Lub keeb kwm ntawm physics: chronology, physicists thiab lawv discoveries

Txawm tias lub keeb kwm ntawm physics raws li ywj siab science tsuas pib nyob rau hauv lub XVII xyoo pua, nws cov hauv paus yog heev ancient lub sij hawm, thaum cov neeg pib mus npaj nws cov thawj paub txog lub ntiaj teb no nyob ib ncig ntawm lawv. Kom txog rau thaum niaj hnub lub sij hawm lawv sawv daws khoom ib rau ntuj philosophy thiab muaj ntaub ntawv hais txog lub mechanics, astronomy thiab tej hlab ntshav. Qhov tiag keeb kwm ntawm physics tau pib ua tsaug rau Galileo txoj kev sim kawm thiab nws cov thwj tim. Nws yog tseem yog lub foundation ntawm cov kev qhuab qhia yog founded los ntawm Newton.

Nyob rau hauv lub XVIII thiab XIX xyoo pua, muaj tseem ceeb lub tswv yim: .. Zog, loj, atoms, momentum, thiab lwm yam Nyob rau hauv lub XX xyoo pua yog tus tseeb cov kev txwv ntawm classical physics (dua li nws originated quantum physics, Relativity kev tshawb xav, cov kev tshawb xav ntawm microparticles, etc ...). Ntshiab paub yog supplemented thiab niaj hnub no, raws li muaj tseem muaj ntau teeb meem teeb meem thiab cov lus nug txog qhov xwm ntawm peb lub ntiaj teb rau kev soj ntsuam thiab tag nrho lub qab ntuj khwb.

antiquity

Muaj ntau lub pagan kev ntseeg ntawm lub ancient ntiaj teb no raws li astrology thiab astrologers paub. Tsaug rau lawv pom ntawm qhov tsaus ntuj ntuj twb ua optics. Lub tsub zuj zuj ntawm astronomical paub yuav tsis tab sis cuam tshuam rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev kawm txog zauv. Txawm li cas los, raws piav cov ua tej yam ntuj tso phenomena yuav tsis ancient. Pov thawj ntaus nqi mus rau xob thiab hnub ci eclipses Vajtswv qhov kev chim uas muaj tsis muaj dab tsi ua nrog science.

Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, peb tau kawm los ntsuas qhov ntev, qhov hnyav thiab lub nyob rau hauv Ancient tim lyiv teb chaws. Txoj kev paub no yog tsim nyog rau architects nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho ntawm monumental pyramids thiab lub tuam tsev. Tsim thov mechanics. Muaj zog nyob rau hauv nws yog poob rau Npanpiloo. Lawv kuj raws li nyob rau hauv lawv astronomical paub, lawv pib siv rau hnub uas yuav ntsuas lub sij hawm.

Ancient Suav keeb kwm ntawm physics pib nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua VII BC. e. Cov sau kev nyob rau hauv lub crafts thiab cov kev siv twb raug mus rau scientific tsom xam, kev soj ntsuam uas tau hais nyob rau hauv lub philosophical sau. Lub nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm tus sau yog xav kom Mo-Tzu, uas nyob rau hauv lub IV xyoo pua BC. e. Nws ua tus thawj los formulate ib tug yuav tsum muaj kev cai lij choj ntawm inertia. Txawm ces, cov Suav ntej invented lub compass. Lawv sab cov kev cai geometrical optics, thiab paub txog lub hav zoov ntawm cov koob yees duab obscura. Nyob rau hauv Tuam Tshoj nyob rudiments ntawm cov suab paj nruag kev tshawb xav thiab acoustics, uas rau ib ntev lub sij hawm tsis paub rau sab hnub poob.

antiquity

Ancient keeb kwm ntawm physics zoo tshaj plaws lub npe hu rau lub Greek philosophers. Lawv txoj kev kawm tau zoo raws li nyob rau hauv geometric thiab algebraic paub. Piv txwv li, lub Pythagoreans thawj mus tshaj tawm hais tias xwm yog raug mus rau lub universal kev cai ntawm kev kawm txog zauv. Qhov no qauv Greeks pom nyob rau hauv optics, astronomy, suab paj nruag, thiab kev lwm yam kev kawm.

