Lub degree ntawm oxidation ntawm arsenic: arsenic Tshuaj khoom

Ua ntej xav tias cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm oxidation ntawm arsenic, kom paub tias nws txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub Periodic lus thiab cov yam ntxwv nta. Tsis tas li ntawd, hu rau lub yooj yim lub cev thiab tshuaj thaj chaw ntawm cov tshuaj lub caij.

Qhov teeb meem no nyob rau hauv lub SS

Basic degree ntawm oxidation ntawm arsenic, tshuaj zog, daim ntaub ntawv - tag nrho cov no yuav tsum tau pom los ntawm kev saib qhov chaw ntawm lub caij nyob rau hauv lub periodic system. Arsenic yog nyob rau hauv lub thib tsib pab pawg neeg, tus thawj xib fwb pab pawg yog ib tug neeg sawv cev tsev neeg ntawm nitrogen. Nws muaj ib tug txheeb ze atomic loj ntawm 74,9216. Basic arsenic oxidation degree yog kev cob cog rua nrog cov pab pawg neeg nyob rau hauv uas nws muab cia rau hauv lub MS. Qhov no lub caij 33 muaj ib tug naj npawb. Cov nab npawb ntawm cov zog sib nug xov mus rau lub xov tooj ntawm lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv uas qhov khoom yog nyob, nws yog plaub.

Xav txog cov kev kho ntawm electrons nyob rau hauv txhua nuclear lub hnab ntawv. Nyob rau hauv thawj muaj zog yog cia li muaj ob khub electrons, ib tug thib ob lub plhaub hais nyob yim: 2s thiab 6p. Thaum peb theem, ntawm lawv, nws yog nyob kaum d-electrons, uas yog tsuas 18 hais. Sab nraud muaj zog yog ib tug 2s-electron, thiab peb p-unpaired electron. Qhov ntawd yog tus naj npawb ntawm valence electrons txiav txim tau degree ntawm oxidation ntawm arsenic.

cov nplooj ntawv ntawm keeb kwm

Nws arsenic yog hais txog mus rau tsib "alchemical" hais, paub txij thaum lub Nrab Hnub nyoog. Ib tug interesting taw tes yog qhov tseeb hais tias plaub ntawm lawv yog cov nyob rau hauv lub thib tsib pab pawg neeg ntawm cov SS. Nyob rau hauv cov hnub tsis muaj ib tug yuav txiav txim seb lub degree ntawm oxidation ntawm arsenic, tab sis kev twb kev txuas tau ntse siv rau qhov siv thiab ua cov tshuaj, tsim xim.

Tom qab cov kev hloov ntawm lub pob zeb Hnub Nyoog rau lub hnub nyoog bronze, cov neeg kawm tau mus ua no alloy nrog tshwj xeeb cov yam ntxwv. Nws hloov tawm hais tias nws muaj txog li 7 feem pua ntawm cov arsenic thiab 3 feem pua tin. Zaum ntseeg tau hais tias thaum thawj smelting ntawm bronze es tsis txhob ntawm malachite, muaj ntsuab xim, mistakenly coj ntsuab tooj liab-arsenic sulfide minerals.

Lub amazing kev kawm ntawv ntawm lub resulting hlau ua rau nws nrov ntawm lub ancient masters. Lawv yeej nrhiav nyob rau hauv cov xwm minerals uas muaj hais tias substance.

Degrees ntawm arsenic tebchaw nyob rau hauv lub oxidation ntawm qhov zoo hom, raws li nws siab dua valency. Yuav kom qhia tau tias sulfides muaj arsenic, mineral rhuab. Cov tsos ntawm tej qij tsw yog kabke ntawm lub xub ntiag nyob rau hauv lub arsenic compound. Maj mam, los ntawm lub smelting ntawm bronze Arsenous tsis kam. Ntawm cov yog vim li cas rau lub txiav ntawm zus tau tej cov dab tsi zaum hu mus tas li lom ntawm cov masters tom hauj lwm.

tej yam ntuj tso minerals

Nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov mineral tshuaj nyob rau hauv saib xyuas nws yog lub npe hu los ntawm ancient sij hawm. Piv txwv li, lub oxidation tooj ntawm 3 nyob rau hauv lub chaw tub rog ntawm arsenic teev lub npe hu nyob rau hauv Ancient Tuam Tshoj raws li "Stannaries hmoov av". Aristotle piav sandarac mineral sawv cev arsenic sulfide. Txhais los ntawm lub Latin lus nws lub npe suab zoo li "kub xim". Peb thov nws nyob rau hauv cov hnub raws li ib tug daj zas xim.

Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua eleventh alchemists qhia peb ntau yam ntawm tshuaj. Lub degree ntawm oxidation ntawm arsenic nyob rau hauv lub tebchaw sawv cev los ntawm cov tsiaj sib haum mus rau cov pab pawg neeg tooj. Hu rau nws dawb arsenic hexavalent oxide, sulfide hu ua daj thiab liab - As4S4 (pararealgar).

Dawb embodiment impurities twb tau los ntawm sublimation nyob rau hauv lub tua txheej txheem ntawm tooj liab ores, nyob rau hauv uas nyob tus yeees ntawm arsenic muaj. Raws li cov hws los ntawm cov gaseous xeev tshwm sim deposition ntawm arsenic oxide raws li ib tug dawb cov quav hniav. Nws muaj txij ancient sij hawm tau siv raws li ib tug txhais tau tias ntawm cov kab no.

Nyob rau hauv lub thib kaum peb xyoo pua, Albert lub Great twb tau metalloobraznoe substance. Nws rhuab nrog xab npum thiab daj arsenic. Cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw tau los ntawm tus sis tsis muaj leej twg paub "mysterious sib txuas lus" xya planets nrog hlau. Tej zaum qhov no yog vim lub contradictions qhia los ntawm lub ancient alchemists arsenic suav hais tias "tsaub" lub caij. Nws yog nyob rau hauv cov hnub nws tau ices lub peev xwm los pub tooj liab dawb, li ntawd, nws tau los ua lub npe hu raws li ib tug txhais tau tias ntawm "dawb Venus."

Raws li ib tug neeg tshuaj cov tshuaj lub caij tau raug pom tias yog nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub thib kaum xya xyoo pua. German tus kws muab tshuaj Johann Schroeder ua tau zoo nyob rau hauv cais nws, muaj cov tshuaj yuav txo tau cov pa roj carbon oxides. Tom qab ib co sij hawm, nws ua tau zoo nyob rau hauv cais Nikole Lemeri hlau cua kub potash soaps, arsenic oxide. Nyob rau hauv lub 18th pua, qhov no hlau twb paub ua ib tug txawv txawv "semi".

Nyob rau hauv lub lig 18th xyoo pua Swedish chemist K. V. Sheele twb tau arsenic acid, uas manifests lub siab tshaj plaws degree ntawm oxidation ntawm arsenic +5. Nyob rau hauv lub puas tawm xyoo dhau organic tshuaj uas muaj arsenic yog txhais.

Ua nyob rau hauv cov xwm

Ntau dua thiab txo degree ntawm oxidation ntawm arsenic tshwm sim nyob rau hauv nws cov natural tebchaw. Nyob rau hauv lub kiav txhab feem pua concentration ntawm ib tug muab lub caij tsis pub tshaj 5 grams tauj ib ton. Nyob rau hauv muaj ntau yam minerals, nws muaj ua ke nrog npib tsib xee, cobalt, tooj liab, hlau.

Tam sim no, muaj txog ob puas txawv tej yam ntuj tso minerals, uas muaj xws li cov tshuaj caij xam tau tias yog los ntawm peb. Muab hais tias lawv paub qhov siab tshaj plaws thiab qis tshaj degree ntawm oxidation ntawm arsenic, lawv muaj ntau daim ntawv thov. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv nrog antimony arsenic qhia tau hais tias ib tug tsis zoo oxidation lub xeev. Xav qhov tseeb hais tias qhov no hlau yog tsis muaj electronegativity, ib tug tsawg dua degree ntawm oxidation ntawm arsenic yog -3. Qhov no xam yog raug rau arsenides, raws li zoo raws li rau mineral allemontita.

Feem ntau cov tebchaw nrog co arsenic, muab lub tseem ntawm muaj pes tsawg leeg, yog ib tug intermetallic compound, yus muaj los ntawm ntau nyob tus yeees ntawm cov tshuaj lub caij.

Cov yam ntxwv arsenide

Rau arsenide tsiag ntawv los ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm ob peb co muaj xws li cov qauv uas siv lead ua lattices. Cov zaub mov yog yus muaj los ntawm ib tug metallic ci, yog opaque, muaj ib tug uas tsis muaj hardness.

