Spaceports USA: nta thiab yees duab

Ya nyob rau hauv qhov chaw nrog txhua dua hnub yog ua yooj yim dua thiab ntau mus siv cuag. Rau cov neeg uas txaus siab them xav tsis thoob sums ntawm nyiaj nyob rau hauv ib tug ob peb luv luv feeb siv sab nraum lub ntuj kaaj quas lug, Tsoom Fwv Teb Chaws chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm Civil Aviation ntawm lub tebchaws United States tso ib ke hauv daim ntawv qhia, uas cim tag nrho cov US spaceports. Ib daim ntawv ntawm tam sim no tsoom fwv teb chaws qhov chaw supplemented nrog cov lus qhia txog tus kheej cov chaw tsim rau qhov chaw community launch tsheb.

Yuav ua li cas yog spaceports?

Pib los yog siv los pib lub orbital los yog suborbital tsheb mus rau hauv qhov chaw outer. Lawv muab lub koom ua ke ntawm pib lub Cheebtsam, muab roj, muab kev pab aircraft thiab muab lawv payload. Spaceports ua rau nws tau mus ua kab rov tav thiab ntsug takeoff thiab tsaws. Los ntawm qhov chaw lub community launch tsheb yog mus tsham los ntawm ib thaj tsam hu ua lub lub community launch cheeb tsam, uas yog feem ntau yog nruab nrog mus txog qhovtwg khoom thiab tau txais telemetry. Nws yog tsim nyog los saib xyuas lub tsheb kom txog rau thaum nws muaj kev vam meej lub community launch rau hauv orbit thiab rov qab mus rau lub ntiaj teb. Cov systems yuav siv tau los nrhiav reusable theem.

Tsoom Fwv Teb Chaws chaw ua dav hlua Administration thiab lub tebchaws United States coj mus muag qhov chaw tsheb thauj mus los lais xees private community launch qhov chaw ntawm lub teb chaws.

Yuav ua li cas muaj ntau yam spaceports nyob rau hauv lub US?

Los ntawm kawg ntawm 2015 nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws United States, muaj 19 active tas, 8 uas yog tsoom fwv teb chaws, 9 - coj mus muag, ua los ntawm tsoom fwv cov koom haum, nyob rau hauv kev sib koom tes nrog rau lwm Enterprises, thiab ib tug yog mus rau lub tsev kawm ntawv. Ntawm no, 4 yog tsim los khiav rau ib tug uas tsis muaj lub ntiaj teb orbit, 9 yog siv tsuas yog rau cov sub-orbital launches thiab 5 yog universal.

Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj 3 unlicensed khoom uas launches yuav tsum tau ntawv tso cai los yog tau kev tso cai tsheb. Txij li thaum lub tuam txhab uas muag uas nyias muaj nyias cov ntaub ntawv cosmodrome siv cuaj luaj ntawm nws tus kheej lawm, qhov yuav tsum tau mus nrhiav tau kev tso cai rau lub lub community launch ncoo tsis yuav tsum tau. Cov muaj xws li:

• platform "Odyssey" qhov kev pab cuam "Hiav txwv Launch", siv «Zenit 3PL" cuaj luaj;
• cosmodrome "McGregor" Texas lub tuam txhab SpaceX, qhov twg kuaj Liaj 9R;
• Chaw Ua Si nyob ze Van Horn, Texas, Blue Keeb kwm lub tuam txhab.

US spaceports, uas muaj nyob rau tam sim no lub sij hawm yuav tsum tau muab faib mus rau hauv peb pawg loj. Lawv muaj nyob rau ntawm lub Pacific ntug dej hiav txwv, mus rau sab qab teb-sab qab teb-sab hnub poob thiab nyob rau hauv lub central thiab yav qab teb Atlantic ntug dej hiav txwv.

Pacific pab pawg neeg

US spaceports nyob rau hauv lub hiav txwv Pacific yog ob lub community launch qhov chaw. Tus thawj yog lub platform "Hiav txwv Launch", uas nws yog ib tug sib koom Norwegian-Lavxias teb sab-Ukrainian-American. Tom qab lub ntaub ntawv bankruptcy los ntawm 2009 private foob pob ua ntxaij thiab qhov chaw Corporation "Energia" ntawm Russia los ua nws tus thawj xib fwb tswv. Rau ib txhia lub sij hawm hauv lub US siv lub platform tso coj mus muag satellites.

