Maxwell txoj kev xav thiab nws cov nta

Tam sim no yuav luag txhua tus neeg paub hais tias cov hluav taws xob thiab cov hlau nplaum yog cov ncaj qha sib cuam tshuam. Txawm muaj ib tug tshwj xeeb ceg ntawm physics uas kawm cov electromagnetic phenomena. Tab sis txawm nyob rau xyoo 19th, txog thaum Maxwell's electromagnetic kev tshawb nrhiav, txhua yam yog txawv kiag li. Nws yog kev xav, piv txwv li, hais tias cov hluav taws xob teb xam qhovkev nyob rau hauv tsuas hais thiab lub cev, muaj ib tug hluav taws xob xwb, thiab sib nqus zog - ib tug txawv kiag li daim teb uas science.

Nyob rau hauv 1864, tus naas ej British physicist DK Maxwell taw tes qhia ncaj qha kev sib txuas ntawm hluav taws xob thiab sib nqus phenomena. Qhov kev tshawb nrhiav tau hu ua "Maxwell qhov kev xav ntawm lub teb chaws electromagnetic." Tsaug rau nws, nws tau ua tau los daws cov lus nug uas tsis tau daws, ntawm qhov kev taw qhia electrodynamics ntawm lub sijhawm.

Feem ntau cov kev tshawb nrhav duab yog ib txwm raws li cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev tshawb fawb dhau los. Maxwell qhov kev xav yog tsis muaj qhov tshwj xeeb. Ib qho kev txawv txav tshwjxeeb yog tias Maxwell tau nthuav cov txiaj ntsim tau los ntawm nws cov thawjcoj. Piv txwv li, nws tau taw qhia tias nyob hauv Faraday txoj kev sim, tsis yog tsuas yog kaw lub voj ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, tab sis muaj cov khoom, yuav siv tau. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no rau hauv Circuit Court yog indicative ntawm ib tug solenoidal hluav taws xob field uas muaj feem xyuam rau tsis tsuas cov siv lead ua ntxaij ntoo ntawm lub hlau. Thaum zoo li no, thaum nws nyob hauv thaj tsam ntawm ib qho khoom siv dielectric, nws yog qhov tseeb dua los tham txog lub thawv polarization. Lawv kuj ua haujlwm, uas muaj cua sov rau cov khoom siv mus rau qhov kub thiab txias.

Tus thawj lub sijhawm twg los ntawm kev twb kev txuas ntawm hluav taws xob thiab magnetic phenomena nyob rau hauv 1819. H. Oersted sau tseg hais tias yog ib tug tam sim no nyob ze tus neeg xyuas pib positioned compass, cov kev taw qhia ntawm cov xub lo los ntawm lub North Ncej.

Xyoo 1824, Ampere tau tsim cov cai ntawm kev sib tham ntawm cov neeg sib tham, tom qab ntawd hu ua "The Law of Ampere."

Thiab, thaum kawg, hauv xyoo 1831, Faraday tau sau tseg qhov pom ntawm qhov tam sim no hauv thaj tsam ntawm kev hloov xaam phaj.

Maxwell qhov kev xav yog tsim los daws cov teeb meem ntawm electrodynamics: qhov paub txog qhov sib txawv ntawm cov hluav taws xob (currents), nws muaj peev xwm los txiav txim siab txog qee cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov hluav taws xob thiab hluav taws xob. Qhov kev tshawb xav tsis xav txog cov mechanisms uas yog underlie qhov phenomena noj chaw.

Maxwell lub kev tshawb xav yog zoo spaced los them, raws li nyob rau hauv lub system ntawm sib npaug yog xam hais tias electromagnetic kev sib tshuam tshwm sim nrog cov kev ceev ntawm lub teeb, tsis hais txog ntawm qhov nruab nrab. Ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm txoj kev xav yog qhov tseeb uas nyob rau hauv nws lub hauv paus xws li cov kev xav tau yog:

- yog tsim los ntawm cov dej loj thiab cov nqi tsub rau hauv qhov loj (feem ntau loj dua qhov luaj li cas ntawm ib qho atom lossis molecule);

- ntau qhov sib txawv thiab sib txuas hluav taws xob hloov sai dua lub sij hawm ntawm cov txheej txheem hauv cov molecules;

- qhov kev ncua deb ntawm qhov pib ntawm qhov chaw thiab qhov ntawm thaj chaw tshaj qhov loj ntawm lub xaim (molecules).

Tag nrho cov no tso cai rau peb hais tias Maxwell txoj kev xav yog thawj zaug ntawm txhua yam rau lub phenomena ntawm macrocosm. Modern physics piav ntau ntau thiab ntau txoj hau kev ntawm qhov pom ntawm quantum ziag. Hauv Maxwell cov qauv, cov quantum manifestations tsis muab rau hauv koj tus account. Txawm li cas los xij, kev siv Maxwellian systems of equations ua kom tau zoo los daws qhov teeb meem. Nws yog nthuav hais tias txij li lub densities ntawm hluav taws xob currents thiab nqi raug coj mus rau hauv tus account, nws yog qhov ua tau rau lawv mus nyob, tab sis ntawm ib tug sib nqus xwm. Ua li no rau xyoo 1831 Dirac, tau muab lawv tso ua cov khoom sib nqus. Nyob rau hauv dav dav, lub basic postulates ntawm txoj kev xav yog raws li nram no:

- ib tug sib nqus teb generated los ntawm ib tug alternating hluav taws xob field;

- Ib qho chaw sib zog nqus tau ua rau lub zog hluav taws xob ntawm lub vortex xwm.