Engineering geology. Geological engineering daim ntawv ntsuam xyuas

Geology - qhov kev kawm ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Nws yog ib tug tag nrho complex ntawm scientific disciplines thiab lag luam muaj feem xyuam rau txoj kev tshawb no ntawm lub ntiaj teb ua kiav txhab thiab nws ntxaum realms. Geology hom phiaj tsom feem nyob rau hauv kev txawj ntse ntawm cov kev cai ntawm cov tsim thiab qhov chaw nyob ntawm lub MPI (mineral deposits). Feem ntau ntawm cov tej teeb meem nyob rau hauv niaj hnub geology, yog hais txog mus rau ib tug tob ntawm txog 10-15 km, uas yog tshwm sim los ntawm ib tug geological tob ntawm txiav nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm ancient folding thiab tam sim no theem ntawm kev muaj peev xwm thiab zus tau tej cov mineral kev tshawb kawm.

General tswv yim

Engineering Geology yog lub scientific thiab kev ceg ntawm geology uas kawm tus yam ntxwv thiab cov qauv ntawm kev sis raug zoo ntawm cov geological puag ncig nrog engineering lug. Lub homphiaj ntawm geology yog sab sauv khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg thiab horizons Kaub puab geological tej yam kev mob ntawm lawv tsim thiab deposition, morphological, lub zog thiab dynamic yam ntxwv vim lub engineering thiab economic kev ua neeg.

Nrog rau mas tshwj xeeb paub tab, Engineering Geology muaj xws li cov kev kawm txog cov geological kevcai tswj, muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab thaj chaw ntawm av, hydrogeological tej yam kev mob, puas geological dab thiab ib tug xov tooj ntawm lwm yam teeb meem. Yog li ntawd geology bases muaj xws li qhov yuav tsum tau rau tej yam sab kev txawj ntse nyob rau hauv ib tug xov tooj ntawm ib sab geologic disciplines, xws li geology, mineralogy, geomorphology, hydrogeology, petrography, tectonics, geophysicists thiab lwm tus neeg.

Cov hom phiaj thiab phiaj

Engineering thiab geological kev tshawb fawb yog aimed ntawm qhov kev siv ntawm ib tug kev thiab kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm geological yam tshwm sim los ntawm tib neeg kev ua si nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho thiab cov nyiaj txiag kheej, nyob rau hauv nrog lub ntuj geological dab.

Lub ntsiab engineering geology teeb meem uas muaj txoj kev tshawb no ntawm geological thiab tectonic, geomorphological, seismic thiab technogenic yam, ywm rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm engineering-geological txoj kev tshawb no, uas tas precedes qhov kev siv ntawm tej vaj tse nrog tus txheej xwm ntawm civil engineering tej yaam num. Qhov no pej xeem thiab cov muaj vaj tse thiab lug, txoj kev, railways, dams, txuas hniav, tshav dav hlau, subways, underground workings, underground hlauv taws xob, thiab ntau lwm yam khoom.

Yog li, engineering geology tsim los muab designers, builders thiab cov kev pab zov me nyuam uas coj mus muag chaw rau tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv tsim nyog rau cov tsim thiab kev tsim kho, raws li tau zoo raws li nqa tawm kev ua ub no uas muaj feem rau lawv lub lag luam.

Raws li cov ntsiab ntawm geological tshawb fawb compile ib daim ntawv qhia nyob rau hauv yuav tsum muaj tau ntawm kev tsim kho ntawm vaj tse los yog lug thiab txiav txim seb lub feem ntau dej siab qhov chaw rau qhov kev tso kawm. Daim ntawv qhia txog yuav tsum muaj xws li tswv yim rau cov nyiam txoj kev siv thiab ua cov hauj lwm, cov tswv yim rau designs nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm lawv cov nyiaj pab ntau tshaj kev ntseeg tau thiab kev tiv thaiv rau lub tshwj kom txhob tau tsis zoo geological dab uas tej zaum yuav tso hem thawj qhov kev ruaj ntseg ntawm lub tsev los yog lub tsev.

Lub ntsiab seem ntawm engineering geology

Raws li ib feem ntawm qhov kev kawm ntawm geology, engineering geology, nyob rau hauv lem, muaj xws li ib tug xov tooj ntawm nws tus kheej-kev qhuab qhia, ntawm uas lub ntsiab yog xam tau tias yog engineering geodynamics, av thiab lub regional engineering geology.

