Inbreeding - yog dab tsi? Inbreeding: piv txwv

Achievements ntawm pejxeem noob caj noob ces thiab nws loj heev theoretical lub hauv paus ntawm tej yam ntuj tso dab tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub yeej, cia cov neeg siv txoj kev paub no rau lawv tus kheej xav tau kev pab. Piv txwv li, ib tug heev phenomena xws li inbreeding thiab outbreeding. Ntau paub rau tag nrho cov synonymous rau cov ntsiab lus - sib deev. Yuav ua li cas yog cov dab los ntawm ib tug scientific point of view thiab dab tsi yog ib tug neeg muaj peev xwm ua tau los ntawm kev siv, peb piav qhia txog nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm.

Inbreeding - yog dab tsi?

Yuav pib txhais tau cov notion. Yog li ntawd, inbreeding, kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic hais lus scientific lus, nws yog ib lub concentration ntawm zoo tib yam los ntawm qhovntsej thiaj tsis mob alleles muaj ib genotype, uas yog ib tug kab mob.

Yog hais tias ntau tshaj cov lus yooj yim los teb rau lo lus nug "inbreeding - uas yog," peb yuav hais tias nws yog kas hla ntawm zoo txog ntaub ntawv ntawm cov nroj tsuag, tsiaj txhu, tib neeg beings rau lub hom phiaj ntawm tsub zuj zuj nyob rau hauv lub genotype ntawm tej yam alleles ntawm noob nqa cov yam zoo losis phem. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, muaj ntau ntau txhais ntawm tus txheej txheem. Yog li ntawd, thaum nws los txog rau lub human cov pejxeem, yog zoo yam kev sib yuav yog hu ua sib deev. Yog hais tias koj tham txog cov nroj tsuag, ces ib tug hais lus ntawm inbreeding. Inbreeding - tswvyim rau tsiaj txhu. Txawm li cas los, qhov no lub sij hawm tej zaum kuj yuav siv nyob rau hauv cov qoob loo ua taus zes.

heterosis

Muaj xws li ib tug tshaj plaws raws li ib tug huab degree ntawm inbreeding. Qhov no tshwm sim thaum:

• tus tsiaj muaj peev xwm sawv ntawm nws tus kheej-fertilization;
• nroj tsuag yog nws tus kheej-pollinated.

Nyob rau hauv cov neeg mob, noog nyob rau hauv tiam homozygous alleles nrog cov yam feature yog yooj yim npaum li, nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb tshem tawm ntawm lub teeb ntawm chromosomes ntawm txawv cov neeg. Qhov no tej khoom vaj tse yog dav siv nyob rau hauv tsob nroj yuav nteg qe. Cov neeg los ntawm cov thawj tiam los ntawm nws tus kheej-pollination feem ntau tsim xws tau, nyob rau hauv uas lub tawm los yog nce ntawm 60%! Qhov no yog hu ua heterosis, thiab yog lub feem ntau siv txoj kev ua tej khoom uas cog hauv paus chiv keeb, xws li:

• paj rwb;
• kua txob;
• taum mog;
• taum;
• citrus;
• nplej;
• barley thiab lwm tus neeg.

Lub inbreeding tej yam kev mob, nqa tawm los ntawm tus txiv neej yuav them rov qab proyavlyaemosti teeb meem noob hloov nyob rau hauv lawv cov heterozygous lub xeev rau yav tom ntej tiam. Qhov no yog ua los ntawm cov khoom cua xaiv. Yog hais tias cov nroj tsuag nyob rau hauv tej yam ntuj tso tej yam kev mob, xws li ib tug xaiv ntawm qhov xwm heev yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw, nws yog tej yam ntuj tso. Uas yog vim li cas nyob rau hauv cov xwm cov self-pollinating nroj tsuag zoo tsis yooj yim sua kom tau raws li deformities, distortions thiab loj caj kab mob.

