Lub Persian huab tais Kir Veliky: A Biography. Yog vim li cas Persian King Cyrus lub npe hu ua neeg pej xeem nrog?

Cyrus II (Karash los yog Kurush II) - ib tug gifted tub rog tus thawj coj thiab tus huab tais ntawm Persia, uas thaum lub sij hawm nws lub neej khwv tau lub npe menyuam yaus "Lub Great", thaum nws nrhiav tau cov haib Persian faj tim teb chaws, uniting lub tawg khiav ri niab los ntawm lub Mediterranean mus rau lub Indian dej hiav txwv. Yog vim li cas Persian King Cyrus lub npe hu ua lub Great? Lub npe ntse kav thiab ci ntsa iab strategist, them nrog legends, muaj ntau yam ntawm cov lus tseeb yog tsis nco qab lawm mus ib txhis, tab sis dim zoo kawg li monuments ua tim khawv rau victories ntawm Cyrus, thiab Pasargadae, thawj capital ntawm cov Achaemenid, yog lub mausoleum qhov twg nws seem yog allegedly faus.

Kir Veliky: A Short Biography

Lub hauv paus chiv keeb thiab pes tsawg xyoo ntawm lub neej Kira Velikogo yog tsis paub. Nyob rau hauv cov archives ntawm lub ancient historians - Herodotus, Xenophon, Csete - tseem contradictory versions. Raws li feem ntau ntawm lawv, yog ib tug xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm Cyrus Achaemenes, tus tsim ntawm lub Achaemenid dynasty, tus tub ntawm tus Persian huab tais Cambyses kuv thiab tus ntxhais ntawm tus huab tais ntawm cov Midia Astyages (Ishtuvegu) Mandana. Nws twb yug los tej zaum nyob rau hauv 593 BC

nthuav qhov tseeb

Los ntawm cov thawj hnub ntawm lub neej ntawm cov muaj koob muaj npe me nyuam tos rau lub teb cog txiv. Ntseeg nws tus yaj saub kev npau suav thiab txoj hau kev yuav txog yav tom ntej pov thawj ntawm tus poj conquests tus me nyuam tub, uas yog tseem nyob rau hauv lub plab, Astyages kom ib tug ntawm nws kev kawm los tua me nyuam mos tus tub xeeb ntxwv. Seb tawm ntawm pity los yog vim hais tias ntawm ib tug kam mus koom nyob rau hauv ib tug monstrous tshaj plaws rau Harpagos, ib tug thawj tub rog ntawm lub KAB KEM huab tais, nws cev tus me nyuam tub qhe tswv yug yaj, yuam kom muab nws pov rau hauv lub roob yuav tsum tau noj los ntawm cov tsiaj qus. Nyob rau hauv tus qhev thaum uas yug tus tub tuag, lub cev uas nws hnav khaub ncaws nyob rau hauv luxurious cov khaub ncaws thiab sab laug tus tub huabtais nyob rau hauv ib tug secluded chaw. Thiab Cyrus muab qhov chaw ntawm tus tuag nyob rau hauv tus tswv yug yaj tus lub tsev pheeb suab.

Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo, Astyages kawm ntawm lub deception thiab heev Nations lawv rau txim Harpagos, tua nws tus tub, tab sis zus-up tus tub xeeb ntxwv tshuav ciaj sia thiab xa mus rau cov niam txiv ntawm Persia, vim hais tias cov pov thawj tau convinced nws tias cov kev txaus ntshai twb dhau. Harpagos tom qab defected rau Cyrus, ua ib tug ntawm cov tub rog ntawm lub Persian huab tais.

Lub revolt tiv thaiv cov Medes

Kwv yees li 558 BC Cyrus los ua huab tais ntawm Persia, yog nyob rau hauv lub Media, thiab cov vassal ntawm nws yawg, Astyages. Tus thawj uprising tiv thaiv cov Pawxia Medes tshwm sim nyob rau hauv 553 ntawm nws cov initiator yog Harpagos, lawv tawm tsam Astyages KAB KEM courtiers thiab attracted rau nws sab ntawm Cyrus. 3 xyoo tom qab lub bloodiest battles ntawm lub Persian huab tais yuav Ecbatana, capital ntawm Media, deposed thiab yuav theem nrab huab tais.

Antipersidskaya coalition

Tom qab lub qhia sawv ntawm tus huab tais ntawm ib tug me me thiab tshwj xeeb yog heev me me Persian rulers ntawm cov feem ntau haib xeev thaum lub sij hawm ntawm lub Middle East thiab teb chaws Asia Me - Tim lyiv teb chaws, Lydia, Babylon - tsim ib yam ntawm cov coalition los mus tiv thaiv kev kawm nyob rau hauv txawm kev taw qhia ntawm cov Persian pab tub rog. Coalition txhawb Sparta - lub feem ntau haib militarily Hellenic polis. Los ntawm 549 BC Kir Veliky kov yeej Elaj, nyob rau hauv sab qab teb-sab ntawm tam sim no-hnub Iran, ces kov yeej Hyrcania, Parthia, Armenia, uas yog ib feem ntawm theem nrab lub xeev. King ntawm Cilicia yeem defected rau Cyrus thiab tom qab pheej muab cov tub rog kev pab.