Av, raws li lub npe implies, yog ib tug scientific ceg geology, uas yog lub luag hauj lwm rau cov qauv, muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab thaj chaw ntawm av, cov kev cai ntawm lawv tsim thiab txuam nrog, raws li zoo raws li peculiarities ntawm lub spatial thiab sab nqaij daim tawv variability tshwm sim los ntawm kev tsim kho engineering thiab economic kev ua ub no ntawm cov neeg.

Lub homphiaj ntawm Engineering Geodynamics yog ib tug ntau yam ntawm niaj hnub no geologic dab uas muaj ib tug tseem ceeb feem nyob rau tej yam kev mob rau cov kev siv thiab cov lag luam uas coj mus muag chaw ntawm kev loj. Los ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm no zoo xws li av qeeg, landslides ntawm txawv keeb kwm, xyaws, subsidence, tej kab nrib pleb thiab lwm tus neeg. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau lub kev tshawb fawb thiab forecasts, lawv tag nrho ua rau nws tsim nyog los tsim kev tiv thaiv thiab kev ruaj ntseg ntsuas, uas kuj yog hais txog cov teeb meem ntawm engineering geodynamics.

Regional engineering geology, raws li zoo li lwm yam geological engineering, kawm cov yam ntxwv thiab tej kev cai ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub uppermost khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg ntawm lub ntiaj teb ua kiav txhab, ua li qhov thiaj li hu ua lithosphere, vim tam sim no thiab npaj engineering thiab ua lag ua luam thiab civil engineering ua si ntawm tus txiv neej. Tab sis qhov kev kawm ntawm lub regional geology yog los ntawm txhais geological yam rau ib tug regional scale.

Physico-mechanical thaj chaw ntawm cov pob zeb thiab xau

Yuav kom ua tau tsim thiab siv txoj kev tshawb no ntawm physico-mechanical thaj chaw ntawm cov pob zeb thiab av yog paramount tseem ceeb vim hais tias ntawm xam ntawm lub dag lub zog, kev cia siab thiab durability ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm qhov chaw nyob ntawm ntau txoj cai txiav txim hais txog kev xaiv cov tsev qauv, loj, me, hom thiab ntim txiav txim kev tsim kho thiab kab tej hauj lwm. Nyob rau hauv no hais txog, lub cev, thiab txhua yam khoom ntawm pob zeb thiab xau tas analyzed nyob rau tag nrho cov ua sawv ntawm engineering thiab geological ntawv tshawb fawb.

Rau lub cev-mechanical tsis muaj pob zeb thiab xau muaj xws li cov nram qab no cov yam ntxwv: granulometry, plasticity, particle ceev, ya raws cov ntsiab lus, tej ceev, chais ya cov plaub lub zog, tensile zog uniaxial compression, kaum sab xis ntawm repose, petrographic muaj pes tsawg leeg, subsidence ntawm o thiab shrinkage, modulus ntawm elasticity, coefficient av kuj, modulus, Suffusion leaching, Poisson lub ratio, ntsev cov ntsiab lus, lim coefficient, dej haum, dej saturation, thiab ib tug xov tooj ntawm ntxiv tsis.

Soj ntsuam cov geotechnical thaj chaw ntawm cov pob zeb thiab xau tsis nrog txoj kev tshawb no cov ntaub ntawv thiab tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg, raws li zoo raws li yam ntxwv thiab textural nta.

Muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab staging ntawm geotechnical kev tshawb fawb

Engineering thiab geological kev tshawb fawb li qhia siv kuj muaj xws li reconnaissance ua hauj lwm, engineering-geological daim ntawv ntsuam xyuas, Engineering-geological daim ntawv ntsuam xyuas, detalizatsionnye ua hauj lwm thaum lub sij hawm siv thiab zaum kawg cov ntawv tshawb fawb rau nws kawm tiav.

Reconnaissance yog ib tug kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm geological thiab geophysical paub los mus txiav txim lub feasibility ntawm ntxiv lawm, xav paub ntau dua ua hauj lwm. Yog hais tias muaj qhov twg los geological engineering, geology, lub cheeb tsam tau tau zoo kawm, ua hauj lwm yuav pib tam sim ntawd rau kev engineering thiab geological daim ntawv ntsuam xyuas.

