Tej yam yooj yim thiab complex proteins. Tus qauv, kev siv, zog, yam ntxwv, piv txwv ntawm complex cov nqaijrog

Ib lub ntsiab txhais ntawm lub neej yog raws li nram no: "Lub neej yog lub hom ntawm cov hav zoov uas muaj protein ntau lub cev." Nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb, tsis muaj kev zam kab mob muaj xws organic cov ntaub ntawv, xws li proteins. Qhov tsab xov xwm yuav piav txog tej yam yooj yim thiab complex cov nqaijrog uas tau txheeb xyuas sib txawv nyob rau hauv molecular qauv, thiab tham txog lawv cov kev khiav dej num nyob rau hauv lub cell.

Yuav ua li cas yog cov nqaijrog

Los ntawm qhov seem yus pom ntawm biochemistry - ib tug siab molecular yuag organic polymers, monomers uas yog 20 ntau yam ntawm cov amino acids. Lawv tuaj koom ua ke los ntawm covalent tshuaj bonds, tsis paub peptide. Txij li thaum protein monomers yog amphoteric tebchaw, lawv muaj ob qho amino pab pawg neeg thiab ib tug carboxyl functional ib pawg. Tshuaj daim ntawv cog lus CO-NH nruab nrab ntawm lawv tshwm sim.

Yog hais tias lub polypeptide muaj amino acid residues mus, nws cov ntaub ntawv ib tug yooj yim protein. Cov molecules ntawm lub polymer, ntxiv muaj hlau ions, vitamins, nucleotides, carbohydrates - muaj txoj proteins. Tom ntej no, peb xav txog cov spatial qauv ntawm polypeptides.

Theem ntawm lub koom haum ntawm protein molecules

Lawv hais nyob rau hauv plaub txawv configurations. Tus thawj qauv - linear, nws yog lub feem ntau yooj yim thiab muaj hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug polypeptide saw thaum lub sij hawm nws spiraling lub tsim ntawm ntxiv hydrogen bonds. Lawv tswj tus helix, uas yog hu ua ib tug thib ob qauv. Tertiary tsev muaj tej yam yooj yim thiab complex cov nqaijrog, feem ntau ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj hlwb. Cov yav tas configuration - quaternary tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub sis ntawm ob peb molecules ntawm cov neeg qauv, united coenzymes, namely xws li cov nqaijrog muaj complex qauv, ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv ntau yam lub cev functions.

Ib tug ntau yam ntawm tej yam yooj yim cov nqaijrog

Qhov no pab pawg neeg yog tsis heev heev polypeptides. Lawv molecules txhaj tsuas muaj amino acid residues. Yuav kom muaj xws li cov nqaijrog, xws li histones thiab globulins. Tus thawj sawv cev nyob rau hauv cov tub ntxhais qauv, thiab ua ke nrog rau cov DNA molecules. Qhov thib ob pab pawg neeg - globulins - yog lub ntsiab Cheebtsam ntawm cov ntshav ntshav. Xws li ib tug protein xws li gamma globulin, ua lub zog ntawm lub cev tiv thaiv thiab yog ib qho antibody. Cov tebchaw tau tsim ntau ceg, uas muaj txoj carbohydrates thiab proteins. Tej fibrillar yooj yim cov nqaijrog xws li collagen thiab elastin, yog ib feem ntawm lub connective ntaub so ntswg, pob txha mos, tendons, daim tawv nqaij. Lawv lub ntsiab muaj nuj nqi - thiab kev tsim thiab kev pab txhawb nqa.

Tubulin protein yog ib tug tswv cuab ntawm microtubules, uas yog Cheebtsam ntawm cilia thiab flagella unicellular kab mob xws li ciliates, Euglena, cab flagellates. Qhov no tib yam protein yog ib tug tswv cuab ntawm multicellular kab mob (flagella spermatozoa, ova cilia, ciliated epithelium hauv cov hnyuv).