Raws li cov piv txwv ntawm tej yam ntuj tso arsenide yuav xav txog cov nram tebchaw:

• loellingite zoo xws li cov pyrite;
• nickeline hu ua liab npib tsib xee pyrite;
• langisit;
• Oregon;
• sperrylite.

Ntawm cov hoob kawm, qhov no tsis yog ib qho exhaustive daim ntawv teev cov xws minerals - tam sim no emit txog nees nkaum-tsib ntawm cov tebchaw. Ntawm cov feem ntau nyob rau hauv cov xwm tej zaum yuav tau hais arsenopyrite hu ua arsenical pyrites. Nws yog ib yam khoom los ntawm cia leej faj atom nyob rau hauv pyrite arsenic. Tebchaw ntawm xws li ib tug lub tswv yim, uas yog tsis muaj nyob rau hauv lub siab tshaj plaws degree ntawm oxidation ntawm arsenic yog hu ua sulphosalts.

Lawv counterparts ntseeg cobalt ci gersdorffite, enargite thiab Proust. Cov yav tas yog ib qho tseem ceeb nyiaj ore, nyob rau hauv lub Upper txheej ntawm precious nyob. Tus qauv sulfosalts tej zaum yuav muaj noble co ntawm cov platinum pab pawg neeg. Cov lawv txaus siab irarsite thiab orsit. Lawv muaj pes tsawg leeg yog tsis tshua muaj co siv raws li yav tom ntej catalysts nyob rau hauv cov organic thiab inorganic syntheses.

Qhov siab tshaj plaws degree ntawm oxidation ntawm arsenic yog qhia nyob rau hauv nws cov natural sulphides. Piv txwv li, lub txiv kab ntxwv-daj dimorph sawv cev ib tug arsenic sulfide (5). Nyob rau hauv lub thirties ntawm lub xeem caug xyoo, tej yam ntuj tso tso ntawm orpiment, xws li nyob rau hauv nws cov tswv cuab sulfide, trivalent arsenic, nyob rau hauv sab qab teb ntawm lub Verkhoyansk Ntau tau pom. Qhov luaj li cas ntawm cov kuaj muaju yog kwv yees li 60 centimeters nyob rau hauv ntev, thiab tus luj kwv yees li ntawm 30 kg.

Cov yam ntxwv arsenates

Tau degree ntawm oxidation ntawm arsenic ntsev yuav suav hais tias piv txwv li. Yog li, arsenic acid tebchaw xa arsenate sau cov nyiaj pab ntau tshaj tus nqi rau cov hlau: 5. Raws li cov piv txwv ntawm xws tebchaw tam sim no erythrite muaj ib tug kaj liab xim. Cov ntsev xa cobalt xim, nws muaj cov mis Co3 (AsO4) 2 * 8H ₂ O. Nws yog tseem tau mus rau nco ntsoov Gasparo xim av-liab Hawj txawm li (Ce, La, Nd) aro _4.

Nyob rau hauv lub center ntawm Sweden pom langbanovskie ferromanganese hauj lwm, qhov chaw uas nws tau pom thiab yus txog tsib caug txawv arsenates. Cov tebchaw yog tsim los ntawm reacting arsenous acid nrog manganese hydroxide, (2) thaum uas tsis muaj kub.

Yuav ua li cas tshwm sim rau arsenate degree ntawm oxidation ntawm arsenic? Cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov ntsev qhia hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm leej faj nyob rau hauv lawv. Dua li ntawm qhov uas tsis muaj muaj kev siv, lawv zoo nkauj tsos ua rau lawv tsim tsim mineralogical collections.

Ib tug nthuav zaj dab neeg muaj kupfernikel uas dhos phim rau mineral Nichelino. Medieval German yooj Nickel hu ua lub roob ntawm tus ntsuj plig phem, thiab "fake tooj liab" hu ua "kupfernikelem". Masters twb qhia resemblance tooj liab-liab muaju ntawm cov mineral tooj liab ores. Siv lawv nyob rau hauv lub khob muab ib yam khoom yog tau ntsuab. Tsuas yog nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-xyoo pua mineralogist Axel Fredrik Cronstedt ua tau zoo nyob rau hauv cais los ntawm cov mineral npib tsib xee.

Khoom nyob rau hauv cov xwm

Arsenic yog ib co inert, ces nws yuav tsum nyob rau hauv cov haiv neeg lub xeev. Tej hlau ib feem muaj los ntawm ob tug rau kaum feem pua ntawm cov impurities, mas lawv yog nyiaj, hlau, cobalt, npib tsib xee. Nyob rau hauv peb lub teb chaws nws twb tshwm sim los ntawm geologists haiv neeg arsenic nyob rau hauv lub Amur cheeb tsam, Transbaikalia.

