Nadezhda Aleksandrovna Teffi

XX xyoo pua yog tag nrho ntawm personalities uas tau ncaim ib tug lawm tiag tiag indelible cim nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov haiv neeg raws li ib tug tag nrho. Great discoveries ntawm science thiab technology ... Wireless mobile Internet thiab unlimited hu rau mobile sib txuas lus - ib tug ncaj qha txim ntawm xws tshawb fawb. Tab sis, thaum kaj ntug ntawm lub thib nees nkaum caug xyoo, lub haum yog muab tso rau tsis tsuas yog nyob rau technology. Tseem ceeb yog cov kev cai tivthaiv ntawm cov haiv neeg. Uas yog vim li cas lub rov tshwm sim ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, ntawm chav kawm, mus rau li niaj zaus, yeej hloov zuj zuj ua tsaug rau cov txawj ntse cov npe nyob hauv lub cim xeeb ntawm cov neeg uas qhuas tus prose thiab paj huam ntawm thaum ntxov XX caug xyoo.

Thiab ib tug ntawm cov neeg no yog Nadezhda Aleksandrovna Teffi, nee Lokhvitskaya, thiab rau nws tus txiv - Buchynska. Nws yug los Tej zaum 9 (thiab nyob rau lwm cov ntaub ntawv - 27 Plaub Hlis Ntuj) 1872 nyob rau hauv lub nroog ntawm St. Petersburg (qhov chaw uas cov ntaub ntawv no kuj sib txawv, raws li muaj nqe lus hais tias nws lub mus rau lub teeb nyob rau hauv lub Volyn xeev). Yav tom ntej txawj sau ntawv yog tus ntxhais ntawm lub zoo-paub nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ib tug xib fwb ntawm criminology, thiab nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, kuj yog lub publisher ntawm phau ntawv journal "Judicial Gazette" AV Lokhvitsky. Tsis tas li ntawd Cia Siab - ib tug muam zoo heev paub poetess Mirra (nee Mary) Lokhvitskaya (nws yog nws nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm hu ua "Lavxias teb sab Sappho").

Pseudonym "Taffy" tau kos npe rau hauv lub heev thawj comic dab neeg, raws li tau zoo raws li cov kev ua si "Cov poj niam no tus teeb meem", uas nyob rau hauv 1907. Tab sis cov paj huam, uas rov qab nyob rau hauv 1901 thiab debuted Lokhvitskaya, cuaj kaum, luam tawm nyob rau hauv nws lub npe hluas nkauj ntawm qhov tam sim no.

Lub keeb kwm ntawm lub npe menyuam yaus "Taffy" yog tseem undiscovered. Raws li hais los ntawm nws tus kheej, nws ncaj qha mus cia li mus rau lub tsev nicknamed lub qub tub qhe Lohvitsky - Stepan (nws tsev neeg hu ua Steffy), tab sis kuj cov kwv huam ntawm Rudyard Kipling, sounding li «Taffy yog ib tug walesman / Taffy yog ib tug tub sab». Tab sis cov dab neeg thiab scenes uas tau nyob rau qhov no kos npe, twb incredibly nrov nyob rau hauv pre-revolutionary Russia, yog li ntawm ib lub sij hawm muaj txawm perfumes thiab candies hu ua "Taffy".

Taffy twb luam nyob rau hauv "Satyricon" magazine thiab cov "Tshiab Satyricon" txij thaum lawv thawj qhov teeb meem, luam tawm nyob rau hauv lub Plaub Hlis 1908, txoj cai mus txog rau lub chov ntawm daim ntawv nyob rau hauv lub yim hli ntuj 1918, thiaj li cov neeg sau ntawm ob-volume sau los ntawm humorous dab neeg, luam tawm nyob rau hauv 1910, uas yog ces ua raws li los ntawm ob peb ntau collections ( "Carousel", "haus luam yeeb tsis muaj hluav taws", uas nyob rau hauv xyoo 1914, raws li tau zoo raws li "lifeless tsiaj qus", sau nyob rau hauv 1916), Taffy los ntawm heev thaum pib nws tau tau ib tug lub koob npe nrov raws li ib tug zoo-natured, witty, thiab heev tej kev cai no txawj sau ntawv. Tag nrho cov ntseeg hais tias lwm cov neeg sau ntawv distinguishes nws yog ib tug ntse nkag siab txog ntawm tej kev qaug zog, nws ua siab zoo thiab zoo kawg txoj kev khuv leej rau lawv hapless cim.

Taffy yog ib tug nyiam ib hom ntawv nyeem ntawm tej yam me me, uas yog raws li nyob rau hauv qhov kev piav qhia ntawm me comic scene. Nws ob-ntim cov phau ntawv, nws pib lub epigraph ntawm "Ethics" B.Spinozy uas heev meej nyob rau hauv ntau ntawm nws tej hauj lwm txiav txim nws suab: "Rau qhov tis - yog muaj kev xyiv fab, thiab yog li ntawd nws ib leeg - cov koob hmoov."