Protein albumin ua hauj lwm pab rau Tshuag ib tug muaj nuj nqi (xws li, ib tug protein ntawm nqaij qaib qe). Nyob rau hauv lub endosperm ntawm noob ntawm cereals - rye, mov, nplej - protein molecules noog. Lawv hu ua cellular inclusions. Cov tshuaj yog siv nyob rau hauv lub noob embryo thaum pib ntawm nws txoj kev loj hlob. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lub siab protein cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov nplej weevil yog ib tug tseem ceeb heev taw qhia ntawm qhov zoo tshaj ntawm hmoov. Mov ci ci los ntawm gluten-nplua nuj hmoov muaj ib tug high tsw zoo thiab pab tau ntau. Gluten muaj thiaj li hu ua nyuaj nplej. Cov sib sib zog nqus hiav txwv ntses ntshav ntshav muaj proteins uas tiv thaiv lawv txoj kev tuag los ntawm tus mob khaub thuas. Lawv muaj lub dej ntsuab zog, tiv thaiv kev tuag ntawm tus kab mob thaum uas tsis muaj dej kub. Nyob rau lwm cov tes, nyob rau hauv nyob tus yeees ntawm cov cell phab ntsa ntawm thermophilic kab mob nyob rau hauv geothermal qhov chaw muaj cov nqaijrog muaj peev xwm khaws nws tej yam ntuj tso configuration (tertiary los yog quaternary qauv) thiab tsis denature ntawm kub xws li los ntawm +50 rau + 90 ° C.

proteid

Cov no yog cov complex cov nqaijrog, uas yog yus los zoo ntau haiv neeg nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog rau ntau yam zog ua los ntawm lawv. Raws li yav tas los muab sau, cov pab pawg neeg ntawm polypeptides, tsuas yog rau cov protein feem muaj ib tug prosthetic pab pawg neeg. Nyob rau hauv tus ntawm ntau yam tseem ceeb xws li kub, hnyav hlau salts, feeb meej alkali thiab acid complex cov nqaijrog yuav hloov nws spatial zoo, simplifying nws. Qhov no tshwm sim yog hu ua denaturation. Tus qauv ntawm complex cov nqaijrog yog cuam tshuam hydrogen bonds yog lawm, thiab cov molecules poob lawv lub zog thiab lub zog. Raws li ib tug txoj cai, lub denaturation yog irreversible. Tab sis ib co ntawm cov polypeptides ua raws li ib lub hauv paus, tsav tsheb thiab taw zog, nws yog tau renaturation - es lub ntuj qauv ntawm cov proteids.

Yog hais tias qhov kev txiav txim yog ib tug destabilizing tau mus rau ib tug ntev lub sij hawm, lub protein molecule puas kiag li. Qhov no ua rau cov kev sib tawg ntawm peptide bonds ntawm cov thawj qauv. Restore protein thiab nws txoj kev ua yog tsis tau. Qhov no tshwm sim yog hu ua kev puas tsuaj. Ib qho piv txwv yog tus ua noj ua haus ntawm lub qe: kua protein - albumin, nyob rau hauv lub tertiary qauv yog tag pov tseg.

protein biosynthesis

Ib zaug ntxiv, rov qab hais tias nyob rau hauv lub polypeptides uas muaj sia nyob muaj 20 cov amino acids, ib co kev uas yog irreplaceable. Qhov no lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, thiab hais txog. D. Lawv nkag mus rau hauv cov hlab ntsha los ntawm cov hnyuv tom qab splitting nws protein cov khoom. Coj los ua ke tseem ceeb cov amino acids (alanine, proline, serine), fungi thiab cov tsiaj siv nitrogen-muaj tebchaw. Nroj tsuag, ua autotrophic, ntawm nws tus kheej tsim ib tug tsim nyog constituent monomers sawv cev complex proteins. Rau no assimilation tshua lawv yog siv nitrates, ammonia, los yog nitrogen-dawb. Nyob rau hauv ib co hom kab mob muab lawv tus kheej nrog ib tug ua tiav set ntawm cov amino acid, thaum nyob rau hauv lwm tus neeg tsuas ib txhia yog tsim monomers. Cov qib biosynthesis ntawm cov nqaijrog tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub hlwb ntawm tag nrho cov uas muaj sia nyob. Thaum cov tub ntxhais ntawm transcription tshwm sim, thiab nyob rau hauv lub cytoplasm ntawm lub cell - tawm.

