 meters. Ib tug tuj ntawm TNT tawm 4,19h109 J. zog.

Nyob qhov twg lub yam khoom uas yog siv niaj hnub no?

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus tsuas, TNT tau pom nws daim ntawv thov nyob rau hauv cov tub rog. Raws li cov nplaum tawg nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab Federation Armed Forces yog loaded nrog tus neeg zoo li, rockets, mortar zoo li, tej tawg hem, mines thiab bombs engineering. Rau lawv cov khoom siv TNT. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm nuclear riam phom suav yog nyob rau hauv kilograms thiab tons. Rau cov khoom siv mos txwv npaj kev xaiv:

• payment rau tes grenades los ntawm 75 mus 400 grams ntawm TNT;
• los muab anti-tank grenades thiab ib tug ib nrab kilograms;
• rau equip m yog los ntawm 4 mus rau 7 kg IV;
• ib lub foob pob uas muaj 5 tons ntawm TNT;
• naval kuv - los ntawm 50 mus rau 300 kg.

TNT nqi yog amplified los ntawm txoj kev hlau shavings los ntawm RDX los yog RDX nrog txhuas.

Yuav ua li cas cia?

TNT yog khaws cia nyob rau hauv lub nias lub xeev nyob rau hauv tshwj xeeb cylindrical los yog rectangular checkers. TNT yog muab sab nraum rau paraffin wrapping ntawv tshwj xeeb nyob rau blasting kaus mom.

Niaj hnub no, nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus TNT, nplaum tawg nqi los tsim ib tug ntau haib tawg. Nyob rau hauv cov kev phem ntawm no, TNT yog tseem nyob rau hauv coob nyob rau hauv lub tsuas kev lag luam thiab nyob rau hauv cov tub rog.