Lub keeb kwm ntawm lub tswvyim ntawm kev loj hlob

Yog hais tias koj ntsaub mus rau hauv lub keeb kwm, lub notion ntawm sib deev, muaj ib tug heev qub, txij li thaum lub sij hawm ntawm lub pharaohs. Lub sib txawv civilizations ntaus nqi txawv qhov no tshwm sim. Piv txwv li, lub ancient Loos sib deev twb yog ib tug txaus ntshai txoj kev txhaum. Tab sis nyob rau hauv qhov chaw xws li tim lyiv teb chaws, cov teb chaws Europe, cov pre-Columbian America, thiab tag nrho cov adherents ntawm paganism, tus txheej txheem no yog ib tug heev qub tivthaiv ntawm lub neej. Cov kwv tij dawb do sib yuav cov muam, thiab nws tau txais tos li nws tso cai rau kom txuag "precious" cov ntshav ntawm lub dynasty nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm muaj koob muaj npe thiab muaj koob muaj npe tsev neeg. Txawm li cas los, phau Vajlugkub tau txwv tsis pub tej sib deev, sib deev twb yog ib tug txaus ntshai txoj kev txhaum, yog li ntawd qhov tag nrho Christian ntiaj teb no lawm nrog lub sij hawm xws dab.

Yog hais tias peb tham txog cov nroj tsuag, cov tsiaj txhu, ces hais tias yog inbreeding, heterosis dab neeg kawm xwb tom qab empirically. Nws yog tseeb hais tias thaum lub sij hawm kev txawj ntse ntawm cov pejxeem noob caj noob ces twb tsis muaj. Cov neeg tau coj xwb clarity, lub sim ntsuam xyuas. Txawm li cas los, nws yog txaus kom tau hais tias: tau txais cov kev kawm nta thiab kho lawv nyob rau hauv lub progeny yuav tsum hybridize ntawm lawv tus kheej zoo nrog rau cov uas twb muaj lawm noob ntaub ntawv tshaaj los ntawm externally.

Tib yam siv rau cov nroj tsuag. Nws yog lub npe hu hais tias nyob rau hauv XIV xyoo pua Ottoman zus tulips zoo heev kev cai xim tau los ntawm inbreeding. Ntawm cov tsiaj feem ntau raug rau inbreeding dev, txij thaum lawv yog cov tseem ceeb cwj pwm ntawm kev yos hav zoov, thiab nws, nyob rau hauv lem, - suab lub ntsiab kev lom zem.

Inbreeding nyob rau hauv cov dev, uas muab qhov muaj zog, hardiest thiab coached lub txiaj ntsim ntawm kev yos hav zoov dev. Nws yog qhov tseeb ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm cov tib neeg, tshwm sim taus ntawm change lawv pov tseg.

Lub degree thiab inbreeding

Theoretical txoj kev tshawb no ntawm lub notion tau raug muab los ntawm ntau zaum, tiam sis feem ntau tseem ceeb cov ua hauj lwm ntawm ib tug Englishman thiab ib tug Lavxias teb sab Kislovsky Wright. Ua ke, tab sis nws tus kheej ib leeg, lawv kuj muaj peev xwm mus tsim tau ib lub mis los mus laij lub coefficient ntawm inbreeding tiam. Nws yog raws li nram no:

_{F x = Σ F (1/2)} n + ni- ¹ * (1 + F _a) * 100, qhov chaw uas

• F _x - inbreeding coefficient, qhia raws li ib feem pua;
• F _{ib tug} - inbreeding los ntawm ib qho txwv zeej txwv koob;
• n, n _kuv - lineages.

Yog hais tias koj paub ob peb tiam ntawm lub hom, raws li zoo raws li muaj cov ntaub ntawv hais txog cov twb xam cov inbreeding coefficient rau lub pog koob yawg koob, nws yog ua tau rau xam tus nqi rau tej kab mob. Tsuas yog nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias cov suav yog ua tau tsuas yog los ntawm cov theoretical lub hom phiaj. Xyaum qhia tau hais tias txoj kev no yog inefficient, txij li thaum nws tsis mloog cov recessive alleles nqa teeb meem change. Thiab tej zaum lawv yuav tau ob leeg homo- thiab heterozygotes ntawm heev txheej txheem.