Thawj kauj ruam - lub synthesis ntawm cov mRNA precursor tshwm sim los ntawm cov enzyme RNA polymerase. Nws tau tsoo lub hydrogen bonds ntawm cov DNA chains, thiab ib tug ntawm lawv nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm complementarity sau pre-mRNA molecule. Nws yog raug rau slaysingu uas yog ripe, thiab ces los ntawm lub nucleus mus rau lub cytoplasm, txoj kev ua tub txib ribonucleic acid.

Yuav kom siv cov thib ob theem yuav tsum tau ib lub organelles - ribosomes thiab molecular ntaub ntawv thiab hloov ribonucleic acids. Ib qho tseem ceeb mob yog muaj cov ATP, raws li cov tshuaj yas metabolism, uas belongs rau lub biosynthesis ntawm cov nqaijrog muaj tshwm sim nrog haum ntawm lub zog.

Enzymes, lawv cov qauv thiab muaj nuj nqi

Qhov no yog ib tug loj pawg ntawm cov nqaijrog (txog 2000), ua lub luag hauj lwm ntawm tshuaj rau tus nqi ntawm biochemical kev tig cev nyob rau hauv lub hlwb. Lawv yuav ua tau yooj yim (trepsin, pepsin) los yog txoj. Complex cov nqaijrog muaj apoenzyme thiab Coenzyme. Cov tseem ntawm cov protein txheeb ze rau lub tebchaw rau cov uas nws ua, txiav txim ib tug Coenzyme, thiab proteids kev ua si yog cai xwb nyob rau hauv lub rooj plaub uas lub protein tivthaiv txuas mus rau lub apoenzyme. Lub catalytic ua si ntawm lub enzyme yog ywj siab ntawm lub molecule, tiam sis tsuas yog los ntawm cov active chaw. Nws qauv sau raws nkaus Ii cov tshuaj qauv ntawm tshuaj tshwmsim los ntawm lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm "qhov tseem ceeb-lock", yog li ntawd qhov kev txiav txim ntawm enzymes yog nruj me ntsis meej. Tso cai ntawm complex cov nqaijrog yog nyob rau hauv kev koom tes nyob rau hauv metabolic dab thiab nyob rau hauv kev siv rau lawv raws li acceptors.

Cov chav kawm ntawm complex cov nqaijrog

Lawv yog tsim los ntawm biochemists, raws li nyob rau hauv 3 no: physico-tshuaj zog, nta thiab yam ntxwv nta proteids things. Cov thawj pab pawg neeg no muaj xws li cov polypeptides differing electrochemical zog. Lawv muab faib ua basic, nruab nrab thiab acidic. Tus kwv tij mus rau cov dej nqaijrog yuav ua tau hydrophilic, amphiphilic thiab hydrophobic. Qhov thib ob pab pawg neeg ntawm enzymes uas tau raug xam tias yog yav tas los. Qhov thib peb pab pawg neeg no muaj xws li polypeptides uas txawv nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg prosthetic pab pawg neeg (yog chromoproteids, nucleoproteins, metalloproteins).

