Lub cev kom muaj nuj nqis - nws yog ... Ntsuas ntawm lub cev ntau. lub cev ntau system

Physics raws li ib tug science uas kawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov xwm, siv tus qauv kev tshawb fawb txoj kev. Lub ntsiab theem yog: soj, hypotheses, coj thwmsim, kawm cov kev tshawb xav. Thaum lub sij hawm soj ntsuam tsim lub txawv nta ntawm lub phenomenon, lub chav kawm ntawm nws cov hoob kawm, tau ua thiab qhov yuav tshwm. Hypothesis yuav piav qhia txog lub chav kawm ntawm cov txheej xwm, tsim kom muaj nws cov kev cai. Lub xyaum ua tej yam tshaj tawm (los yog tshaj tawm) conjecture. Nws tso cai rau koj mus muab cov kev faib ua feem ntawm cov ntau nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm qhov xyaum ua tej, uas ua rau yus mus rau lub tsev lag luam ntawm lub caij nyoog dependencies. Pov thawj kev nyob rau hauv lub chav kawm ntawm lub hypothesis yog lub hauv paus ntawm ib tug scientific theory.

Muaj txoj kev xav yuav tsis thov yuav txhim khu kev qha, yog hais tias tsis tau txais tag nrho thiab unconditional kev paub thaum lub sij hawm xyaum ua tej yam. Qhov kawg yog txuam nrog ntsuam ntawm lub cev ntau characterizing tus txheej txheem. Lub cev kom muaj nuj nqis - yog lub hauv paus ntawm kev ntsuas.

Yuav ua li cas yog no

Raws li rau qhov ntsuas ntawm cov neeg tseem ceeb, uas paub meej tias cov validity ntawm lub hypothesis txog cov kev cai. Lub cev kom muaj nuj nqis - ib tug scientific piav qhia ntawm lub cev lub cev, zoo piv uas yog ib qho mus rau ib tug plurality ntawm zoo xws li cov lub cev. Rau txhua lub cev ntawm xws li ib tug ntau cov yam ntxwv ntawm ib tug txhob txwm ib tug neeg.

. Yog hais tias peb tig mus rau lub cov ntaub ntawv, cov kev siv M. Yudin li al (1989 tsab) peb nyeem hais tias lub cev muaj nuj nqis yog "yam ntxwv ntawm ib qho ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub cev kwv (lub cev system, phenomenon los yog cov txheej txheem), tag nrho cov nyob rau hauv zoo rau ntau lub cev khoom, tab sis nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm tus xov tooj rau txhua tus neeg kwv. "

Ozhegov (1990 tsab) hais tias ib lub cev muaj nuj nqis yog - "qhov luaj li cas, tau, ntev ntawm tus kwv."

Piv txwv li, qhov ntev - lub cev muaj nuj nqis. Txhua yam khoom li deb, siv electrodynamics hlau ntev nyob rau hauv thermodynamics analogous kom muaj nuj nqis thiab txiav txim seb lub thickness ntawm vascular phab ntsa. Lub essence ntawm lub tswvyim tseem tib yam: lub tsev tus nqi yuav tsum yog tib yam, thiab tus nqi - sib txawv.

Lub qhov txawv feature ntawm lub cev muaj nuj nqis, rau Piv txwv li, los ntawm cov zauv, yog cov nyob rau ntawm lub chav nyob. Ntsuas, ko taw, yards - piv txwv ntev units.

units ntawm kev ntsuas

Yuav kom ntsuas lub cev muaj nuj nqis, nws yuav tsum tau muab piv nrog rau cov nqi uas tau txais ib chav tsev. Nco ntsoov tus zoo tas luav "Plaub caug yim parrots." Yuav kom muab qhov ntev ntawm lub boa, cim ntsuas nws ntev nyob rau hauv parrots, lub ntxhw, cov liab. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub boa ntev piv nrog rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lwm yam tas luav cim. Cov depended quantitatively los ntawm kev siv.

