Lub nto tsev cell: cov qauv thiab muaj nuj nqi

Lub nto tsev cell yog ib tug universal subsystem. Nws txiav txim tus ciam ntawm cov sab nraud ib puag ncig thiab lub cytoplasm. Pak muab cov kev cai ntawm lawv kev sis raug zoo. Peb tom ntej no xav txog lub peculiarities ntawm cov yam ntxwv-functional koom haum ntawm lub cell nto apparatus.

Cheebtsam

Qhia cov nram qab no Cheebtsam ntawm lub ntaus ntawv nto ntawm eukaryotic hlwb: cov ntshav membrane, nadmembranny thiab submemranny ceg. Tus thawj sawv cev nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug kaw kheej kheej lub caij. Plasmolemma suav hais tias yog caj qaum ntawm tus nto ntawm tus xovtooj ntawm chav tsev. Nadmembranny complex (nws tseem hu ua glycocalyx) - yog ib tug txheej neeg pov tseg tshaj cov ntshav membrane. Nws muaj ntau yam. Nyob rau hauv kev, no muaj xws li:

1. Cov carbohydrate feem ntawm glycoproteins thiab glycolipids.
2. Lub membrane peripheral proteins.
3. Kev carbohydrates.
4. Poluintegralnye thiab ib proteins.

Submembranny complex yog nyob rau ntawm plasmolemma. Nws muaj cais kev pab txhawb nqa-contractile system thiab peripheral hyaloplasm.

Hais submembrannogo complex

Xav cov qauv ntawm cov apparatus ntawm lub cell nto, nws yuav siv sij hawm ib tug nyias muaj nyias ib saib lub peripheral hyaloplasm. Nws yog ib tug tshwj xeeb cytoplasmic feem thiab nyob saum toj no plasmolemma. Peripheral hyaloplasm muaj tuaj raws li heev differentiated heterogeneous kua tshuaj. Nws muaj ib tug ntau yam ntawm high tsis molecular yuag Cheebtsam nyob rau hauv lub tshuaj. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, nws yog ib tug microenvironment nyob rau hauv uas lub flow-meej thiab kev metabolic dab. Peripheral hyaloplasm muab lub plurality ntawm deg zog ntawm lub tshuab.

Licas contractile system

Nws yog nyob rau hauv lub peripheral hyaloplasm. Cov yuav txhawb tau-contractile system tso tawm:

1. Microfibrils.
2. Skeletal fibrils (intermediate filament).
3. Microtubules.

Microfibrils yog filamentous lug. Skeletal fibrils yog tsim los ntawm polymerization ntawm ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov protein molecules. Lawv tus xov tooj thiab ntev yog tswj hwm los ntawm tshwj xeeb kev npaj rau. Thaum lawv hloov anomalies tshwm sim cellular zog. Deb ntawm lub plasmalemma microtubules. Lawv phab ntsa yog tsim tubulins proteins.

Tus qauv thiab muaj nuj nqi ntawm tes nto tsev

Metabolism hauv yog ua los ntawm muaj thauj mechanisms. Tus qauv ntawm tus nto tsev cell enables cov mus ntawm lub tebchaw los ntawm ob peb txoj kev. Nyob rau hauv kev, lub nram qab no kev thauj:

1. Tej yam yooj yim diffusion.
2. Passive thauj.
3. Active zog.
4. Cytosis (pauv daim nyias nyias nyob rau hauv lub pob).

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus thauj, qhia nto nta xws apparatus ntawm lub cell, xws li:

1. Teeb Meem (faib).
2. Receptor.
3. Identification.
4. Muaj nuj nqi cell zog los ntawm kev kawm philosopher, pseudo- thiab lamellipodia.

free zog

Tej yam yooj yim diffusion los ntawm tus nto tsev cell yog nqa tawm heev dua lwm yam nyob rau hauv lub muaj nyob rau ob tog ntawm lub membrane hluav taws xob gradient. Nws loj thiab txiav txim seb cov kev ceev thiab cov kev taw qhia ntawm lub zog. Bilipidny txheej yuav hla txhua yam ntawm molecule hydrophobic. Txawm li cas los, feem ntau biologically active ntsiab yog hydrophilic. Raws li, lawv free zog tsis yooj yim.

passive thauj

Qhov no hom ntawm compound tsab ntawv tsa suab tseem hu ua puv thawm diffusion. Nws yog tseem nqa tawm los ntawm qhov chaw unit hlwb nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm ib tug gradient thiab tsis muaj ATP noj. Passive thauj yog sai dua free. Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem zuj zus txog qhov sib txawv nyob rau hauv concentration gradient los ib tug taw tes nyob rau hauv uas lub mus ceev yuav qhov.