Lub keeb kwm ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm physics yuav tsis yog yuav xav tsis muaj tus hauj lwm ntawm Aristotle, Plato, Archimedes, Heron, thiab Lucretius. Lawv sau tau dim rau peb lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv ib tug txaus holistic txoj kev. Greek philosophers differed los ntawm nws lub contemporaries los ntawm lwm lub teb chaws thiaj li hais tias lawv piav cov kev cai ntawm physics yog tsis mythical tswv yim, tab sis ncaj qha los ntawm ib tug scientific point of view. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm lub Greeks muaj kuj loj yuam kev. Cov muaj xws li cov mechanics ntawm Aristotle. Lub keeb kwm ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm physics raws li ib tug science tshuav npaum li cas mus rau lub thinkers ntawm tim Nkij teb chaws, yog hais tias tsuas vim hais tias lawv tej yam ntuj tso philosophy tseem lub hauv paus ntawm lub thoob ntiaj teb kev kawm txog rau thaum lub XVII caug xyoo.

Cov pab ntawm lub Alexandrian Greeks

Demokrit atoms formulated lub hom phiaj, raws li tag nrho cov uas lub cev yog tsim los ntawm cov me me hais thiab indivisible. Empedocles npaj cov kev cai lij choj ntawm kev txuag ntawm qhov teeb meem. Nws tau tso lub hauv paus Archimedes hydrostatics thiab mechanics, cuag lub hom phiaj ntawm lub zog, thiab xam xyuas cov magnitude ntawm buoyancy ntawm cov kua. Nws yog tus sau ntawm lub sij hawm "center ntawm lub ntiajteb txawj nqus".

Alexandria Greek Heron yog suav tias yog ib tug ntawm cov loj tshaj engineers nyob rau hauv tib neeg keeb kwm. Nws tsim ib tug chav turbine sau ua ke paub txog cov kev elasticity thiab compressibility ntawm huab cua roj cua. Lub keeb kwm ntawm physics thiab optics ua tsaug rau txuas ntxiv Euclid, tshawb cov kev tshawb xav ntawm tsom iav thiab cov kev cai ntawm kev xav.

Nrab Hnub nyoog

Tom qab lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm lub Roman faj tim teb chaws tuaj cev qhuav dej ancient civilization. Muaj ntau kev txawj ntse tau tsis nco qab lawm. Teb chaws Europe yuav luag ib txhiab xyoo, nres nyob rau hauv nws cov kev loj hlob. Temples ntawm kev txawj ntse los ua Christian monasteries, uas tswj kom ib co ntawm cov ua hauj lwm ntawm yav dhau los. Txawm li cas los, kev kawm slowed down lub tsev teev ntuj nws tus kheej. Nws mloog tus philosophy ntawm Theological lus qhuab qhia. Xav uas tau sim mus tshaj nws tshaj tawm hais tias heretics thiab heev Nations lawv rau txim los ntawm lub Inquisition.

Tiv thaiv no tom qab, lub primacy ntawm lub natural sciences tau kis mus rau cov Muslims. Lub keeb kwm ntawm lub rov tshwm sim ntawm physics koom pheej txuam nrog cov neeg txhais lus nyob rau hauv lawv cov lus tej hauj lwm ntawm ancient Greek scholars. Nyob rau lub hauv paus ntawm lawv thinkers ntawm lub East peb tau ua ib co tseem ceeb discoveries ntawm lawv tus kheej. Piv txwv li, Al Jazeera piav txog tus inventor ntawm cov thawj crankshaft.

