Lub ntsiab chaw ntawm keeb kwm ntawm cultivated nroj tsuag

Yog hais tias koj muab tso rau neeg ua hauj lwm: "Hu center ntawm keeb kwm", muaj coob tus neeg uas tsis muaj feem xyuam rau cov hybridization yuav tsis tau tiv nrog nws. Qhov tsab xov xwm muaj explanatory ntaub ntawv.

terminology

Center ntawm keeb kwm - nws yog ib qho geographic "kub me ntsis". Lawv teem caj haiv ua liaj ua teb ntau ntau yam. Centers ntawm keeb kwm ntawm cultivated nroj tsuag yog cov thawj - lawv muaj xws li tej qhov chaw uas cov tsiaj qus thiab nyeg ntaub ntawv loj hlob pib, thiab theem nrab. Qhov kawg - lub chaw zov me nyuam, uas raug tsim los ntawm tom ntej faib polukulturnyh, cultivated hom ntawm cov nroj tsuag thiab lawv ntxiv ua taus zes.

keeb kwm ntaub ntawv

Tej phenomena li qoob loo, sawv ntev ua ntej qhov pib ntawm AD. Chiv, txoj kev loj hlob coj qhov chaw, txawm yog yus lub hom ntawm tus lwm tus muaj, tsib, ib thaj nyuag raug rho tawm qhov chaw ntawm lub ntiaj chaw. Yeej floral qauv hom uas sim domesticate yog teb nyob rau hauv feem ntau cov cheeb tsam. Qhov no yuam mus rau chaw uasi rau kev siv ntawm lub zos muaj. Tib neeg kev vam meej tseem nws kev loj hlob ... Ib tug lub sij hawm ntawm flourishing marine thiab av sib txuas lus ntawm cov neeg nyob rau hauv txawv thaj chaw. Cov dab yuav leeb kis ntawm txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab noob ntawm teb nyeg nroj tsuag. Vim li no nws yog ib qhov nyuaj mus nrhiav kom tau ib lub tsev ntawm ib tug kev cai hom. Progress ntawm domestication, uas coj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv txawv thaj tej yam kev mob ntawm tej yam territories, yog raug rau cov kev cai ntawm evolution. Piv txwv li, nrog nroj tsuag tshwm sim xws phenomena li random pos, quav nce nyob rau hauv lub xov tooj ntawm chromosomes nyob rau hauv lub natural tom qab hybridization. Muaj ntau hom kev change.

Kev tshawb fawb xaus

Nyob rau lub hauv paus ntawm cov lus qhib ntawm Charles Darwin rau lub geographic chaw ntawm keeb kwm ntawm ntau hom tsim ib tug tej yam kev taw qhia nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no ntawm hybridization. Nyob rau hauv lub XIX xyoo pua A. de Candolle luam tawm nws kev tshawb fawb, uas pom tau tias lub chaw zov me nyuam los ntawm keeb kwm ntawm cultivated nroj tsuag thiab ib ncig ntawm lawv tus thawj tsos. Nyob rau hauv nws sau ntawm cov chaw no tau koom rau cov loj heev av loj, raws li zoo li lwm yam loj-scale chaw. Yuav luag tsib caug xyoo tom qab ntawv ntawm Labor de Candolle paub chaw ntawm keeb kwm ntawm cultivated nroj tsuag txhab ho. Nws twb luam tawm ob peb phau ntawv, uas them ua liaj ua teb ntau ntau yam los ntawm ntau lub teb chaws, raws li tau zoo raws li cov ntaub ntawv rau ib tug neeg hom. Tom qab ntawd lo lus nug no tuaj rau grips nrog NI Vavilov. Nyob rau lub hauv paus ntawm cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no cov kev pab ntawm muaj nws qhia tau lub ntsiab chaw ntawm keeb kwm ntawm cultivated nroj tsuag. Ib tug tag nrho ntawm xya: East Asia, lub Mediterranean, Central American, South Asia, South-Western Neeg Esxias, Ethiopian thiab Indian. Nyob rau hauv txhua tus ntawm lawv loj hlob los ntawm ib tug tej yam feem pua ntawm tag nrho cov hom ntau haiv neeg ntawm ua liaj ua teb ntau ntau yam.

kev kho me ntsis

Ib txhia soj ntsuam ntawm, xws li A. I. Kuptsov thiab PM Zhukovsky, txuas ntxiv mus ua hauj lwm N. I. Vavilova. Lawv tau ua ib co kev hloov mus rau nws xaus. Yog li, South-West Neeg Esxias chaw twb muab faib ua nyob ze rau ntawm sab hnub tuaj thiab Sredneaziatsy thiab Indochina thiab teb chaws sov Is Nrias teb mam li nyias thaj kom pom tseeb. Pas dej ua ke ntawm lub daj dej yog suav tias yog lub hauv paus ntawm lub East Asian chaw. Thawj zaug nws yog tus Yangtze dej, tab sis qhov no suav teb chaws - raws li ib tug neeg koom nyob rau hauv ua liaj ua teb - tswm npaum li cas tom qab ntawd. Tshiab Guinea thiab Western Sudan yog kuj qhia raws li qhov chaw ntawm ua liaj ua teb.

