Organelle - yog ... zog, qauv ntawm organelles

Organelle - ib qhov tsim nyob rau hauv lub cell uas ua ib txog kev ua. Lawv yog cov hu ua organelles. Organelle - qhov no yog dab tsi pub rau tus cell mus nyob. Nyob rau hauv tib txoj kev raws li cov tsiaj thiab tib neeg yog ua los ntawm cov kabmob, li ntawd, txhua cell yog muaj li ntawm organelles. Lawv yog cov ntau haiv neeg thiab ua raws li tag nrho cov kev khiav dej num uas muab lub cell lub neej: qhov no yog qhov metabolism, thiab cia ntawm, thiab division.

Yuav ua li cas yog cov organelles?

Organelle - ib tug complex qauv. Ib txhia ntawm lawv tej zaum yuav txawm muaj lawv tus kheej DNA thiab RNA. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov hlwb muaj mitochondria, ribosomes, lysosomes, lub cell chaw, lub tshuab (complex) Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum (reticulum). Nroj tsuag los kuj muaj kev cellular organelles: lub vacuole thiab plastids. Ib txhia xa mus rau organelles thiab microtubules thiab microfilaments.

Organelle - nws yog ib lub ribosome, thiab cov vacuole thiab lub cell chaw, thiab ntau lwm tus neeg. Cia wb mus ze zog saib cov qauv thiab cov kev ua ntawm organelles.

mitochondria

Cov organelles muab lub cell nrog lub zog - lawv yog cov luag hauj lwm rau cellular respiration. Lawv kuj muaj nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj txhu, thiab fungi. Cov ob cellular organelles muaj week: sab nraud thiab nrog, uas yog nruab nrab ntawm lub intermembrane qhov chaw. Yuav ua li cas yog nyob rau hauv lub plhaub, hu ua ib tug matrix. Muaj ib tug ntau yam ntawm enzymes - tshuaj tsim nyog rau accelerating tshuaj tshua. Lub puab membrane muaj folds - cristae. Nws yog nyob rau lawv thiab tus txheej txheem ntawm cellular respiration. Tsis tas li ntawd, nyob rau hauv lub mitochondrial matrix yog mitochondrial DNA (cDNA) thiab mRNA thiab ribosome tshuam zoo li cov uas ntawm lub prokaryotic hlwb.

ribosome

Qhov no organelle lub luag hauj lwm rau tus neeg txhais lus txheej txheem, nyob rau hauv uas tus neeg amino acids ntawm cov protein tsim. Tus qauv ntawm lub ribosome organelle yooj yim dua mitochondria - nws twb tsis muaj daim nyias nyias. Qhov no organoid muaj ob qhov chaw (subunits) - me me thiab cov loj loj. Thaum lub ribosome tsaug zog, lawv raug sib cais thiab thaum nws pib los ua ke protein - ua ke. Kuj yuav tuaj ua ke thiab ob peb ribosomes, yog hais tias tus polypeptide saw, tsim los ntawm lawv, yog ntev heev. Qhov no qauv no yog hu ua "polyribosomes".

lysosomes

Organelles muaj nuj nqi ntawm no hom yuav txo rau qhov kev siv ntawm cellular digestion. Lysosomes muaj ib daim nyias nyias li uas yog enzymes - catalysts ntawm tshuaj tshua. Tej zaum cov organelles tsis tsuas yog nqis as-ham, tab sis kuj zom cov tag nrho organelles. Qhov no yuav tshwm sim thaum lub sij hawm lub caij nyoog yoo mov hlwb thiab tso cai rau nws mus nyob rau tej lub sij hawm. Txawm tias yog cov as-ham tseem tsis tau pib mus txog, lub cell tuag.

Cell chaw: qauv thiab muaj nuj nqi

Qhov no organelle yog muaj li ntawm ob qhov chaw - lub centrioles. Qhov no txoj kev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov thooj voos kheej kheej, muaj raws ntawm microtubules. Cell chaw - ib tug tseem ceeb heev organelle. Nws yog kev koom tes nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm mitotic ntxaiv. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nws yog qhov chaw ntawm microtubule lub koom haum.