Lub conquest ntawm Lydia

Kira Velikogo hiking yuav mus ib txhis nyob twj ywm nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm. Nyob rau hauv 547 BC legendary Croesus, huab tais ntawm Lydia vam meej, sim mus txeeb Cappadocia, uas twb nyob rau lub teb chaws yuav raug Cyrus. Lydian pab tub rog tau ntsib tsiv kuj, Croesus xaiv thim nws cov tub rog mus recuperate, thiab ces sib ntaus sib tua tawm Cappadocia Cyrus. Tab sis lub Persian pab tub rog yuav luag ib hnub tom ntej nyob ntawm cov phab ntsa hauv Sardis, capital ntawm Lydia thiab impregnable fortress. Croesus twb yuam kom muab pov rau hauv nws zoo tshaj plaws cavalry, tab sis Cyrus nrog Harpagos, uas los ntawm ces tau ua ib tug tub rog tus thawj coj thiab ib tug ntawm cov feem ntau txhim khu kev qha kawm ntawm tus huab tais ntawm Persia, tuaj mus nrog ib tug ci ntsa iab tactical txav: nyob rau hauv lub Persian pab tub rog forefront es tsis txhob ntawm lub cavalry yog ib kem ntawm cov ntxhuav, on uas zaum armed cov txiv neej . Lydian nees, tsoov tsis kaj lub siab tsis hnov tsw ntawm lawv cov ntxhuav reared, tus caij tau ces muab pov tseg thiab cuam rau cov mus dhia. Lydian caij yuav tsum tau coj lub sib ntaus dismounted, uas coj mus rau lub yeej. Sardis twb nyob rau hauv ib lub xeev ntawm siege, tab sis tom qab ib tug ob peb lub lis piam tau poob vim cov Pawxia tau kov yeej lub ntseg phab ntsa ntawm lub fortress los ntawm kev siv ib daim card txoj kev. Croesus twb ntes los ntawm Cyrus, thiab Lydia, tswj uas yog Harpagos, ua ib feem ntawm lub Persian faj tim teb chaws.

King Kir Veliky, nrog kev pab los ntawm lub qub KAB KEM nobleman, uas ze li ntawm tua nws nyob rau hauv kiag, tau tiav zoo kawg zoo. Thaum Cyrus troops tsiv mus rau hauv lub plawv ntawm Central Asia, Harpagos yuav Hellenistic nroog nyob rau hauv Asia muaj hnub nyoog thiab suppressed kev fav xeeb hauv Lydia tiv thaiv cov Pawxia. Maj mam, lub Achaemenid faj tim teb chaws twb expanding nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov lus qhia. Los ntawm 545 rau 540 xyoo. BC. e. nws muaj Drangiana, Bactria, Khorezm, Margiana, Sogdiana, Arachosia Gandahara, Gedrosia.

Noj Babylon los ntawm Cyrus lub Great

Tam sim no lub ntsiab kev hem thawj rau Kira Velikogo twb feeb meej nyob rau hauv Npanpiloo, uas koom Syria, Mesopotamia, Palestine, Phenicia, Cilicia sab hnub tuaj, sab qaum teb ntawm lub Arabian ceg av qab teb. Npanpiloo tus vajntxwv Nabonidus muaj txaus lub sij hawm los npaj rau ib tug loj tsov rog nrog cov Pawxia, kom txog thaum lub troops ntawm Cyrus tsa defensive earthworks nyob rau nram hav thiab Gind Diyala dej ntws. Cov ancient kingdom ntawm Babylon yog nto moo rau muaj zog, npaj rau tej tub rog battles thiab txaus impregnable fortresses tawg khiav ri niab mus thoob plaws lub teb chaws. Cov feem ntau nyuaj defensive tsev yog Babel tsev fuabtais nrog ib tug sib sib zog nqus moat sau nrog dej, thiab tuab phab ntsa nyob rau hauv qhov siab ntawm 8 rau 12 m.

Txawm li cas los, Kir Veliky, lub Persian huab tais, uas nws biography yog hais rau koj ib tsab xov xwm nce lub capital. Lub yim hli ntuj 539 twb cim los ntawm ib tug crushing yeej thiab kev tuag ntawm Npanpiloo tus vajntxwv los ntawm cov stepson cov lus nug nyob rau hauv lub Tigris. Hla tus Tigris, cov Pawxia tej Sippar nyob rau hauv Lub kaum hli ntuj, thiab cia li ib ob peb hnub yog zoo tsis muaj ib tug sib ntaus ntes mus tim Npanpiloo. Nabonidus, uas yog tsis yog nrov thiab respected los yog cov inhabitants ntawm Babylon, los yog cov tau kov yeej lub teb chaws, tsis muaj leej twg ntawm lawv tus kheej courtiers thiab cov tub rog, deposed, tab sis tsis tau tsuas yog dim, tab sis twb tsa satrap nyob rau hauv nws lub hnab tshos.