Nco ntsoov tias txiv hmab txiv ntoo cov qoob loo, nrog rau orehoplodnye thiab txiv hmab txiv ntoo muaj ib tug uas nws kim heev vaj tse. Lawv kis tau deb tshaj tus ciam teb ntawm lub cheeb tsam ntawm keeb kwm. Qhov no tshwm sim yog ntau nyob rau hauv tune nrog cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm de Candolle tshaj lwm tus. Yog vim li cas yog tsis txhaum mas hav zoov hauv paus chiv keeb thiab tsis piedmont, uas sib raug mus rau lub teb thiab zaub ntau ntau yam. Tsis tas li ntawd qhov tseem ceeb yog cov kev xaiv. Center ntawm keeb kwm yog tam sim no ntau kom meej meej tseg. Ntawm lawv yog cov lub European-Siberian thiab Australian hnab ris. Tsim thiab North American Center.

Txheej txheem cej luam

Nyob rau hauv lub dhau los lawm, ib tug neeg hom muaj tau ua tswvcuab rau hauv lub kab lis kev cai sab nraum lub ntsiab foci. Txawm li cas los, lawv cov xov tooj yog tus me me. Yav tas los, lub ntsiab chaw ntawm ancient ua liaj ua teb cov qoob loo suav hais tias yuav tsum tau lub Nile Valley, lub Euphrates, lub Tigris, lub Ganges thiab lwm yam dej loj. Raws li kev tshawb fawb los ntawm Vavilov, ntau ua liaj ua teb ntau ntau yam nyob rau hauv lub mountainous thaj chaw ntawm lub kub tsis txias cheeb tsam, lub tropics thiab subtropics. Cov thawj zaug chaw ntawm keeb kwm yog ze ze rau floristic ntau haiv neeg thiab ancient civilizations.

Suav qhov chaw

Qhov no cheeb tsam muaj xws li cov mountainous chaw ntawm thaj thiab central qhov chaw ntawm lub teb chaws, nrog rau cov uas lwm tus qis. Lub hauv paus ntawm no center yog latitude tsis kub tsis txias cheeb tsam, nyob rau lub daj dej. Local tej yam kev mob yog xam qhovkev yam ntxwv xws li tsis kub tsis txias loj hlob lub sij hawm, ib tug heev loj degree ntawm co thiab lub siab kub hom. Lub hearth yog ib tug vaj tsev uas ntuj rau taum pauv, yuag, taum, sorghum, millet, mov, oats, payzy, millet, barley, Tibetan thiab ntau lwm yam nroj tsuag.

South-East Asian seem

Indo-Malaysian keeb kwm agricultures chaw complements lub Indian cheeb tsam. Nws muaj xws li cov chaw xws li Indo-Tuam Tshoj, tag nrho cov Malay Archipelago, thiab cov Philippines. Hindustan thiab Suav chaw ntawm keeb kwm ntawm cultivated nroj tsuag muaj ib co ntxim rau cov cheeb tsam no. Local tej yam kev mob yog yus muaj los ntawm vegetative-round, tsis tshua muaj siab cov av noo thiab kub. Lub cheeb tsam yog ib tug natural chaw rau lub nutmeg, allspice, cardamom, txiv kab ntxwv, bergamot, dub kua txob, mangosteen, peeb lab, txiv qaub thiab ntau lwm hom.

Indian av

Nws tseem hu ua lub Hindustan hearth thiab muaj xws li cov Indian lub xeev ntawm Assam, Burma thiab tag nrho Indian subcontinent, nrog rau cov kev zam ntawm sab qaum teb-western lub xeev ntawm Is Nrias teb. Txoj kev nyab xeeb txhawb ntev loj hlob rau lub caij, ib theem siab ntawm kub thiab humidity. Teb cov nyhuv tej Indo-Malayan chaw. Nyob rau lub teb chaws loj hlob citrus, qab zib pas nrig, mov, thiab ntau lwm yam hom muaj.

Central Esxias seem

Nyob rau hauv no qhov chaw muaj xws li lub teb chaws ntawm lub Western Tien Shan, Tajikistan, sab qaum teb Pakistan, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan thiab sab qaum teb-sab ntawm Is Nrias teb. Local tej yam kev mob yog yus muaj los ntawm ntsis ntev nroj tsuag, siab kub nrog muaj zog raws caij nyoog thiab txhua txhua hnub hloov mus hloov los thiab muaj tsawg kawg nkaus ya raws theem. Qhov no cheeb tsam muaj tej ib tug muaj zog feem Peredneaziatski thiab Suav chaw zov me nyuam. Vim li no, nws yog ib tug thib ob chaw rau feem ntau ntawm lub zos txiv hmab txiv ntoo ntau ntau yam.

Ze Eastern seem

Lub hearth yog nyob rau hauv Southwest Asia. Nws cheeb tsam muaj xws li cov mountainous thaj tsam ntawm Turkmenistan, tag nrho cov ntawm Transcaucasia, lub Fertile Crescent, Iran thiab rau sab hauv cov teb chaws Asia muaj hnub nyoog. Txoj kev nyab xeeb yus ntev qhuav sij hawm, high kub thiab heev tsawg humidity. Qhov no cheeb tsam muaj tej tej yam uas cov Central Esxias thiab Mediterranean chaw zov me nyuam. Ib thaj tsam ntawm no peb foci yog zoo intertwined, li ntawd, nws yog yuav luag tsis yooj yim sua mus nrhiav kom tau.

South American chaw ntawm keeb kwm

Cov chaw no muaj xws li lub roob qhov chaw thiab highlands ntawm Bolivia, Ecuador, Colombia thiab Peru. Local tej yam kev mob yog yus muaj los ntawm tsis txaus tso zis thiab kub kub. Central American Center muaj nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam no ib co tej yam.