Yog li ntawd, kev soj ntsuam ntawm txoj kev xyaum yog txawv los ntawm cov neeg xam raws. Formula Wright-Kislovsky tsuas yog siv thaum uas sau ntawv dissertations, lub sij hawm cov ntaub ntawv, dissertations, qhov twg ib tug heev loj npaum li cas ntawm cov ntaub ntawv rau ntau tiam neeg yuav tsum tau systematization thiab zoo sib xws cov nyiaj them.

Yog hais tias peb tham txog cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm inbreeding, nws peb tau xaiv saum toj no. Tus aub yug me nyuam rau kev xyaum mus txhais nws Roman numerals, uas qhia tau, nyob rau hauv uas tiam muaj ib qho txwv zeej txwv koob nrog lub tseeb kos npe rau.

kev faib

Close (kaw) inbreeding - yog dab tsi? Qhov no yog ib tug ntawm cov txheej txheem variations, uas yuav tsum tau los sib tham li hauv qab no. Tsis tas li ntawd cais ntsis inbreeding thiab nyob deb. Yuav kom to taub lub ntsiab sib txawv thiab zoo sib xws ntawm ntau hom, saib txhua yam ntawm lawv.

ze inbreeding

Qhov no yog cov feem ntau nyuaj thiab txaus ntshai hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov txheej txheem. Nws yog hla lub ze tshaj txheeb ze ntshav breeds. Yog hais tias txhais ua tus tib neeg lub degree ntawm kinship, nws yog, piv txwv li, ib tug niam thiab tus tub, leej txiv thiab tus ntxhais, tus kwv tij thiab muam.

Nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug hla tshwm sim nyob ze pauv zoo xws li cov alleles. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, yam lub kos npe rau tshwm sai sai nyob rau hauv thawj tiam offspring. Txawm li cas los, qhov kev nyab xeeb yog qhov tseeb hais tias lub resulting ib tug neeg muaj peev xwm nqa thaum recessive mutant noob, thiab yuav muaj ntau dua, tus loj dua cov xov tooj ntawm offspring. Nyob rau hauv xws li mob, ceev ceev txuam nrog ntawm cov teeb meem cov tsos mob thiab deformities tshwm sim, muaj ib tug stillbirth, ntxiv lawm tshob kab mob.

mob loj tsawv views

Tej inbreeding tsiaj hla ntau nyob deb cov kwv tij. Txhais ua tib neeg-degree txheeb ze, piv txwv li, kwv tij txheeb ze, tus muam tus ntxhais thiab tus txiv ntxawm, thiab hais txog.

Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, koj yuav tau maj mam, ua ib tug ceev faj xaiv, mus cuag homozygosity rau yam kev xaiv. Qhov no tus txheej txheem yog ntev, tiam sis nws minimizes qhov teeb meem homozygous alleles. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, ib tug yuav tau zoo tiam, muaj zog, noj qab nyob zoo thiab tiv thaiv txhua litter.

Ntawm cov hoob kawm, tus recessive allele ntawm lub mutant noob yuav tseem yuav khees, tej zaum, tsis tau ib zaug, tab sis lub sij hawm kiag li tuag tawm, yuav mus rau qhov heterozygote.

nyob deb saib

Qhov no inbreeding tsiaj yuav hla tsis yog raws li zoo txog cov tib neeg. Yog li ntawd, yog hais tias tus project rau cov neeg, tej zaum nws yuav yuav, piv txwv li, ob kwv tij txheeb ze thiab cov muam.