European stagnation lasted kom txog thaum lub Renaissance. Thaum lub sij hawm lub Nrab Hnub nyoog nyob rau hauv lub qub ntiaj teb muaj invented tsom-iav thiab piav qhia txog lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm tus zaj sawv. German philosopher XV xyoo pua Nikolay Kuzansky thawj npaj siab tias lub qab ntuj khwb yog infinite, thiab yog li ua ntej ntawm nws lub sij hawm. Tom qab ib tug ob peb decades ntawm Leonardo da Vinci yog tus discoverer ntawm lub phenomenon ntawm capillarity thiab cov kev sib txhuam kev cai lij choj. Nws kuj tau sim los ua ib tug perpetual tsab ntawv tsa suab tshuab, tab sis tsis txhob ua neeg ua hauj lwm, pib nyob rau hauv kev tshawb xav los ua pov thawj rau hauv lub impracticability ntawm xws li ib tug project.

Renaissance

Nyob rau hauv 1543 lub Polish astronomer Nikolay Kopernik luam tawm ib tug loj ua hauj lwm ntawm nws lub neej "Nyob rau hauv kev sib hloov ntawm xilethi-aus lub cev". Nyob rau hauv phau ntawv no tus thawj lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv lub Christian Laus ntiaj teb yog ib qho los mus tiv thaiv lub heliocentric qauv ntawm lub ntiaj teb no tau hais tias lub ntiaj teb revolves nyob ib ncig ntawm lub hnub thiab tsis vice versa, raws li lub tsev teev ntuj yuav tsum coj lub geocentric qauv ntawm Ptolemy. Muaj ntau zaum ntawm physics thiab tus foundations thov nyiaj mus yuav poj, tab sis nws yog ib cov tsos ntawm cov phau ntawv "Nyob rau hauv kev sib hloov ntawm xilethi-aus lub cev" yog suav hais tias yog thaum pib ntawm lub scientific kiv puag ncig, uas ua raws li los ntawm cov emergence ntawm tsis tsuas yog niaj hnub physics tab sis kuj ntawm niaj hnub science nyob rau hauv feem ntau.

Lwm nto moo paub txog Tshiab lub sij hawm Galileo Galiley tsom iav raj nto moo tshaj plaws invention (nws kuj yog tus tsim tus pas ntsuas kub). Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nws formulated txoj kev cai inertia thiab lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm Relativity. Tsaug rau lub discoveries ntawm Galileo yug kiag li tshiab mechanics. Yog tsis muaj nws, lub keeb kwm ntawm txoj kev tshawb ntawm physics yuav tseem stalled rau ib ntev lub sij hawm. Galileo, zoo li ntau ntawm nws lub contemporaries, yog dav xav tias, yuav tsum tau tiv thaiv lub siab ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj, lub xeem dag zog ua kom tiv thaiv cov laus txiav txim.

XVII xyoo pua

Sau cov hoob kawm nce paj laum nyob hauv science, thiab txuas ntxiv nyob rau hauv lub XVII caug xyoo. German engineer thiab mathematician Iogann Kepler yog tus discoverer ntawm cov kev cai ntawm planetary cov lus tsa suab nyob rau hauv lub hnub ci system (Kepler kev cai). Nws views nws teev nyob rau hauv nws phau ntawv "Tshiab Astronomy", luam tawm nyob rau hauv 1609. Kepler txwv Ptolemy, xav tias lub ntiaj teb tsiv mus nyob rau ellipses, tsis voj voog, raws li nws twb tau nyob rau hauv antiquity. Qhov no tib yam paub txog tau ua ib tug tseem ceeb pab rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm optics. Nws tshawb lub farsightedness thiab nearsightedness, ascertaining lub physiological zog ntawm lub qhov muag lens. Kepler qhia cov tswvyim rau tus kho qhov muag axis thiab ib tug ua kom pom tseeb, formulated lub hom phiaj ntawm lo ntsiab muag.

Lub Frenchman Rene Dekart tsim ib tug tshiab kev qhuab qhia - analytic geometry. Nws kuj pom tias cov kev cai lij choj ntawm refraction ntawm lub teeb. Descartes 'loj ua hauj lwm yog rau hauv phau ntawv "Principles of Philosophy", luam tawm nyob rau hauv 1644.

