Ravelin - ib tug ... Nto moo Lavxias teb sab ravelins

Ravelin - qhov no yog ib tug ntawm lub ntsiab ntawm lub thiaj li hu ua lub hnub qub fort uas sawv nyob rau hauv lub era ntawm niaj hnub lub sij hawm (XVII-XIX century). Yuav ua li cas yog ib tug ravelin? Yuav ua li cas yog lub ntsiab lus ntawm no lub sij hawm? Thiab yog dab tsi muaj nuj nqi nws ua nyob rau hauv lub chaw tiv thaiv?

Hais lub hnub qub fort

Nrog ceev ceev txoj kev loj hlob ntawm artillery nyob rau hauv lub XVI xyoo pua, txuam nrog cov tsos thiab lub qhov kev txhim kho ntawm bastion fortification systems. Medieval chaw tiv thaiv thiab castles twb tsis tau tag nrho hais tshiab sib ntaus sib tua phom. Cov phab ntsa hauv fortresses tsuas yog tsis khaws cia lawv cov haib tawm tsam. Yog li, cov phab ntsa pib ua sab-them thawj sai sai rau lawv thickness. Siab yees sai hloov bastions, uas thaum lub sij hawm tau ua nce loj thiab zoo xav-tawm nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm daim ntawv no.

Muaj ntau ntau yam hais (hom) Hnub Qub fort. Lawv yog:

• ramparts;
• ntaub;
• ravelins;
• redyuity;
• lub citadel.

Yuav ua li cas yog ib tug ravelin? Thiab yog dab tsi luag hauj lwm nws plays nyob rau hauv lub fortification? Ntxiv txog qhov no yuav tsum los sib tham ntxiv.

Ravelin - ib tug ...

Qhov no lub sij hawm yog ntawm Latin (ravelere) los yog Italian (ravellino) keeb kwm. Lub ntsiab lus ntawm "ib nrab hli" (luag Iwm haiv neeg txoj cai qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub kawg suab) - "cais" los yog "muab txiav." Qhov ntawd yog yuav ua li cas nws yuav muab txhais los ntawm Latin.

Ravelin - yog, saum toj no tag nrho, ib tug architectural lub sij hawm uas yog dav siv nyob rau hauv cov tub rog affairs. Qhov no ntxiv fortification, nyob nruab nrab ntawm ob tug nyob ib sab bastions thiab ib tug moat nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm lub fortress. Nyob rau hauv lub hom phiaj, nws yog feem ntau voos rau hauv cov duab.

Feem ntau cov feem ntau Ravelin muaj hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug haib pob zeb puag ncig nrog casemates kev muab sharpshooters thiab artillery. Ntxiv mus, lub qhov siab ntawm tus puag ncig yuav tsum tau 1-1.5 meters hauv qab no lub ntsiab phab ntsa ntawm lub fortress. Lub fortification ravelins no yog tsim los ua ob peb tseem ceeb functions. lawv yog:

• them rau cov central lub nroog phab ntsa los ntawm ncaj qha artillery hluav taws;
• deter tua tus yeeb ncuab pab tub rog;
• concentration siv rau cov tub rog mus counterattack.

Ravelin yog dav siv nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe yuav luag plaub centuries (los ntawm cov XVI mus XIX). Muaj ntau ntawm lawv dim rau tam sim no hnub, nyob rau hauv particular, nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm Russia.

Paub ravelins Russia

Tej zaum cov feem ntau striking piv txwv ravelins rau hauv ib ncig ntawm niaj hnub Russia twb ua tau nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg - Alexis thiab St. John. Lawv raug hu los ntawm cov npe ntawm cov tom ntej no ntawm kwvtij ntawm Peter lub Great: feem, nyob rau hauv Honor ntawm nws txiv thiab nws tus tij laug nyob rau hauv Honor ntawm tus huab tais. Ib tug ntawm lawv (St. John) yuav tau saib nyob rau hauv lub fortress niaj hnub no.

Alexis Ravelin nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm lub XIX xyoo pua, alas, twb puas lawm. Curiously, nws tau txais kev pab raws li tsis tsuas yog ib lub defensive qauv, tab sis kuj yog ib tug fortress tsev lojcuj. Nyob rau hauv nws, muaj ntau lub Decembrists thiab tw ntawm tsarist tsoom fwv tau ua. Tsev loj cuj Alexeyev Ravelin lasted kom txog thaum 1884.

Lwm zoo-paub Ravelin yog nyob rau hauv Sebastopol. Nws yog ib tug haib fortification ua tau nyob rau hauv 1840 los tiv thaiv lub nroog ntawm lub Bay ntawm tawm tsam cov yeeb ncuab ships mus rau hiav txwv. Lub thiaj li hu ua Konstantinovsky roj teeb Sevastopol tau ua si ib tug loj luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ob zaug: thaum lub sij hawm lub Crimean (1854-1855) thiab lub ntiaj teb no ua tsov ua rog II.

xaus

Ravelin - ib tug txhawb tus qauv ntawm ib tug defensive fort, uas tau tau lug siv txij li thaum nruab nrab ntawm lub XVII caug xyoo. Lub ntsiab kev pab raws qib ntawm lub tsev no ob: deter yeeb ncuab tawm tsam thiab tiv thaiv lub fortress ntawm tus yeeb ncuab artillery hluav taws.