Ib tug zoo xws li cov txheej txheem uas muab ib tug tshwm sim heev tsis muaj zog, feem ntau suab invisible. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, cov kev tshawb fawb hais tias thaum lub sij hawm muaj ntau tiam ntawm cov tib neeg uas sharply tsis zoo cwj pwm. Tsiaj txhu ntau heev, tsis muaj zog, mutant noob predominate thiab ua deformities.

Nws yog pom tseeb tias tau txais qhov zoo tshaj plaws cov me nyuam, tau hloov cov cim rau cov tiam tom ntej, thiab thiaj li mus txuas ntxiv los ua lub saw ntau - yog li cas rau aims ntawm inbreeding (lub hom phiaj rau cov uas nws yog siv).

piv txwv crossbreeding

Inbreeding nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj txhu siv rau ib ntev lub sij hawm. Thiab hais tias yog cov piv txwv ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov tsiaj yog tshwm li cas nws ua hauj lwm. Hais txog xws inbreeding, piv txwv muaj xws li cov nram qab no:

• thoroughbred nees pejxeem;
• huv kab ntawm purebred dev;
• hom breeds monotony txoj cai thiab thiaj li nyob.

Nyob rau hauv hauv paus ntsiab lus, nws yog tej zaum yuav siv ib tug crossover rau tag nrho cov hom ntawm cov tsiaj. Cia li rau feem ntau nws yog ib tug dawb huv xyaum ua tej yam. Tab sis inbreeding, piv txwv uas peb tau muab saum toj no - qhov no yog ib tug neeg ua hauj lwm kuj zoo kawg thiab cov tswv yim tseem ceeb.

Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog zoo tsim nyog belongs rau lub tej aub breeders uas paub lub ins thiab outs ntawm hla thiab tau txais ib tug tiag tiag zoo nkauj thiab noj qab nyob zoo offspring. Tab sis noob caj noob ces - qhov science yog heev capricious, yog li blunders tshwm sim. Recessive noob yuav qhia lawv tus kheej, thiab tus neeg yuav unsuitable rau cov muag khoom, rau cov npaj lub hom phiaj, tus tag nrho ntawm lub neej.

Inbreeding nyob rau hauv cynology

Raws li peb tau sau tseg, aub privy mus rau lub secrets ntawm lub phenomenon ntau tshaj lwm cov tub txawg. Inbreeding nyob rau hauv cov dev - ib tug tseem ceeb mob rau yug me nyuam ntawm purebred kab. Cov aub breeders muaj pov thawj hais tias tus loj tshaj cov nyhuv yog ib tug me me daim ntawv ntawm xws li ib tug hla kev.

Tej yam kev mob rau muaj kev vam meej inbreeding dev:

• tsim zoo genotype;
• competent thiab ib tug xam mus kom ze rau hauv tus txheej txheem;
• xaiv ntsis kev xaiv.

Qhov loj tshaj plaws rau tej breeder - kom tsis txhob pib ntawm inbreeding kev nyuaj siab. Qhov no yog ib lub xeev ntawm lub kab thaum cov neeg pib xa txhua lwm yam mutant noob uas ua rau deformities. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, tag nrho cov neeg uas tsis muaj zog, mob heev thiab feem ntau tua.

outbreeding

Inbreeding nyob rau hauv lub cog cov yug me nyuam yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev, vim hais tias muaj ntau yam cov qoob loo samoopylyaemy, li ntawd, nws ua hauj lwm zoo yog high school. Tab sis thaum nws los txog rau cov tsiaj, feem ntau siv tsis tau outbreeding - cov lus rov ntxim rau cov qauv. Hais tias yog hla feem ntau yog tsis sib thooj cov neeg them taus ib tug zoo thoroughbred kab. Nyob rau hauv no txoj kev bred nees, nyuj, npua, dev, thiab lwm yam tsiaj nyob hauv tsev. Outbreeding - ib tug yooj yooj yim thiab txhim khu kev qha txoj kev yug me nyuam rau, raws li los ntawm tiam mus rau tiam yog ruaj khov rau lub xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm productivity.