Qhov thib ob - ib tug pov thawj hauv av Reagan - yog nyob rau hauv lub Marshall Islands. Launch ncoo yog nyob rau hauv lub atoll ntawm Kwajalein thiab Aur, thiab caij Island. Nws yog siv raws li ib txoj kev kuaj qhov chaw rau ballistic missiles, missile tiv thaiv systems, qhov chaw thiab meteorological kev tshawb fawb kev pab cuam, raws li zoo raws li mus soj ntsuam cov satellites ua hauj lwm. Rau cov kob omelek kob nyob coj mus muag community launch site rau SpaceX.

Launch ceg Alaska

Alaska kuj muaj US spaceports. Launch complex "Kodiak", uas nyob rau hauv muab cov satellite rau hauv ib lub ncov qaumteb qabteb orbit, thiab kev tshawb fawb landfill Poker pav ca, uas los ntawm lub Geophysical lub koom haum, University of Alaska, launches foob pob ua ntxaij nrog scientific cov khoom rau ntsuam nyob rau hauv lub qaum ntuj kaaj quas lug.

Launch complex "Kodiak"

"Kodiak" ib thaj tsam ntawm 1500 hectares yog tus tsuas yog high-latitude starting complex ntawm lub tebchaws United States. Thaum lub 54th latitude rau cov kob ntawm Kodiak yog Nerrou - Cape Spaceport teb chaws USA, uas specializes nyob rau hauv ncov qaumteb qabteb launches siv rau satellites mus rau lub orbit. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm nws hom chaw muaj xws li ob qhov chaw (ib tug rau orbital flights, thiab lwm rau suborbital), 17-storey lub tsev mus rau tsim cuaj luaj thiab ib tug huv chav tsev rau qhov kev npaj ntawm satellites. Nyob rau hauv txoj muaj yog ib tug siv rau ntawm lub thib peb theem, uas yuav tsim ib tug heev kawg ceev startup - tsawg tshaj li 24 teev yuav tsum tau muaj los ntawm tus me nyuam yuav pib.

Pib California cheeb tsam

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau lub ob US Cua Dag Zog Yuam airbases "Vandenberg" thiab "Edwards", uas yog tseem siv rau kev sim sau, nyob rau hauv California muaj ob lub community launch site, "California" thiab "Mojave." Thiab lawv yog cov tiag tiag impressive! Nyob rau hauv 2004, ntawm lub "Mojave" thawj kev vam meej tus kheej Foster qhov chaw community launch SpaceShipOne khoom siv tes ua. Nyob rau hauv California, tau raws "California Chaw ua hauj lwm qhov chaw," uas zoo tsis muaj hwj chim tsis muaj thiab yog li ntawd mus nyob qhovtwg li.

Spaceport "California"

Thaum lub airbase "Vandenberg" nyob rau hauv Lompoc, California, txij li thaum 1999, ua hauj lwm cov hiob ntawv tso cai coj mus muag spaceport nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws United States, lub npe ntawm uas - lub spaceport "California". Ntxiv mus, nws yog ib lub xwb siab commercialized chaw nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws - nws ua hauj lwm tsis muaj pej xeem nyiaj. Lub ntsiab venue yog pib ntawm lub 8 chaw community launch complex los yog SLC-8. Nws yog tau muab ob ncov qaumteb qabteb thiab ballistic trajectory siv me me acceleration chav kawm ntawv "Minotaur" blocks.

Aerokosmoport "Mojave"

Ua tau rau lub airfield thiab naval artillery khwv ntawm lub ob ntiaj teb rog, aerokosmoport "Mojave" kuj yog ib qho ntawm cov thawj kuaj qhov chaw rau cov private spacecraft. Pib nrog lub missile kev pab cuam nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 1990s, nws tau los ua lub hauv paus rau lub biggest npe nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm coj mus muag suborbital thiab orbital flights, xws li SpaceShipOne, yeej Ansari X nqis nyob rau hauv 2004, XCOR Aerospace, Masten Space Systems thiab Orbital Science Corp.