Kuj muaj luv luv lub sij hawm ntawm revolutionary fervor, uas sim hawm caij nyoog thaum ntxov raws li 1905 pib sau Taffy koom tes nrog rau Bolshevik ntawv xov xwm "lub neej tshiab", tsis muaj hnov txoj lw nyob rau hauv nws cov hauj lwm tsis tawm. Muaj tsis coj tangible thiab muaj tswv yim soj ntsuam thiab nws cov me nyuam no mus sau kev satires rau tshuaj pleev teeb meem, uas cov ntawv xov xwm "Lavxias teb sab lo lus" yuav tsum los ntawm Taffy. Nws muaj nws twb luam tawm, vim xyoo 1910. Nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm, lub taub hau ntawm cov ntawv xov xwm "King humorous zajlus" - V. Doroshevich nws tus kheej, ntawm chav kawm, tsis hais ntawm originality txuj ci Taffy rightly ib zaug hais tias "qhov ntau puas nyob rau hauv lub Arabian nees mus nqa dej."

Nrog rau qhov nrov txawj sau ntawv satirikonovtsem Averchenko nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm 1918 Taffy mus nyob rau tej lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv Kiev, qhov uas nws xub thawj yog rau kev lawv cov pej xeem tsom, ces, tom qab uas ntawd kub ntev li ib thiab ib nrab xyoo ntawm wandering nyob rau hauv sab qab teb ntawm Russia (los ntawm Odessa, Novorossiysk thiab Ekaterinodar) lawv mus txog, thaum kawg, los ntawm Constantinople nws tus kheej muaj cai mus txog rau Paris. Nyob rau hauv nws phau ntawv "Puas" (luam tawm nyob rau hauv 1931), uas tsis yog ib tug memoir nyob rau hauv lub truest siab ntawm lo lus, tab sis, theej tsuas yog ib tug ntawv dab neeg, Taffy muaj peev xwm kom meej meej thiab tag sis tus tag nrho lawv ntawm lawv tej kev mus, thiab sau hais tias nws yeej tsis tau muab mus cia siab rau ib tug hais rov qab mus rau ib tug mob nyob rau hauv nws cov haiv neeg Moscow.

Ob nyob rau hauv prose thiab nyob rau hauv ua yeeb yam ntawm Taffy tom qab nws mus txawv teb chaws markedly kho kom zoo ib co tu siab, txawm me ntsis tragic motifs. Qhov no yog vim li, vim hais tias cov longing rau nws lub teb chaws - ib qho ntawm lub zoo ntawm lub siab lub ntsws teeb meem ntau cov neeg tsiv teb. Thiab tsis tsuas yog lawv. Yuav ua li cas koj ua li cas thaum ib tug ntev lub sij hawm tsis txhob hu rau koj cov phooj ywg thiab cov txheeb ze, koj tsis paub dab tsi li cas rau lawv? Qhov ntawd yog txoj cai, yuav tsum tau chim siab thiab txawm muaj kev nyuaj siab, koj yuav tsis nrhiav ib qhov chaw rau nws tus kheej.

Tone Taffy dab neeg nce combines yam kev nyuaj siab thiab sai li sai tau conciliatory ntawv. Raws li feem ntau ntawm cov txawj sau ntawv, nws yog ib tug nyuaj lub sij hawm, uas yog yuav mus los ntawm nws cov tiam, tab sis yog tsis nyob rau hauv txhua txoj kev muaj peev xwm tsis hloov mus ib txhis txoj cai, uas nyob rau lub sij hawm nws yog tsis yooj yim sua kom paub qhov txawv cov fleeting kev xyiv fab ntawm kev tu siab, ib tug ntev lub sij hawm mus ua commonplace.

Nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej, tag nrho ob ntiaj teb rog thiab lub tom ntej txoj hauj lwm ntawm Taffy dim tsis tau tawm hauv Paris. Txawm li cas los, los ntawm lub sij hawm rau lub sij hawm nws tseem pom zoo kom hais lus nrog kev nyeem ntawv lawv tus kheej tej hauj lwm mus rau lub disparate neeg txawv teb chaws cov neeg tuaj saib, uas yuav puas tau tsawg txhua txhua xyoo. Zoo, nyob rau hauv nws post-tsov rog xyoo Taffy yog heev tibneeg hu tauj coob memoir sketches ntawm lawv tus thawj contemporaries - los ntawm lub Aleksandra Kuprina thiab Konstantin Balmont rau Grigoriya Rasputina.

Lub neej Taffy mus rau Paris rau Lub kaum hli ntuj 6, 1952, tawm hauv qab ib tug zoo kab kab lis kev cai rau lub paj rau ib ntev lub sij hawm, kom txog thaum kawg, tsis woven rau hauv lub crown ntawm qhov tseeb tej txuj ci ntawm tej ntaub ntawv.