King Cyrus lub Great tso cai rau deported haiv neeg rov qab mus tsev, lub zos nom tswv cajceg muab khaws cia tseg tsim nyog tau, kom rov qab kho cov kev puas tsuaj los ntawm cov Npanpiloo Axilia pawg ntseeg nyob rau hauv lub nyob ib cheeb tsam, rov qab mus rau cov mlom. Nws yog ua tsaug rau Cyrus cov neeg Yudais ib lub sij hawm rov qab mus rau Palestine thiab los nws cov ntsiab thaj neeb - lub tuam tsev nyob rau hauv lub nroog Yeluxalees.

Raws li tim lyiv teb chaws muaj peev xwm ua kom muaj qhov sovereignty

Nyob rau hauv 538 BC Cyrus hais tias nws tus kheej "huab tais ntawm Babylon, huab tais ntawm lub teb chaws". Tag nrho cov moo ntawm tus Babylonian faj tim teb chaws yeem pom tau hais tias cov cai ntawm lub Persian kav. Achaemenid nceeg vaj nyob rau hauv 530 BC Nws ncav us txog ntawm tim lyiv teb chaws Is Nrias teb. Ua ntej dispatching troops mus tim lyiv teb chaws, Cyrus tau txiav txim siab los coj kev tswj ntawm lub chaw uas zoo heev ntawm cov Caspian thiab cov Aral hiav txwv, qhov chaw uas lawv nyob nomadic pab pawg neeg coj los poj huab tais Massagets Tomiris.

Kir Veliky, lub Persian huab tais, muab cob lub reins ntawm Babylon rau nws eldest tus tub, Cambyses II thiab mus rau sab qaum teb-sab hnub tuaj tsis pub tshaj ntawm nws lub nceeg vaj. Lub sij hawm no lub phiaj los nqis tes twb tragically - tus poj conqueror tuag. Cambyses tsis tam sim ntawd tau mus nrhiav nws txiv lub seem thiab faus nws tuag theej.

Furious niam - qhov ua rau ntawm kev tuag ntawm Kira Velikogo

Qhov ntau nto moo Kir Veliky? Nthuav lus tseeb permeates nws biography. Cov nram qab no yog ib tug ntawm lawv.

Nyob rau hauv thawj theem Cyrus raws li ib txwm hmoov zoo. Ua ntej tus huab tais kom nws cov tub rog mus muab lub tsheb ciav hlau loaded nrog cov wineskin. Detachment ntawm nomads rog tau lub convoy, cov tub rog haus cawv txiv hmab, qaug dej qaug cawv, tsis muaj ib tug sib ntaus raug ntes los ntawm cov Pawxia. Tej zaum nws yuav tau tas rau cov Persian huab tais yam xyuam xim, yog hais tias tsis ntawm cov yuav Massagetae yog tus tub ntawm poj huab tais.

Thaum kawm ntawm lub capture ntawm tub huabtais, Tomiris furious thiab kom mus tua cov wily Persian ntawm tag nrho cov nqi. Nyob rau hauv Massagets sib ntaus sib tua pom xws li ib tug npau taws heev heev uas cov Pawxia yuav tsis txawm ua ib daim teb lub cev ntawm tus tuag huab tais. Los ntawm kev txiav txim Tomiris, Cyrus severed lub taub hau daig nyob rau hauv daim tawv nqaij ntawm wine ...

Faj tim teb chaws tom qab Cyrus tuag

Cyrus II lub Great tuag tsis ua rau lub cev qhuav dej ntawm nws cov teb chaws Ottoman. Grand Achaemenid nceeg vaj muaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv nyob rau hauv uas nws sab laug lub gifted tub rog thawj coj, rau lwm 200 xyoo, mus txog rau thaum Darius, ib tug xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm Cyrus, tsis crushed Aleksandr Makedonsky.

Kir Veliky, lub Persian huab tais, tsis yog ib tug ci ntsa iab strategist uas paub yuav ua li cas suav txhua tus me tshaj plaws, tab sis kuj yog ib tug siab zoo kav uas muaj kev tswj kom nws tuav nyob rau hauv kov yeej ib cheeb tsam tsis muaj kev kub ntxhov thiab bloodshed. Rau centuries, cov Pawxia xav tias nws "lub txiv ntawm haiv neeg," thiab cov neeg Yudais - cov xaiv tseg ntawm Yehauvas.