Lub tsev ntawm lub cev muaj nuj nqis - ib qho kev ntsuas ntawm nws cov kev ntsuas nyob rau hauv ib lub system ntawm chav nyob. Tsis meej pem nyob rau hauv cov kev ntsuas tshwm sim tsis tau tsuas yog vim hais tias ntawm yog neeg txhaum, muaj ntau haiv neeg kev ntsuas, tab sis tej zaum kuj vim hais tias ntawm tus kwv tij units.

Lavxias teb sab kev ntsuas ntawm ntev - yards - qhov kev ncua deb ntawm tus ntiv tes thiab ntiv tes xoo. Txawm li cas los, lub ob txhais tes ntawm tag nrho cov neeg yog sib txawv, thiab mev, ntsuas ib tug txiv neej tes, yog txawv los ntawm ib tug vaj rau hauv lub tes ntawm ib tug me nyuam los yog ib tug poj niam. Cov tib sib xws ntawm qhov ntev ntawm lub ntsuas kev txhawj xeeb fathoms (qhov kev ncua deb ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm nws tus ntiv tes spaced apart caj npab) thiab lub luj tshib (qhov kev ncua deb ntawm lub nruab nrab ntiv tes mus rau lub luj tshib sab caj npab).

Interestingly, nyob rau hauv lub khw stewards coj cov txiv neej me me stature. Cunning tub txawj tub ntse rua cov ntaub so ntswg uas siv cov ob peb me me thiab Meryl: yards, luj tshib nkag siab.

mus system

Xws li ib tug ntau yam ntawm kev ntsuas muaj nyob tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv Russia, tiam sis kuj nyob rau hauv lwm lub teb chaws. Introduction ntawm chav nyob yog feem ntau arbitrary, tej zaum cov chav nyob tau qhia tsuas yog vim hais tias ntawm cov kev kab ntsab ntawm lawv ntsuam. Piv txwv li, rau ntsuas atmospheric siab ua tswvcuab mmHg. Paub kev Torricelli, nyob rau hauv lub raj yog siv, li no swamping mercury tso cai rau nkag mus rau tej kev txawv txawv muaj nuj nqis.

Cav hwj chim muab piv rau lub horsepower (uas yog xyaum nyob rau hauv peb lub sij hawm).

Ntau lub cev ntau ntsuas ntawm lub cev ntau ua tsis tau tsuas yog txoj thiab unreliable, tab sis kuj complicates txoj kev loj hlob ntawm science.

Cov niaj hnub system ntawm kev ntsuas

Unified system ntawm lub cev ntau, nyiam thiab optimized nyob rau hauv txhua txhua industrialized lub teb chaws, tau ua ib tug yuav tsum. Lub hauv paus rau lub tswv yim tau txais raws li cov kev xaiv ntawm qhov tsawg tshaj plaws tau xov tooj ntawm chav nyob uas mus zauv kev sib raug zoo muaj peev xwm yuav qhia, thiab lwm yam tseem ceeb. Tej ntsiab cai tseem ceeb yuav tsum tsis txhob yuav sib raug zoo rau txhua lwm yam, lawv tus nqi yog uniquely determined thiab to taub nyob rau hauv tej nyiaj txiag system.

Peb sim mus daws tau qhov teeb meem no nyob rau hauv ntau lub teb chaws. Creation ntawm ib tug unified system ntawm kev ntsuas (Metric, GHS, ISS, etc.) tau ua dua, tiam sis cov systems no phim los yog los ntawm ib tug scientific point of view, tog twg los nyob rau hauv lub domestic, muaj daim ntaub ntawv.

Cov hauj lwm teev nyob rau hauv lub lig puv 19 xyoo pua, tau muab tawm los txiav txim xwb nyob rau hauv 1958. Nyob rau ib lub rooj sib tham ntawm ib tug unified system tau qhia rau cov International Committee ntawm Raws li txoj cai Metrology.