muaj

Thauj los ntawm tus nto apparatus ntawm lub cell yog muab los ntawm tshwj xeeb molecules. Nrog rau cov vectors los ntawm ib tug concentration gradient yog loj molecules ntawm lub hydrophilic hom (amino acids, nyob rau hauv particular). Deg apparatus eukaryotic hlwb xws li vectors rau ib tug ntau yam ntawm passive ions: K +, Na +, Ca +, Cl-, HCO3-. Cov kev molecules yog yus muaj los ntawm siab selectivity mus rau lub thauj khoom. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, ib tug tseem ceeb feature yog lawv mus ncig teb chaws ceev. Nws yuav mus txog 104 los yog ntau tshaj molecules ib ob.

active thauj

Nws yog yus muaj los ntawm tsiv lub ntsiab tiv thaiv cov gradient. Molecules thauj ntawm ib cheeb tsam ntawm tsawg concentration nyob rau hauv lub feem ntawm ntau dua. Tej zog yuav tsum tau ib tug tej yam nqi ntawm ATP. Yuav kom siv active thauj rau hauv tus qauv ntawm tus nto ntawm cov tsiaj cell apparatus muaj xws li kev vectors. Lawv hu ua "twj" los yog "twj". Muaj ntau ntawm cov vectors txawv ATPase kev ua si. Qhov no txhais tau tias lawv yuav tau mus ua txhaum down adenosine triphosphate thiab extract lub zog rau txoj haujlwm. Active thauj enables cov creation ntawm ion gradients.

cytosis

Qhov no yog siv los mus txav hais sib txawv ntawm cov tshuaj los yog loj molecules. Thaum lub sij hawm cytosis thauj caij yog surrounded los ntawm ib tug membrane vesicle. Yog hais tias lub zog yog nyob rau hauv lub tawb, ces nws yog hu ua endocytosis. Raws li, qhov kev coj rov qab no yog hu ua exocytosis. Nyob rau hauv ib co hlwb lub ntsiab kis tau los ntawm. Qhov no hom kev thauj yog hu ua transcytosis los yog diatsiozom.

cytolemma

Tus qauv ntawm tes nto apparatus muaj xws li ib tug ntshav membrane tsim mas lipids thiab cov proteins nyob rau hauv ib qho ratio ntawm txog 1: 1. Tus thawj "Sandwich qauv" ntawm lub caij twb npaj siab nyob rau hauv 1935 Nyob rau hauv raws li cov kev tshawb xav, lub hauv paus plasmolemma txoj kev lipid molecules txheej txheem nyob rau hauv ob khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg (txheej bilipidny). Lawv muab lawv cov tails (hydrophobic cheeb tsam) rau txhua tus lwm yam, thiab rau sab nraum thiab sab hauv - lub hydrophilic hau. Cov chaw yog coated nrog ib tug txheej bilipidnogo protein molecules. Cov qauv no muaj tau paub tseeb hais tias nyob rau hauv lub 50s hais lus phem xyoo pua ultrastructural kev tshawb fawb ua siv ib tug electron tshuab kuaj kab mob. Nws tau raug tshwj xeeb pom tias lub saum npoo tsev muaj ib tug peb-txheej tsiaj cell daim nyias nyias. Nws thickness yog 7.5-11 nm. Nws yog tam sim no nruab nrab teeb thiab ob tsaus peripheral txheej. Tus thawj sau raws nkaus Ii lub hydrophobic cheeb tsam ntawm lipid molecules. Tsaus feem nyob rau hauv lem, sawv cev cov khoom nto khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg ntawm cov protein thiab hydrophilic lub taub hau.

lwm theories

Ib tug ntau yam ntawm electron-me txoj kev tshawb no, ua nyob rau hauv lub lig 50 lub - thaum ntxov 60-ies. Lawv taw tes rau lub universality ntawm lub koom haum ntawm ib tug peb-txheej membrane. Qhov no yog thaws rov los nyob rau hauv lub hom phiaj ntawm J. Robertson. Meanwhile, los ntawm tus kawg ntawm lub 60s. Kuv sau ib tug ntau ntawm cov lus tseeb uas tsis tau piav nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm tus uas twb muaj "nyuaj qauv". Qhov no muab impetus rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov tshiab schemes, uas muaj qauv raws li lub xub ntiag ntawm hydrophobic-hydrophilic phau ntawv uas muaj protein ntau thiab lipid molecules. Cov ib tug ntawm lawv yog cov kev tshawb xav ntawm "lipoprotein ntaub pua taw rooj." Nyob rau hauv raws li nws, muaj raws ntawm daim nyias nyias cov nqaijrog tam sim no ob hom: ib thiab peripheral. Tsis ntev los no ua txhua yam los ntawm electrostatic kev sib tshuam nrog ncov qaumteb qabteb hau rau cov lipid molecules. Txawm li cas los, lawv yeej tsis tsim ib tug tas mus txheej. Ib tug tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm daim nyias nyias yog globular proteins. Lawv yog immersed nyob rau hauv nws thiab ib nrab xa mus poluintegralnymi. Tsiv cov nqaijrog yog nqa tawm nyob rau hauv cov kua theem ntawm cov lipid. Qhov no saib kuas lability, thiab dynamism ntawm tag nrho cov daim nyias nyias system. Tam sim no, cov qauv no yog xav tau feem ntau.