Xav txog cov thaj chaw ntawm complex cov nqaijrog nyob rau hauv ntau yam. Yog li, piv txwv li, acidic protein uas yog ib feem ntawm ribosomes, muaj 120 amino acids thiab yog ntau yam. Nws yog nyob rau hauv lub protein-synthesizing organelles, ob qho tib si prokaryotic thiab eukaryotic hlwb. Lwm tug tswv cuab ntawm no pab pawg neeg - S-100 protein, muaj ob chains txuas calcium ion. Nws yog ib tug tswv cuab ntawm neurons thiab glia - txhawb cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm poob siab system. Cov hom khoom teejtug uas yog tag nrho cov acidic protein - ib tug siab cov ntsiab lus ntawm dicarboxylic acids: glutamic thiab aspartic. Los ntawm alkaline cov nqaijrog xws li histones - proteins uas ua RNA thiab DNA nucleic acids. Lub peculiarity ntawm cov tshuaj nyob tus yeees yog lub loj npaum li cas ntawm lysine thiab arginine. Histones, ua ke nrog lub nuclear chromatin chromosome daim ntawv - ib qho tseem ceeb cell qauv caj. Cov proteins uas muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm transcription thiab txhais lus. Amphiphilic cov nqaijrog lug sawv cev nyob rau hauv cell week, txoj kev ua ib tug lipoprotein bilayer. Yog li, cov pab pawg neeg kawm saum toj no los sib tham complex cov nqaijrog, peb twb ntseeg hais tias lawv physico-tshuaj zog vim cov qauv ntawm cov protein tivthaiv thiab prosthetic pab pawg.

Ib txhia txoj cell daim nyias nyias cov nqaijrog yog tau paub txog ib tug ntau yam ntawm tshuaj tebchaw, xws li antigens thiab hnov mob rau lawv. Qhov no taw muaj nuj nqi proteids, nws tseem ceeb heev rau cov xim haum dab, tej los ntawm cov sab nraud ib puag ncig, thiab los tiv thaiv nws.

Glycoproteins thiab proteoglycans

Lawv yog cov complex proteins uas txawv ntawm ib tug biochemical muaj pes tsawg leeg prosthetic pab pawg. Yog hais tias cov tshuaj bonds ntawm cov protein tivthaiv thiab cov carbohydrate ib feem - covalently-glycoside, xws tshuaj no hu ua glycoproteins. Apoenzyme lawv hais molecules ntawm mono- thiab oligosaccharides, piv txwv xws li cov nqaijrog yog prothrombin, fibrinogen (cov nqaijrog muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv cov ntshav coagulation). Kortiko- thiab gonadotropic cov tshuaj hormones, interferons, enzymes thiab daim nyias nyias yog glycoproteins. Nyob rau hauv molecules proteoglycan protein ib feem tsuas yog 5%, tseem yuav tshuav yog ib tug prosthetic pab pawg neeg (geteropolitsaharid). Ob qhov chaw muaj kev cob cog los ntawm ib tug glycosidic daim ntawv cog lus ntawm cov OH pab pawg neeg-threonine thiab arginine pab pawg thiab NH₂-Glutamine, thiab lysine. Proteoglycan molecules ua si ib qho tseem ceeb heev luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv cov dej ntsev metabolism hlwb. Hauv qab no yog ib cov lus ntawm txoj nqaijrog, peb kawm.

metalloproteins

Cov ntaub ntawv muaj raws li ib feem ntawm nws cov molecular ion ntawm ib los yog ntau tshaj hlau. Xav txog cov piv txwv ntawm complex cov nqaijrog teej tug mus rau saum toj pab pawg neeg. Nws yog saum toj no tag nrho cov enzymes xws li cytochrome oxidase. Nws yog situated nyob rau hauv cristae ntawm lub mitochondria thiab activates lub synthesis ntawm ATP. Ferrin thiab transferrin - proteid muaj hlau ions. Keeb kwm deposits lawv nyob rau hauv lub hlwb, thiab lub thib ob yog cov thauj ntawm cov ntshav protein. Lwm metalloproteins - alfaamelaza nws muaj calcium ions yog muaj nyob rau hauv lub muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov qaub ncaug thiab pancreatic kua txiv, koom tes nyob rau hauv lub splitting ntawm cov hmoov txhuv nplej. Hemoglobin yog yuav ua li cas metalloproteins thiab hromoproteidov. Nws ua hauj lwm pab raws li ib tug thauj protein uas xa cov pa oxygen. Cov no ib tug compound ntawm oxyhemoglobin. Nqus tau pa carbon monoxide, los yog cov pa roj carbon monoxide-hu ua, nws hemoglobin molecules tsim ruaj khov heev compound erythrocytes. Nws sai sai kis rau hauv nruab nrog cev thiab cov nqaij mos, ua cell lom. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, tom qab lub caij nyoog nqus tau pa carbon monoxide tuag tshwm sim los ntawm asphyxiation. Hemoglobin cov nqa thiab cov pa roj carbon dioxide tsim nyob rau hauv lub catabolic dab. Los ntawm cov hlab ntsha ntawm cov pa roj carbon dioxide mus rau lub ntsws thiab lub raum, thiab los ntawm lawv - mus rau lwm cheeb tsam. Ib txhia crustaceans thiab Molluscs thauj protein uas xa cov pa oxygen, yog lub yaum sij. Es tsis txhob ntawm cov hlau nws muaj tooj liab ions, li ntawd, tsiaj txhu cov ntshav tsis yog liab, thiab xiav.

