Literary sib. Literary tiam sis thiab currents

Literary sib - qhov no yog dab tsi yog feem ntau nrhiav tau nrog lub tsev kawm ntawv los yog cov zajlus pab pawg neeg. Yog ib pab pawg neeg uas muaj tswv yim neeg, lawv yog yus muaj los ntawm software thiab aesthetic kev sib sau, raws li tau zoo raws li ideological thiab artistic affinity. Nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, nws yog ib tug meej zoo (xws li tej pab pawg) kev sau ntawv zog. Nrog reference, piv txwv li, lub Lavxias teb sab Romanticism, nws yog hais txog mus rau lub "puas siab puas ntsws", "Philosophy" thiab "civil" currents. Lavxias teb sab txawj zog kws tshawb fawb tau tias, "sociological" thiab "puas siab puas ntsws" kev taw qhia.

classicism

Qhov no kev taw qhia thiab artistic style nyob rau hauv kos duab thiab cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe thaum ntxov 19th caug xyoo. Lub npe los ntawm Latin lo lus «classicus» - zoo meej.

Literary tiam sis ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19 muaj lawv tus kheej cov yam ntxwv:

1. Thov kom cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov dluab ntawm ancient kos duab thiab cov ntaub ntawv raws li ib tug zoo nkauj qauv, nyob rau hauv no lub hauv paus, muab tso rau pem hauv ntej lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm "imitation ntawm qhov", implying raws li cai uas kos los ntawm ancient kom zoo nkauj.

2. loog hauv paus ntawm rationality hauv paus ntsiab lus (los ntawm Latin «piv» txhais tau tias txoj kev ntse) asserting views on artistic hauj lwm raws li ib tug dag creation - lub tsim txhob txwm, rationally koom txawj ua lub tsev.

3. classicism nyob hauv cov dluab tsis muaj ib tug neeg co uas muaj ntsis, raws li lawv yog tsim feem ntau mus ntes generic, ruaj khov, nws thiaj li kav ntev uas tej hauj lwm raws li lub embodiment ntawm ntau sab ntsuj plig thiab kev rog.

4. Cov kev thiab kev kawm muaj nuj nqi ntawm cov kos duab. Coj harmonic cwm pwm.

sentimentalism

Sentimentalism (nyob rau hauv translation los ntawm lus Askiv txhais tau tias sentimental "rhiab") - rau cov ntaub ntawv thiab kos duab rau ntawm lub 18th xyoo pua nyob rau hauv teb chaws Europe. Enlightenment rationalism npaj siv cov teebmeem nyob rau hauv Enlightenment yog cov theem kawg. Yeej tsom preceded Romanticism, kuv yuav muab nws ib txhia ntawm lawv cov nta.

Literary zog, lub paj huam ntawm lub sij hawm no nws muaj nws tus yam ntxwv:

1. sentimentalism tseem ncaj ncees rau lub hom phiaj ntawm normative cwm pwm.

2. Thaum muab piv nrog classicism thiab nws txoj kev kawm pathos core "tib neeg qhov" yog tshaj tawm hais tias nyob rau hauv lub siab thiab kev xav.

3. Tus mob ntawm lub tsim ntawm lub zoo meej txiv neej yog tsis xam tias yog ib tug "competent thoob ntiaj teb reorganization", thiab cov kev txhim kho thiab kev tso tawm ntawm "tej yam ntuj tso txoj kev xav".

4. Literary heroes sentimentalism ntau dua kev: keeb kwm (los yog kev ntseeg) lawv yog kev ywj pheej, nplua nuj ntawm sab ntsuj plig lub ntiaj teb no ntawm cov neeg yog ib yam ntawm cov conquests ntawm sentimentalism.

5. sentimentalism tsis paub txog qhov "irrational": contradictory mus ob peb vas, lam chim kev npau taws yog ntaus nqi raws li muaj nyob rau rationalistic txhais.

Romanticism

Qhov no yog lub feem ntau mas txawj sib nyob rau hauv cov ntawv nyeem ntawm cov teb chaws Europe thiab America tuaj lig 18th - thaum ntxov 19th caug xyoo. Nyob rau hauv no era ntawm romantic thought txhua yam txawv, txawv, coj txawv txawv, uas yog pom xwb nyob rau hauv cov phau ntawv.

Romantic ntaub ntawv ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19 nyob rau hauv Russia twb yus muaj los ntawm:

1. Antiprosvetitelskoy kev taw qhia uas proyavivlyalas tseem nyob rau hauv pre-Romanticism thiab sentimentalism, thiab nyob rau hauv Romanticism peaked. Social thiab ideological preconditions yuav hu ua ib tug chim siab nyob rau hauv cov kev tshwm sim ntawm lub kiv puag ncig thiab lub txiv hmab txiv ntoo ntawm cov haiv neeg nyob rau hauv Feem ntau, tawm tsam tiv thaiv cov niaj hnub, banality thiab prosaic bourgeois lub neej. Cov kev muaj tiag ntawm keeb kwm yog tsis raug mus rau "yog vim li cas", lub irrationality, lub fullness of mysteries thiab npaj txhij txog, thiab tus raug ntiaj teb no thiaj siab phem rau tus neeg txiv neej thiab nws tej yam ntuj tso kev ywj pheej.