Lub unified system ntawm kev ntsuas

1960 cim lub historic lub rooj sib tham ntawm lub Tuam Rooj Sab Laj rau tes taw hnyav li thiab ntsuas. Lub cim system, hu ua «Systeme Internationale d'koom siab ua ke» (abbreviated SI) tau txais yuav los ntawm qhov kev txiav txim ntawm no honorable los ua ke. Nyob rau hauv lub Lavxias teb sab version ntawm lub system hu ua lub International System (SI tsiaj ntawv).

Nws yog muab raws li ib lub hauv paus rau lub 7 loj sawv daws yuav thiab 2 ntxiv. Lawv hais txog zauv tus nqi yog txiav txim raws li lub benchmark

Rooj ntawm lub cev qhov ntau ntawm SI

Lub npe ntawm lub hauv paus	measurand	los
		internationalist	Lavxias teb sab
lub ntsiab chav tsev
kilogram	hnyav	kg	kg
'meter'	ntev	m	m
thib ob	lub sij hawm	s	nrog
ampere	tam sim no	A	A
Kelvin	kub	K	K
tias	nqi ntawm tej yam khoom uas	mol	tias
candela	luminous siv	cd	cd
ntxiv rau lwm
radian	tiaj lub	rad	txaus siab
steradian	khoom lub	SR	cf.

Lub system yuav tsis txhaj tsuas muaj lub xya units, raws li ib tug ntau yam ntawm lub cev dab nyob rau hauv cov xwm yuav tsum tau cov kev taw qhia ntawm ntau thiab ntau tshiab qhov tseem ceeb. Tus heev qauv qhia tsis tau tsuas yog cov kev taw qhia tshiab units, tab sis kuj lawv kev sib raug zoo nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov zauv sib raug zoo (lawv yog feem ntau hu ua cov qauv ntawm qhov ntev).

Lub tsev ntawm lub cev muaj nuj nqis tau siv cov kev khoo, exponentiation thiab faib puag units nyob rau hauv cov mis mos qhov ntev. Qhov uas tsis muaj zauv coefficients nyob rau hauv cov sib npaug ua rau cov system tsis tau tsuas yog yooj yim nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov respects, tab sis kuj coherent (coherent).

muab rau lwm

Cov units yog tsim ntawm xya lub ntsiab, tau hu ua derivatives. Dhau li lub ntsiab thiab muab tau rau lwm, qhov yuav tsum tau rau cov kev taw qhia ntxiv (radian thiab steradian). Lawv qhov ntev yog xav tau pes tsawg. Qhov uas tsis muaj seev rau lawv txhais ua rau nws tsis yooj yim sua los ntsuas lawv. Lawv taw qhia yog vim rau daim ntawv thov ntawm theoretical kev tshawb fawb. Piv txwv li, lub cev kom muaj nuj nqis "quab yuam" nyob rau hauv lub system yog ntsuas nyob rau hauv Newtons. Txij li thaum tus quab yuam - ib qho kev ntsuas ntawm tus kev sib nrig sib txiav txim ntawm lub cev raws li qhov txhua lwm yam, yog vim li cas rau ntau cov kev ceev ntawm ib tug tej yam lub cev loj, ces koj yuav txhais tau nws raws li cov khoom ntawm ib chav tsev loj ib chav tsev tus nqi, muab faib los ntawm lub tsev ntawm lub sij hawm:

F = k0M0v / T, qhov twg k - proportionality tau, M - loj tsev, v - ceev unit, T - lub sij hawm unit.

SI qhov ntev muab cov nram qab mis: n = kg0m / ^2, qhov twg peb units yog siv. Thiab kilogram thiab meter, thiab lub thib ob raug xa mus rau tus thawj xib fwb. Lub proportionality coefficient yog sib npaug zos rau 1.

Tau cov kev taw qhia ntawm dimensionless qhov tseem ceeb, uas txhais tau hais tias tus piv ntawm niaj hnub ntau. Rau cov neeg muaj xws li cov coefficient ntawm tsis sib haum xeeb, raws li yog lub npe hu, yog tus piv ntawm frictional cov quab yuam kom tus quab yuam qub siab.