Nws muaj peev xwm yuav nrhiav tau nyob rau hauv cov pob zeb thiab minerals, thiab nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag, li ntawd, nws yog rightly feem ntau xa mus rau raws li ib tug ubiquitous caij.

Yuav ua li cas yog lub siab tshaj plaws thiab qhov tsawg kawg nkaus degree ntawm oxidation ntawm arsenic? Qhov siab tshaj plaws nqi raws nkaus Ii mus rau lub pab pawg neeg tus xov tooj, nyob rau lub active caij nyob, thiab yog +5. Nws yog cov yam ntxwv rau lub tebchaw nyob rau hauv uas nws yuav teev txo zog. Nyeem ntxiv tebchaw ntawm no cim hlau yuav xav txog rau yav tom ntej.

Lub ntiaj teb arsenic faib heev unevenly. Yog vim li cas yog lub tsim ntawm lub lithosphere thiab nyob rau hauv lub sorption thiab desorption dab tshwm sim nyob rau hauv sediments thiab xau.

Vim lub zoo heev solubility ntawm cov hlau nyob rau hauv dej nws nkag migrates. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv noo huab cua nws tshwm sim leaching los ntawm cov av, ua raws li los ntawm lub zog ua ke nrog nqhuab, dej ntws.

physiological nyhuv

Cov ntau yam pauv loj npaum li cas ntawm arsenic muaj nyob rau hauv cov mineral dej. Muaj ntau yam kev cai nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov hlau. Thaum tau siab tshaj lub permissible qhov tseem ceeb yog ib tug loj kev hem thawj ntawm kev tsim txom rau tib neeg lub cev. Thaum lub sij hawm tshuaj kev tshawb fawb, nws twb pom hais tias nyob rau hauv tej yam ntuj tso dej arsenic tej zaum yuav tam sim no nyob rau hauv ntau yam ntaub ntawv. Yuav ua li cas yuav tsum tau cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm oxidation ntawm arsenic? Cov khoom ntawm lub tebchaw nyob rau hauv cov dej kom paub meej tias muaj cov hlau nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov arsenous acid tshuaj.

Arsenic nyob rau hauv nyob rau daim ntawv foos txog 6 mg ib 1 kg. Part ntawm lub algae yuav noog ib yam khoom uas raug xa mus rau xws li ib qhov kawg hais tias nws yuav ua tau txaus ntshai rau tib neeg lub cev. Ib txhia ntawm cov hom nyob rau hauv teb chaws Es Xias, yog tau proliferate nyob rau hauv ib tug dawb huv acid tshuaj. Lawv yog siv raws li ib tug txhais tau tias ntawm tswj nas. Nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub hlwb cov ntaub so ntswg, thiab ib tug txaus tus nqi ntawm cov hlau nyob rau hauv nws cov leeg. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nws yog tam sim no nyob rau hauv tus ntsia thawv daim hlau yog sau nyob rau hauv cov plaub hau.

lub cev specifications

Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias arsenic tsa ib tug hlau, nws kuj muaj ib tug uas tsis yog-nws yog xim hlau tej yam tshwm sim. Piv txwv li, nws tsis yog muaj peev xwm ntawm txoj kev ntsev nrog rau cov sulfuric acid kuj acidifying caij. Arsenic yuav muaj nyob rau hauv ntau yam allotropic hloov Recalling phosphorus. Qhov tseem ruaj khov yog grey arsenic, uas sublimes thaum rhuab piv iodine.

Los ntawm no kev hloov kho ntawm hluav taws xob conductivity ua tsis tau zoo rau tooj liab tab sis ntau tshaj mercury. Thaum cua txias arsenic vapors yuav tau txais mos pob tshab daj xim substance zoo xws li cov daj phosphorus. Thaum lub sij hawm cov cua kub, nws yog hloov dua siab tshiab rau hauv ib tug txawv allotropic kev hloov kho ntawm cov tshuaj lub caij.

Thaum arsenic vapor deposition ntawm lub khob yuav soj ntsuam cov tsos ntawm cov iav zaj duab xis.

arsenic tebchaw

Lub degree ntawm oxidation ntawm arsenic nyob rau hauv lub saum toj oxide yog 5, uas yog muaj raws li nws cov siab valence. Tab sis sublimation ntawm hlau vapor nyob rau hauv noo cua tsim dub zaj duab xis arsenic nws anhydride As2O _3. Nws yog nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug daim ntawv tshwm sim yeej thiab oxide ntawm lub caij. Qhov no oxide exhibits amphoteric tshuaj zog.