lipids

Ntsiab cev thiab tshuaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov daim nyias nyias txheej yog muab, lub ntsiab qhia - phospholipids muaj nonpolar (hydrophobic) tus Tsov tus tw thiab ib tug ncov qaumteb qabteb (hydrophilic) lub taub hau. Feem ntau ntawm lawv yog xam tau tias yog phosphoglycerides thiab sphingolipids. Tsis ntev los no kom pom tseeb mas nyob rau hauv tus txheej monolayer. Lawv muaj ib tug kev twb kev txuas mus rau lub oligosaccharide chains. Vim lub fact tias qhov cov kev mus cuag tshaj lub txheej ib feem plasmolemma, nws acquires ib tug asymmetrical zoo. Glycolipids ua si ib qho tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv qhov kev siv ntawm tus dais nto receptor muaj nuj nqi. Raws li ib feem ntawm feem ntau ntawm cov daim nyias nyias kuj cholesterol (cholesterol) - ib tug steroid lipid. Nws tus xov tooj yog txawv, uas yog kev lom zem ntau txiav txim los ntawm cov kua membrane. Qhov ntau cholesterol, li ntawd, nws yog saum toj no. kua theem kuj yog nyob ntawm tus piv ntawm unsaturated thiab nyeem fatty acid residues. Qhov ntau ntawm lawv, yog li nws yog saum toj no. Kua cuam tshuam cov kev ua ntawm enzymes nyob rau hauv daim nyias nyias.

cov nqaijrog

Lipids txiav txim mas barrier zog. Cov nqaijrog, rau hauv sib piv, ua rau kom qhov kev siv ntawm tus yuam sij zog ntawm lub cell. Nyob rau hauv kev, qhov uas tswj tau thauj ntawm tebchaw, cov metabolism hauv kev cai, kev txais tos thiab thiaj li nyob. Protein molecules yog faib nyob rau hauv lub lipid bilayer ntawm ib tug mosaic. Lawv yuav tsum tau tsiv nyob rau hauv lub sab hauv. No lub zog yog tswj los ntawm, thaj, lub cell nws tus kheej. Cov thauj mechanism muab kev koom tes microfilaments. Lawv txuas mus rau tus neeg ib proteins. Lub membrane ntsiab yog cov sib txawv nyob ntawm seb koj qhov chaw nyob nyob rau hauv relation mus bilipidnomu txheej. Cov nqaijrog tej zaum li yuav peripheral thiab ib. Tus thawj txheej yog laus. Lawv muaj ib tug tenuous kev twb kev txuas nrog cov daim nyias nyias nto. Integral cov nqaijrog yog kiag li raus nyob rau hauv nws. Lawv muaj ib tug muaj zog daim ntawv cog lus nrog rau cov lipids thiab sib cais los ntawm daim nyias nyias tsis ua bilipidnogo txheej. Cov nqaijrog uas txeem los ntawm nws, hu ua lub transmembrane. Sis ntawm lub protein thiab lipid molecules ntawm cov xwm sib txawv muab plasmalemma stability.

glycocalyx

Lipoproteins muaj sab chains. Lub oligosaccharide molecules yuav khi rau lipids thiab glycolipids daim ntawv. Lawv carbohydrate feem ua ke nrog uas zoo sib xws hais txuas mus rau ntawm tes nto glycoproteins tsis zoo xwb thiab rau caj qaum ntawm glycocalyx. Nws nyob nrog ib tug xoob txheej ntawm ntsis electron ceev. Glycocalyx yuav tsum vov lub txheej ib feem plasmolemma. Nws carbohydrate feem pab txhawb nrog paub txog ze hlwb thiab tshuaj therebetween, thiab kuj muaj nplaum kev twb kev txuas lub voj hlua. Lub glycocalyx kuj tam sim no gitosovmestimosti thiab hormone receptors, enzymes.

ntxiv

Membrane receptors mas sawv cev glycoproteins. Lawv muaj peev xwm tsim kom muaj kev sib txuas lus nrog ib tug heev kev ligands. Receptors tam sim no nyob rau hauv daim nyias nyias, nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, yuav tswj lub zog ntawm tej yam molecules mus rau hauv lub cell permeability ntawm ntshav membrane. Lawv yog cov tau hloov Pib ntsais koj teeb ntawm cov ib puag ncig mus rau hauv lub nrog, losis tswvyim dabtsi hais txog qhov extracellular matrix thiab cov cytoskeleton. Ib txhia soj ntsuam ntseeg tau hais tias muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm lub glycocalyx kuj muaj xws li poluintegralnye protein molecules. Lawv haumxeeb chaw nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub cell nadmembrannoy apparatus.