Radioactivity, nws hom thiab yuav raug rau tib neeg

Tej tawg yog muab faib ua ntau hom. Lub ntsiab kev zoo sib thooj yog hais tias lawv yog tag nrho cov high-energy, qhia cov lom nyhuv ntawm ionization los, raws li los ntawm tshuaj nyob rau hauv cov lug ntawm nyob hlwb, uas ua nyob rau hauv lawv txoj kev tuag. Peb tsis totaub tsis paub ionizing tawg: peb tsis pom nws, tsis hnov thiab tsis txhob xav tias cov teebmeem nyob ntawm peb lub cev.

Tej tawg comprise them thiab uncharged hais thiab photons. Cov pejxeem ntawm lub ntiaj teb raws li nrog lawv nyob rau txhua hnub. Tus thawj yog cov tom qab tawg, uas yog ua los ntawm peb lub Cheebtsam:

- cosmic tawg tuaj mus rau lub ntiaj teb los ntawm qhov chaw;

- tawg los ntawm tej yam ntuj tso radionuclides lub tsev ntaub ntawv, huab cua thiab dej;

- ionizing tawg los ntawm tej yam ntuj tso tshuaj uas tuaj mus rau hauv peb lub cev nrog cov zaub mov thiab dej, tsau cov ntaub so ntswg thiab noog nyob rau hauv lub cev lub neej.

Txiv neej, Ntxiv, raug dag tawg, uas yog dav siv nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws kev khwv nyiaj txiag. Nyob rau hauv cov kev kho mob teb, piv txwv li, ionizing tawg yog siv heev lug.

Radioactivity thiab nws cov hom

Nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav zoo tiv thaiv ionizing tawg, yuav tsum tau paub txog nws cov hom thiab zog. Lub tawg yuav tau muab faib mus rau hauv ob lub ntsiab pawg: electromagnetic thiab corpuscular.

X-ray thiab g-tawg ntaus nqi mus rau ib tug ntau yam ntawm electromagnetic vuag, lawv cov txheej txheem rau xov tooj cua tsis, lub teeb thiab ultraviolet rays. Lawv txawv xwb nyob rau hauv wavelength. Lub shortest wavelength thiab raws li, lub siab tshaj plaws zaus ntawm electromagnetic vuag nyob rau hauv lub spectrum ntawm electromagnetic vuag yuav g- thiab X-ray tawg. Nrog ib tug luv luv wavelength, siab dua lub zog tawg, raws li zoo raws li lub allergic muaj peev xwm.

Tshav - qhov ntawm X-rays yog cov absorbed los ntawm lub ntiaj teb huab cua. Lawv kuj generated los ntawm ib co pab kiag li lawm (boosters) rau cov mob ntawm cov neeg mob.

Gamma rays yog ua los ntawm nuclear tshua thiab lwj ntawm tej tshuaj. Nws yooj yim kis los ntawm tus tib neeg lub cev.

Beta tawg yog hu ua tus khiav ntawm electrons thiab positrons, nws elementary hais yog tsis zoo (electrons) los yog zoo (positron) xwb. Lawv tshwm sim los ntawm cov neeg lwj ntawm nuclei nyob rau hauv atoms thiab tawm txim liab therefrom. Yuav txeem los ntawm cov dej txheej nrog ib tug tuab ntawm 1-2 cm. Irradiation beta hais ntawm raug chaw tsim hluav taws xob kub yus, thiab thaum noj cov zaub mov, dej thiab huab cua raug tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub cev thiab ua rau yus mus rau ib tug loj tawg puas tsuaj.

Alpha tawg yog hu ua tus khiav ntawm zoo them hnyav hais tias yog hnyav dua beta hais 7300 lub sij hawm. Cov hais yog tawm txim liab nyob rau hauv lub lwj lub sij hawm ntawm tej ntsiab, tab sis thaum muaj kev kub ionizing muaj peev xwm mus txeem tib neeg cov ntaub so ntswg mus rau ib tug me me qhov tob, rau xwb ntawm daim tawv nqaij saum npoo av. Tiaj ntawv tiv thaiv lawv cov teebmeem.

Neutrons - yog tsis nqa tus nqi ntawm cov particle, txawm li cas los, thaum muaj xwm ceev yog qhov tseem ceeb, muaj ib tug muaj zog tob tob hwj chim. Los ntawm neutron tawg tiv thaiv ntaub ntawv uas muaj hydrogen (paraffin, polyethylene).

Lom los ntawm hluav taws xob

Tag nrho cov kev ntsuas tiv thaiv tej yam ionization, raws li kev txawj ntse ntawm cov khoom ntawm ib tug tej yam ntawm hluav taws xob, lawv tob tob hwj chim.

Lub tawg ntxim rau lub cev raws li nram no.

• Ionizing tawg yog insidious nyob rau hauv hais tias txoj kev yog tsis muaj. Dosimeters - yog ib tug zoo ntxiv lub cev, uas yog npaj rau xaav ntawm hluav taws xob.
• Qhia tau meej heev txhab ntawm daim tawv nqaij, malaise, raug ntawm hluav taws xob kev mob kev nkeeg, tsis txhob tshwm sim tam sim ntawd, tab sis tsuas yog tom qab ib co sij hawm; koob tshuaj summed zais.