Nyob rau hauv lub oxidation txheej txheem nws yog hloov dua siab tshiab rau ib tug ntau dua oxide, uas qhia tau hais tias qhov tseem ceeb ntawm arsenic oxidation xeev +5.

Cov ntshiab hlau yog oxidized nrog nta nitric acid rau ortomyshyakovistoy acid H ₃ ua _3, nyob rau nws muaj ib tug valence ntawm 3. Nyob rau hauv lawv cov tshuaj nta nws yog suav tias yog ib tug nruab nrab muaj zog acid analogously boric acid. Ntsev xav txog arsenite seeb kaj restorative zog.

Cov hlau chloride muaj oxidation xeev +3, kuj ua ib tug raug hlau caij. Saltlike arsenides, tsim los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv uas muaj active co yauv aqueous hydrolysis. Piv txwv li, arsine (tshauv ₃₎ yog ib tug tshuaj lom tsis muaj kob roj, devoid ntawm tsis hnov tsw.

organometallic tebchaw

Arsenic muaj peev xwm sawv ntawm txoj kev ntau yam organometallic tebchaw. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv lub lig 18th xyoo pua distillative oxide ntawm arsenic (3) poov tshuaj acetate, twb tau fuming kua muaj ib tug unpleasant tsw. Cov uas ua ad raug tis npe hu ua alarsinom. Tom ntej kev tshawb fawb qhia tau hais tias nyob rau hauv nws ib feem ntawm cov arsenic yog tam sim no.

Nyob rau hauv lub lig thib kaum cuaj xyoo pua, uas muaj ntxhiab arsines yog tsim. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tau nqa tawm nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm ib tug sib tov ntawm arsenic trichloride thiab ib tug aryl halide nrog nws yog xim hlau sodium. Ib txhia ntawm cov khoom no muaj lub siab antimicrobial zog. Rau hnub tim, lub synthesis ntawm kaum tawm txhiab tus arsenic organic tshuaj.

Kev siv ntawm arsenic

Ntau tshaj ib nrab ntawm cov ua hlau yog siv nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov ntau yam tebchaw. Nyob rau hauv nws cov ntshiab daim ntawv no, nws yog yuav luag yeej tsis siv. Nyob rau hauv me me qhov ntau nws yog nkag tau rau hauv cov kabmob alloys. Tej additives muaj ib tug zoo feem nyob rau hardness ntawm cov khoom tiav, li ntawd, lawv yuav tsum tau nyob rau hauv lub chaw ua khoom ntawm hluav taws xob cables thiab roj teeb.

Qhov tsawg kawg nkaus koob tshuaj arsenic pab los txhim kho xeb kuj, txhim kho lub thermal indicators, As, tooj dag thiab tooj liab. Yog hais tias qhov no caij tsis muaj ntxiv impurities, nyob rau hauv uas cov ntaub ntawv nws yog thov nyob rau hauv qhov siv thiab ua semiconductor pab kiag li lawm. Yuav kom tsim lawv, arsenic yog alloyed nrog germanium los yog pob zeb ntais.

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nws yog ib qho zoo heev dopant los tsim hlau. Raws li nqi lub tswv yim arsenic xav tau kev pab thiab uas tsis yog-ferrous metallurgy. Txawm muaj nws tsis muaj cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv lub hlau yuav heev kom lub dag lub zog ntawm lub manufactured khoom. Arsenic tsub kom lub fluidity thaum lub sij hawm lub casting ntawm tooj liab, ua rau nws yooj yim mus nrhiav tau ib tug hlau.

Muaj kuj yog ib tug tej yam tsis zoo feem ntawm qhov kev hloov no hlau ntau lawm. Nws muaj nyob rau hauv lub ore txheej txheem puv mus rau hauv ib tug tej kev lag luam.

Cov ntau yam arsenic sib txuas ntawm kev txaus siab yog nws trivalent oxide. Nws yog tam sim no siv nyob rau hauv daim iav kev lag luam. Ntsev nrog hais thov 5 raws li antiseptics. Qhov no txoj kev hloov lub caij yog ib qho ntawm feem nrov nyob rau hauv lub niaj hnub tshuaj lag luam vim hais tias teev dual zog nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ndlwg ntawm qhov nruab nrab.