Ob peb physicists thiab lawv foundations lub npe hu ua lub Englishman Isaak Nyuton. Nyob rau hauv 1687 nws tau sau ib revolutionary phau ntawv "lej Principles of Natural Philosophy". Nyob rau hauv nws tus kws tshawb fawb piav raws li txoj cai ntawm universal gravitation thiab peb cov kev cai ntawm mechanics (thiab hu ua Newton tus kev cai). Qhov no paub txog ua hauj lwm rau lub hom phiaj ntawm cov xim, optics, ib thiab differential calculus. Lub keeb kwm ntawm physics, lub keeb kwm ntawm cov kev cai ntawm mechanics - tag nrho cov no yog zoo txog rau Newton tus discoveries.

tshiab frontier

XVIII xyoo pua science tau nthuav ntau mas cov npe. Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lawv Leonhard Euler. Qhov no Swiss engineer thiab mathematician, sau ntau tshaj 800 tej hauj lwm rau physics thiab xws li seem li zauv tsom xam, xilethi-aus mechanics, optics, suab paj nruag kev tshawb xav, ballistics, thiab hais txog. D. Petersburg Academy ntawm Sciences tau paub hais tias nws raws li lawv txoj kev kawm, vim hais tias ntawm yog dab tsi Euler tseem ceeb ib feem ntawm nws lub neej nyob rau hauv Russia. Nws yog moo zoo no pib analytical mechanics.

Nws yog nthuav tias lub keeb kwm ntawm physics tau tsim ib tug kawm, raws li peb paub, tsis tsuas vim hais tias ntawm kev tshawb fawb, tab sis kuj soj ntsuam ntawm, lovers, ntau paub nyob rau hauv ib tug txawv kiag li zoo. Cov feem ntau cov tawm piv txwv ntawm no self-qhia yog tus American politician Benjamin Franklin. Nws invented lub laim qws, ua ib tug zoo pab rau txoj kev tshawb no ntawm hluav taws xob thiab ua ib tug assumption txog nws kev twb kev txuas nrog cov phenomenon ntawm magnetism.

Thaum kawg ntawm lub XVIII xyoo pua Italian Alessandro Volta tsim lub "voltaic pawg". Nws tsim yog thawj hluav taws xob roj teeb nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm noob neej. Qhov no pua kuj tau pom cov emergence ntawm ib tug mercury pas ntsuas kub, tus creator ntawm uas yog Gabriel Fahrenheit. Lwm highlight ntawm invention muaj pov thawj tsim ntawm lub chav engine, uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv 1784. Nws tau muab nce mus rau tshiab txhais tau tias ntawm ntau lawm thiab lub restructuring ntawm lub lag luam.

applied qhib

Yog hais tias lub keeb kwm ntawm pib ntawm physics tsim raws li nyob rau hauv lub fact tias science tau piav qhov ua rau ntawm tej yam ntuj tso phenomena, nyob rau hauv lub XIX xyoo pua qhov teeb meem no tau hloov ho. Tam sim no nws muaj ib tug tshiab txoj hauj lwm. Los ntawm physics pib thov tswj ntuj rog. Nyob rau hauv no hais txog, nws tau ua ib tug sai tsim tsis tsuas yog tus tsav, tab sis kuj thov physics. "Newton hluav taws xob" Andre-Marie Ampere tswvcuab ib cov tswvyim tshiab ntawm hluav taws xob tam sim no. Nyob rau hauv tib cheeb tsam ua hauj lwm Maykl Faradey. Nws sab phenomenon ntawm electromagnetic induction, kev cai ntawm electrolysis, diamagnetism, thiab yog cov neeg sau ntawm cov ntsiab lus, raws li tus anode, ib tug cathode, ib tug insulator, ib tug ntsha, paramagnetism, diamagnetism, thiab hais txog. D.

Tsim tshiab ceg ntawm science. Thermodynamics, elasticity kev tshawb xav, statistical mechanics, statistical physics, xov tooj cua physics, elasticity kev tshawb xav, seismology, meteorology - tag nrho lawv tsim ib tug ib daim duab ntawm cov niaj hnub ntiaj teb no.