Golgi duab

Nws yog ib tug complex disk-zoo li tus membrane hnab hu ua cisternae. Cov kev ua ntawm no organelle yog sorting, thiab ua lub Khaws cia ntawm tej yam tshuaj. Tsim yog mas carbohydrates, uas yog ib feem ntawm lub glycocalyx.

Qauv thiab muaj nuj nqi ntawm endoplasmic reticulum

Nws yog ib tug network ntawm cov hlab thiab twb ncig los ntawm ib tug nyias nyias. Nws muaj ob hom ntawm endoplasmic reticulum: du thiab ntxhib. Nyob rau saum npoo, lub tom kawg nyob ribosome. Du thiab ntxhib reticulum ua txawv zog. Tus thawj yog lub luag hauj lwm rau lub synthesis ntawm cov tshuaj hormones, cia thiab hloov dua siab tshiab ntawm carbohydrates. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj cov tsim rudiments vacuoles - organelles hais rau cog hlwb. Rough endoplasmic reticulum muaj ribosomes rau nws saum npoo, uas tsim lub polypeptide saw ntawm cov amino acids. Ces nws nkag mus rau hauv endoplasmic reticulum, thiab muaj yog tsim ib tug tej yam theem nrab, tertiary thiab quaternary qauv ntawm cov protein (saw kom cov).

vacuoles

Qhov no organelle ntawm cog hlwb. Lawv muaj ib tug tib daim nyias nyias. Lawv noog cov cell kua ntoo. Lub vacuole yog tsim nyog los tswj turgor. Nws kuj muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm osmosis. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, muaj contractile vacuole. Lawv muaj mas nyob rau hauv unicellular kab mob nyob rau hauv dej, thiab ua hauj lwm raws li ib tug twj tso kua mis efflux los ntawm hlwb dhau heev lawm kua.

Plastids: hom, qauv thiab muaj nuj nqi

Nws tseem yog ib qho organelle ntawm cog hlwb. Lawv yog cov ntawm peb hom: leucoplasts, chromoplasts thiab chloroplasts. Tus thawj yog siv los khaws cov khoom noj khoom haus reserves, mas cov hmoov txhuv nplej. Chromoplasts muaj ntau yam pigments. Ua tsaug rau lawv, cov nroj tsuag multicolored petals. Nws yuav tsum tau los ntawm lub cev nyob rau hauv thawj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav nyiam pollinating kab.

Chloroplasts - qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plastids. Qhov loj tshaj plaws pes tsawg tus ntawm lawv yog nyob rau hauv cov nplooj thiab stems ntawm nroj tsuag. Lawv yog cov luag hauj lwm rau photosynthesis - ib cov saw ntawm tshuaj nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm uas lub cev tau txais organic inorganic tshuaj. Cov organelles muaj ob week. Matrix chloroplasts hu ua "stroma". Nws muaj lub plastid DNA, RNA, enzymes, thiab cov hmoov txhuv nplej kom. membranous lug nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov nyiaj npib - thylakoids muaj nyob rau hauv chloroplasts. Hauv lawv, thiab photosynthesis. Nws kuj muaj chlorophyll, uas ua hauj lwm pab raws li ib lub hauv paus rau tshuaj lom neeg tshua. Thylakoids ntawm chloroplasts ua ke rau hauv ib pawg - grana. Tsis tas li ntawd organelles yog lamellae uas yog interconnected neeg thylakoids thiab muab kev sib txuas therebetween.

organelle zog

Lawv tsiag ntawv mas rau ib leeg-celled kab mob. Cov muaj xws li cov flagella thiab cilia. Tus thawj tam sim no nyob rau hauv Euglena, trypanosomes, Chlamydomonas. Tsis tas li ntawd tam sim no nyob rau hauv cov phev flagella tsiaj. Cilia muaj ciliates thiab lwm yam unicellular kab mob.

microtubules

Lawv muab thauj ntawm tshuaj, raws li zoo raws li ib tug mus tas daim ntawv ntawm ib tug cell. Tej zaum tus cwj pwm cov microtubules mus rau lub organelles.