COV cev ntau muab los ntawm yooj yim

chav tsev lub npe	measurand	dimensional mis
Joule	zog	kg0m 2 0s -2
Pascal	lub siab	kr0 m -1 -2 0C
Tesla	magnetic induction	0A 0C kg -1 -2
volt	voltage	2 kg 0m 0s 0s -1 -3
ohm	hluav taws xob kuj	2 kg 0m 0s 0s -3 -2
pendant	Electric xwb	A0 nrog
watt	hwj chim	2 kg 0m 0s -3
Farad	permittance	0kg -2 m -1 0c 4 0A 2
Joule ib Kelvin	Thaum tshav kub kub muaj peev xwm	2 kg 0m 0s -1 -2 0K
Becquerel	Cov kev ua ntawm lub tej yam khoom uas	-1 C
Weber	magnetic flux	0kg 0s 2 m 0s -1 -2
Henry	inductance	0kg 0s 2 m 0s -2 -2
Hertz	zaus	-1
Grey	absorbed koob tshuaj	2 m 0s -1
Sievert	Equivalent tawg koob tshuaj	2 m 0s -2
khoom kim heev	teeb	m -2 -2 0kd 0sr
lumen	luminous flux	cd 0sr
Newton	Zog, hnyav	0kg m 0s -2
Siemens	hluav taws xob conductivity	0kg -1 m -2 0s 3 0A 2
Farad	permittance	0kg -2 m -1 0c 4 0A 2

Common units

Siv keeb kwm tseem ceeb uas tsis yog-SI los yog txawv xwb los ntawm ib tug zauv zoo tshaj, nws yog kev kawm mus rau qhov ntsuas qhov tseem ceeb. Qhov no Common Chav. Piv txwv li, mmHg, X-ray, thiab lwm tus neeg.

Lub suav coefficients siv rau cov kev taw qhia ntawm ntau yam thiab submultiple ntau. Prefix sib haum mus rau ib lub xov tooj. Piv txwv yog centi-, kilo-, DECA, mega- thiab ntau lwm tus neeg.

1 kilometer = 1000 meters,

1 cm = 0.01 m.

typology ntawm qhov tseem ceeb

Cia peb sim qhia kom meej rau ib co yooj yim nta uas tso cai rau koj mus teem lub hom ntawm tus nqi.

1. kev taw qhia. Yog hais tias qhov kev txiav txim ntawm ib tug lub cev muaj nuj nqis ncaj qha mus txog rau cov kev taw qhia, nws yog hu ua ib tug vector, lwm yam - scalar.

2. Tus xub ntiag ntawm lub dimension. Lub hav zoov ntawm lub cev qhov ntau ntawm cov mis ua rau nws tau hu xov tooj rau lawv qhov ntev. Yog hais tias nyob rau hauv cov mis, tag nrho cov chav yuav kawm tiav pes tsawg, ces lawv hu ua dimensionless. Nws yuav zoo dua hu rau lawv ntau nrog lub dimension sib npaug zos rau 1. Tom qab tswvyim dimensionless kom muaj nuj nqis tsis thwj. Lub ntsiab vaj tse - dimension - tsis tau tso tseg!

3. Los ntawm kev ntxiv lub sij hawm. Additive kom muaj nuj nqis, uas muaj nqis yuav muab ntxiv, rho tawm, multiplied los ntawm ib tug zoo tshaj, thiab lwm yam (e.g., qhov hnyav) - .. Ib tug lub cev muaj nuj nqis, uas yog integrable.

4. Nyob rau hauv relation mus rau lub cev system. Nws kim heev - yog hais tias nws muaj nqis muaj peev xwm yuav tsim nyob rau ntawm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub subsystem. Ib qho piv txwv yog qhov chaw ntsuas nyob rau hauv square meters. Intensive - tus nqi, uas tus nqi yog ywj siab ntawm lub system. Rau cov neeg muaj xws li kub.