Shooting yog ua los kawm geomorphological thiab hydrogeological nta, geotechnical thaj chaw ntawm cov pob zeb thiab xau, cov pov thawj ntawm active geological dab thiab zuag qhia tag nrho kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm geological tej yam kev mob nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam ntawm lub pob siv tej hauj lwm.

Raws li kev soj ntsuam ntawm kev tshawb kawm no yog ua los tsim kev kwv yees thiab ncauj lus kom ntxaws ntaub ntawv.

Tus txheem ntawm muaj engineering thiab geological kev tshawb fawb

Raug complex engineering thiab geological cov ntawv tshawb fawb, raws li ib tug txoj cai, xws li cov nram qab no hom ntawm kev ua hauj lwm :

• Yam ua ntej kuaj ua ntawm sau cov khoom;
• txoj kev tshawb no ntawm sim saum nruab ntug duab;
• lawv txoj kev kawm;
• geophysical kev tshawb fawb;
• ntsuam xyuas kev ua ub no, xws li cov drilling ntawm qhov dej;
• kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm cov pob zeb thiab xau nyob rau hauv lub teb;
• hydrogeological xyuas;
• Nyob Ruaj Ruaj kev tshawb fawb;
• laboratory chaw ua hauj lwm;
• mob ntawm qhov kev siv ntawm tej vaj tse thiab lug;
• tiav kuaj ua ntawm sau ntaub ntawv;
• sau ntawv ntawm zaum kawg tsab ntawv ceeb toom nrog qhov kev nthuav qhia nraaj cov ntaub ntawv, cov tswv yim thiab cov kev xav.

Kawg tau ntawm geological engineering daim ntawv ntsuam xyuas

Summing li cov khoom, tej zaum koj yuav xav sau meej thiab tseeb tau ntawm geotechnical kev tshawb fawb.

Yog li, raws li cov ntaub ntawv txheej engineering thiab geological ua hauj lwm nqa tawm thiab muab kev kwv yees ntawm cov hauv qab no tsis:

• stability pob zeb hauv paus Siv rau deformation, uas ua rau yus mus rau ib tug "protrusion" los ntawm lub hauv paus;
• sawmills thiab degree ntawm compression thiab lub sij yawm ntawm av nyob puag vaj tse;
• stability ntawm cov pob zeb thiab av nyob rau hauv qhov chaw siab tshaj quarrying, siv qho to, txoj kev kwj deg, embankments, dikes, canals thiab lwm yam dag ua si nraum zoov;
• stability ntawm hydraulic lug (e.g. dams) rau chais ya cov plaub deformation nyob rau hauv lub siab ntawm cov dej reservoirs;
• forecasting lub ntug dej hiav txwv tom qab kev tsim kho ntawm reservoirs;
• stability bases ntawm vaj tse thiab lug ntawm lub sawv ntawm av;
• sustainability engineering thiab nqi hluav taws xob tsev tsa rau permafrost nyob rau hauv seismic uas muaj feem yuav tej thaj chaw, nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm Karst kab noj hniav, landslides, avalanches thiab lwm yam natural disasters.

ntxawg cov ntaub ntawv

Geotechnical raug ua hauj lwm yog ua li cas nyob rau hauv raws li cov kev uas yuav tsum tau teem tawm nyob rau hauv daim ntawv teev (lub tsev ceev nyiaj) daim ntawv ntsuam xyuas ntawm ntau lawm cov kev cai los pab txhawb lub tsim ntawm kev npaj kev ua ub no ua ntej pib ntawm kev tsim kho, raws li tau zoo raws li rau kev tshawb nqa tawm thaum lub sij hawm qhov kev siv thiab cov lag luam uas mus txog rau tshem tawm lawv.

Cim daim ntawv teev cov ntxawg txheej txheem rau zus tau tej cov engineering-geological daim ntawv ntsuam xyuas ua hauj lwm muaj xws li ib tug xov tooj ntawm lub tsev lis dej num thiab kev cai (SNIP), uas tswj cov tua ntawm tej hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub caij tshuaj los ntawm lub xeev cov kev cai thiab txoj cai.