chlorophyll muaj nuj nqi

Raws li peb hais ua ntej lawm, complex cov nqaijrog yuav tsim ceg nrog pigments - kob organic tshuaj. Lawv xim nyob rau hromoformnyh pawg neeg uas xaiv nqus tej yam spectra ntawm tshav ntuj. Nyob rau hauv cog hlwb muaj ntsuab plastids - chloroplasts muaj chlorophyll xim. Nws yog li ntawm magnesium atoms thiab ib tug polyhydric cawv, phytol. Lawv yog txuam nrog rau cov protein ntau molecules, thiab lawv tus kheej muaj chloroplasts thylakoids (phiaj), los yog daim nyias nyias txuam nyob rau hauv sib tsub sib nias - facet. Lawv yog cov photosynthetic pigments - chlorophyll - thiab ntxiv carotenoids. Ntawm no yog tag nrho cov enzymes siv nyob rau hauv lub photosynthetic tshua. Yog li chromoproteids, uas muaj xws li chlorophyll, ua ib qho tseem ceeb functions nyob rau hauv metabolism, namely nyob rau hauv tshua assimilation thiab dissimilation.

kab nqaijrog

Lawv muaj xws li cov neeg sawv cev uas tsis yog-cellular ntaub ntawv ntawm lub neej, nkag mus rau hauv lub nceeg vaj ntawm Vir. Kab mob tsis muaj lawv tus kheej protein-synthesizing apparatus. Nucleic acids, DNA los yog RNA, yuav ntxias cov synthesis ntawm feem ntau hais tus kheej hlwb tus kab mob tus kab mob no. Tej yam yooj yim cov kab mob txhaj tsuas muaj protein molecules, compactly tuaj txoos ua ke nyob rau hauv ib tug helical qauv los yog ib tug polyhedral zoo, xws li haus luam yeeb mosaic tus kab mob no. Complex kab mob muaj ntxiv membrane txoj kev ib feem ntawm cov ntshav membrane ntawm tus tswv tsev cell. Raws li nws yuav muaj xws li glycoproteins (tus kab mob siab B kab mob no, smallpox tus kab mob no). Lub ntsiab muaj nuj nqi ntawm lub glycoproteins - ib tug paub txog kev receptors rau tus tswv tsev cell daim nyias nyias. Muaj pes tsawg leeg ntxiv kis week thiab proteins xws li enzymes muab reduplication ntawm DNA los yog RNA transcription. Raws li cov foregoing, ib tug yuav xaus rau nram qab no: kab mob particle cov nqaijrog zoo li muaj ib lub qauv, nyob ntawm seb cov daim nyias nyias cov nqaijrog ntawm tus tswv tsev cell.

Nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm peb tau muab lub yam ntxwv ntawm txoj nqaijrog, kawm lawv cov qauv thiab muaj nuj nqi nyob rau hauv lub hlwb ntawm ntau yam kab mob.