South-southwest

Ntawm no, txhua lub xeev nyob rau hauv lub US nrog lub spaceport. Tshiab Mexico, Texas thiab Oklahoma - tag nrho lawv muaj lawv lub community launch pawm no ntau npau, thiab New Mexico dominates. On "Enchanting av" (official npe menyuam yaus ntawm lub xeev) yog ua spaceport "America", uas tej zaum yuav xa tourists rau qhov chaw.

Spaceport "America"

Suab puam Jordana del Muerto, New Mexico - ib qho chaw qhov twg muaj ib tug US spaceport, "America", uas ua lub ntiaj teb no tus thawj lub hom phiaj-ua coj mus muag puag thiab tus launching ncoo rau private aerospace lub tuam txhab nkauj xwb Galactic, SpaceX, UP Aerospace thiab zaug Aerospace. Ntawv pov thawj LEED system, tus kwv npog txog 62 txhiab sq. M. m thiab hangar muaj xws li ob tug ob-siab cheeb tsam ntawm 4400 sq. m thiab lub hom phiaj Control Center. Lub spaceport yuav hu tau los ntawm lub nyob ze lub zos charter tseeb los yog Konsikuenses.

Nyob rau Missile Ntau Dawb Sands muaj tag nrho cov hom ntawm loj thiab heev yam, thiab tej zaum kuj hluav taws rau hauv nyob ze qhov chaw. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, muaj twb muab tso rau lub thawj nuclear xeem site nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no. Tab sis nws tsis yog ib tug heev interesting chaw.

Spaceport "Oklahoma"

Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm Oklahoma wasteland, lub spaceport muaj ib tug ntawm cov coos runways nyob rau hauv North America (4115 m). Nyob rau hauv ua ke nrog nrog ib tug dawb paug tsis muaj ya dav hlau saum ntuj, nws los ua tus thawj nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws United States, uas yog tsis raug mus rau cov tub rog thiab sib ntaus kev txwv, uas yog zoo tagnrho rau cov coj mus muag tsheb nrog ib tug kab rov tav takeoff thiab tsaws. Muaj kuj yog raws li lub tuam txhab zaug Aerospace, txawm hais tias nws tsab daim spacecraft tsim tsuas yog rau cov ntsug takeoff thiab tsaws. Ntawm lwm yam, muaj txawm tias ib tug 9-qhov golf thaum kawg.

Spaceports nyob rau hauv Texas

Nyob rau hauv Texas, muaj lub community launch ncoo ntawm lub private chaw enterprise lub taub hau thiab multi-billionaire founder ntawm Amazon Dzheff Bezosa Blue keeb kwm. Tam sim no qhov no yog ib txoj kev kuaj community launch site, tab sis tej zaum nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej nws yuav ua ib tug zoo qhov chaw rau neeg mus ncig tebchaws mus ncig ua si rau hauv qhov chaw thiab rov qab.

Thiab McGregor lub tuam txhab SpaceX tau los ua ib tug community launch ncoo xeem ntawm lub engine Merlin 1D thiab Liaj 9 foob pob ua ntxaij thiab Kooj.

Central thiab yav qab teb Atlantic ntug dej hiav txwv

Nyob rau hauv Virginia, muaj ob lub community launch pawm no ntau npau - Mid-Atlantic Regional Spaceport (MARS) thiab cov spaceport ntawm Wallops Island NASA. MARS xa ships mus rau hauv qhov chaw vim cov nyiaj ua se cov kev pab cuam "zero lub ntiajteb txawj nqus - zero se". Nyob rau Wallops NASA launched ib tug foob pob ua ntxaij. Piv txwv li, Cuaj hlis 6, 2013 los ntawm no ya mus sojntsuam mus kawm rau hauv lunar cua thiab qhov ib puag ncig - rau thawj lub sij hawm nyob sab nraum ntawm Florida, qhov twg lub ntsiab spaceport USA.

Nyob rau hauv lub sab hnub tuaj ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm Virginia, qhov chaw ua nyob rau hauv 1945 rau nqa tawm aerodynamic kev ntsuam xyuas thiab raws li orbital community launch chaw. Txij li thaum uas lub sij hawm, nrog Wallops pib tshaj 16,000 rockets, xws li thaum ntxov prototypes "Mercury" peb tes num thiab LADEE.

Nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia ntawm cov chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm coj mus muag qhov chaw Davhlau ntawm Virginia, nyob rau hauv MARS ua hauj lwm ob lub community launch pawm no ntau npau: ncoo 0A, uas yog FAA daim ntawv tso cai kom xa payloads uas mus txog rau 5 tons nyob rau hauv lub qis lub ntiaj teb orbit, thiab ncoo 0B, uas tso zis rau 3.8 tonnes payload uas ntau haum rau me me tsheb xws li cov "Minotaur IV ntawm" los yog "Minuteman". Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus tsoos khoom-kua roj thiab nws tso cai rau koj mus khiav lub hybrid tsheb.

Txij li thaum thawj lub community launch txog ib tug siv yooj yim cargo logistics spacecraft Cygnus Orbital Sciences Corporation on board nws cab kuj foob pob ua ntxaij "Antares" tau tsim cosmodrome MARS. Cygnus, Zaj Tshuaj Ntsiav competitor Elon Musk, ntse coj tawm Cuaj hlis 18, 2013 Plaub hnub tom qab ntawd, nws mus txog lub ISS, docked thiab muab 980 kg ntawm cov khoom siv.

Cape Canaveral

Lub ntsiab US community launch chaw nyob nyob rau hauv lub xeev ntawm Florida. Li no lub pav tua ya thiab ua kom sib haum ntawm "Apollo" qhov kev pab cuam nyob rau hauv lub mus txog 1960 thiab xyoo 1970. thiab kev pab cuam shuttle Space Shuttle nyob rau hauv 1980-2000-ies. "Space Ntug dej hiav txwv" xws li muaj chaw Center NASA tus John F. Kennedy Cua Dag Zog Yuam chaw nres tsheb thiab lub US community launch site ntawm dhaus Cape Canaveral.

Tom qab kawm tiav ntawm qhov kev pab cuam ntawm shuttles Cua Dag Zog Yuam chaw nres tsheb, thiab Kennedy Space Center tau qhib rau coj mus muag undertakings. Ua ke, cov chaw muaj peb active pawm no ntau npau thiab ob active runways rau kab rov tav sau nruab nrab ntawm lawv.

Pib ceg 46 thiab 20 yog thawj community launch platform Canaveral. Tus thawj ntawm no yog tsim los kom haum raws li nruab nrab-chav kawm ntawv cuaj luaj "Lockheed Athena" los yog "Taurus" thiab cuaj luaj ballistic "Trident II ntawm" thiab "Minuteman". Qhov thib ob txheej ua tau kom haum rau cov me me sub-orbital community launch tshuab LiteStar, Terrier, Orion thiab ASAS.

Spaceport "Cecil Field"

Nyob rau hauv 2010, tsoom fwv teb chaws Aviation Administration United States pom zoo cov creation ntawm Jacksonville spaceport "Cecil Field" nyob rau hauv lub qhov chaw ntawm lub decommissioned puag eponymous naval aviation. Launch ncoo tau daim ntawv tso cai nyob rau hauv 2010, thiab nyob rau nws yog twb nyob rau hauv lub tsim nyog cov nyiaj los pab txhawb txuas ntxiv dua mus horizontally launched tsheb. Thaum lub lub community launch site yog runways ntev ntawm 3800, 2400 thiab 1200 m, ntau tsim taxiways thiab khoom cosmoport. Lawv yuav tsum tau ua kom tiav los ntawm tus kawg ntawm lub xyoo caum.

Niaj hnub no, qhov chaw flights yog nyob rau hauv txoj kev hloov. Kev tshawb fawb thiab cov tub rog tej kev txom nyem mus ntxiv rau tus thawj, txawm hais tias tus launches ntawm coj mus muag satellites pib mus nyob ib qho zuj zus ib feem ntawm niaj hnub foob pob ua ntxaij thiab qhov chaw kev lag luam. Chaw tourism los ntawm cov tuam txhab xws li nkauj xwb Galactic thiab tejzaum nws, Blue keeb kwm cog lus tshiab yav tom ntej, txawm li cas los, rau ib nqe uas yog tam sim no muaj rau ob peb.

Tshiab US community launch chaw thiab cov kev pab cuam zoo ib yam li qhov chaw X, qhia ntau npaum li cas tseem muaj chav tsev rau innovation.