Nyob rau hauv lub XIX xyoo pua muaj tshiab scientific qauv thiab cov ntsiab lus. Thomas Jung substantiated txoj cai ntawm kev txuag ntawm lub zog, Dzheyms Klerk Maksvell npaj nws tus kheej electromagnetic kev tshawb xav. Lavxias teb sab chemist Dmitri Mendeleev yog tus sau ntawm ib tug tseem ceeb feem nyob rau tag nrho ntawm physics periodic rooj hais. Nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua muaj hluav taws xob thiab cov combustion engine. Lawv tau los ua tus txiv hmab txiv ntoo ntawm Applied Physics, taw qhia kom paub mus daws tau tej yam hauj teeb meem.

rethinking science

Nyob rau hauv XX xyoo pua lub keeb kwm ntawm physics, nyob rau hauv luv luv, tau tsiv mus rau ntawd tsis nyob ntev, thaum lub ntsoog yog twb zoo-tsim classical theoretical qauv. Laus scientific mis pib hla nrog tus tshiab cov ntaub ntawv. Piv txwv li, soj ntsuam tau pom hais tias cov kev ceev ntawm lub teeb tsis yog nyob ntawm seb seemingly khov kho ncej ntawm reference. Nyob rau lub lem ntawm lub xyoo pua qhib tau ncauj lus kom ntxaws piav phenomena: electrons, radioactivity, X-rays.

Vim lub backlog ntawm mysteries tshwm sim kho nqi lus ntawm cov laus classical physics. Qhov tseem ceeb tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub tom ntej no scientific kiv puag ncig yog tus cim asterisk tso rau lub hom phiaj ntawm Relativity. Nws sau yog Albert Einstein thawj povedyvavshy ntiaj teb no ntawm sib sib zog nqus kev twb kev txuas ntawm qhov chaw thiab lub sij hawm. , Ib tug tshiab ceg ntawm theoretical physics - quantum physics. Nws tsim tau kawm los ntawm ob peb lub ntiaj teb no-nrov npe zaum: Maks plank, Maks Bon, Erwin Schrödinger, Paul Ehrenfest, thiab lwm tus neeg.

kawm txoj kev sib tw

Nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm cov XX xyoo pua keeb kwm ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm physics, nws chronology tseem niaj hnub no, nws tau tsiv mus rau ib tug tshiab theem. Qhov no lub sij hawm cim heyday ntawm qhov chaw tshawb kawm. Nws ua ib tug unprecedented leap astrophysics. Muaj qhov chaw telescopes, interplanetary probes ntawm extraterrestrial tawg detectors. Nws pib ib tug ncauj lus kom ntxaws tshawb txog ntawm lub cev cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub ntau yam lub cev ntawm lub hnub ci ntiaj teb. Nrog kev pab los ntawm niaj hnub siv tshuab, zaum sab exoplanets thiab tshiab luminaries, xws li xov tooj cua galaxies, quasars thiab pulsars.

Space tseem yuav fraught nrog ntau unsolved riddles. Kawm gravitational tsis, tsaus zog, tsaus teeb meem, accelerating tus expansion ntawm lub ntug thiab nws cov qauv. Supplemented los ntawm lub Big Bang ziag no. Cov ntaub ntawv uas muaj peev xwm muab tau nyob rau hauv terrestrial tej yam kev mob, disproportionately me me piv nrog rau qhov nyiaj ntawm ua hauj lwm ntawm tus zaum nyob rau hauv lub cosmos.

Ntsiab txoj kev sib tw txojkev physicists hnub no muaj xws li ob peb yuav tsum muaj txoj kev sib tw: txoj kev loj hlob ntawm ib tug quantum version ntawm ib tug gravitational kev tshawb xav, generalization ntawm quantum mechanics, sib txuas rau hauv ib txoj kev tshawb xav ntawm tag nrho cov paub rog kev sis raug zoo, cov kev tshawb fawb rau "fine-tuning ntawm lub ntug", raws li zoo raws li ib tug leej txhais uas tsaus nti zog thiab tsaus phenomenon teeb meem.