2. Lub zuag qhia tag nrho phem heev kev taw qhia yog lub tswv yim ntawm "Weltschmerz", "cosmic kho siab heev" (raws li ib qho piv txwv, J. zajlus heroes. Byron A. Vigny, etc.). Kawm 'phem ntiaj teb uas yog lus dag nyob rau hauv kev phem "yog tshwj xeeb yog vividly reflected nyob rau hauv lub" ua yeeb yam ntawm txoj hmoo "los yog" kev txom nyem ntawm txoj hmoo "(ETA Hoffmann, Poe).

3. Txoj kev ntseeg nyob rau hauv lub hwjchim loj dua dab ntawm tus txiv neej, nyob rau hauv nws hu rau ib tug daim ntawv rov ntxiv. Litkratory qhib lub tsis paub hais tias complexity, qhov tob ntawm cwm pwm. Cov neeg rau lawv - ib tug microcosm, ib tug me ntsis ntug. Li no mus absolutisation cwm pwm pib, lub philosophy ntawm individualism. Center ntawm romantic tej hauj lwm yeej ib txwm tau ib tug muaj zog, exceptional neeg, raws li txwv mus rau pej xeem, nws ncaj ncees thiab raug cai kev cai thiab kev cai lij choj.

naturalism

Latin xwm - cov zajlus tiam sis ntawm lub nyiaj hnub nyoog, uas nws thiaj li tsim mus rau hauv lub US thiab cov teb chaws Europe.

nta:

1. Cov muaj siab rau lub hom phiaj, yog thiab expressionless duab ntawm ib tug tib neeg tus cwj pwm thiab kev muaj tiag hais tias vim tus physiological ib puag ncig thiab cov xwm, yuav tsum to taub nyob rau hauv feem ntau tus neeg mob, raws li ib tug tib neeg nyiaj txiag thiab domestic ib puag ncig. Qhov no tsis tiv thaiv kom txhob lub social thiab keeb kwm yam. Lub ntsiab hauj lwm ntawm naturalists - txoj kev tshawb no ntawm haiv neeg uas tib fullness uas naturalists kawm qhov, yog paub txog kev yuav zoo li.

2. Tag nrho cov hauj lwm ntawm cov kos duab raug xam tias yog li "tib neeg cov ntaub ntawv", lub ntsiab aesthetic kev xam tau tias yog tag nrho thiab cov kawm tiav los ntawm nws ntawm kev txawj ntse ua.

3. Literary uas moralizing, piv txwv tias yog tias cov dluab tiag tiag heev kev paub qhia lo nyob rau hauv nws tus kheej. Lawv xav hais tias cov ntaub ntawv raws li tau zoo raws li lub sciences, muaj tsis muaj txoj cai rau cov kev xaiv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas, yog tias rau cov tsis muaj unworthy ntawm lub sau ntawv los yog unsuitable kawm. Vim hais tias ntawm no pej xeem indifference thiab plotless feem ntau nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm lub sij hawm.

realism

Realism yog hu ua kos duab thiab cov ntaub ntawv thaum lub sij hawm thaum ntxov 20th caug xyoo. Nws yuav siv sij hawm nws cov hauv paus nyob rau hauv lub Renaissance ( "Renaissance realism"), raws li zoo raws li lub Enlightenment ( "Enlightenment realism"). Realism cim thawj lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv lub medieval thiab ancient dab neeg, ancient legends.

Cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm cov khiav:

1. Artists depict lwm lub ntiaj teb no nyob rau hauv ib yam raws li qhov essence ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm lub ntiaj teb no.

2. Lub realism ntaub ntawv qhia ib tug txhais tau tias ntawm kev txawj ntse ntawm tus neeg thiab lub lwm tus lub neej.

3. Kev kawm yog ib hnub nrog rau cov kev pab los ntawm cov dluab, uas tau raug tsim vim typing qhov tseeb ntawm kev muaj tiag ( "nyob rau hauv cov raug cua raug cim").

4. Xav zoo zoo art ua hauj lwm pab lub neej-lees kos duab, txawm nyob rau hauv tragic kev daws teeb meem. Qhov no yog qhov philosophical foundation - Gnosticism, credibility nyob rau hauv lub knowability thiab adequacy ntawm rog xav txog ntawm ib ncig lub ntiaj teb no, uas yog txawv los ntawm Romanticism.

Nyiaj hnub nyoog

Literary tiam sis ntawm lub nyiaj hnub nyoog muaj tej nta:

• assumption ntawm lub hav zoov ntawm ob worlds (tiag tiag thiab extramundane);
• kev qhia kom paub cov cim nyob rau hauv kev muaj tiag;
• ib tug tshwj xeeb saib lub ntuj qhov raws li ib tug neeg tuaj daws kho nyob rau hauv cov duab ntawm lub ntiaj teb no thiab nws cov kev nkag siab;
• razrabatyvanie zvukopisi ib daim txais paj huam;
• kev nkag siab ntawm lub ntiaj teb no nyob rau ib feem ntawm mystification;
• muaj ntau haiv neeg ntawm cov ntsiab lus (hint, allegory);
• Hunt kev cai dab qhuas daim ntawv ( "kev cai dab qhuas lawm free");
• ottritsaetsya realism.

Literature ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19 nyob rau hauv Russia

Lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm artistic taw nyob rau hauv Russia yog txuam nrog kev thiab ideological cua ntawm lub neej ntawm cov Lavxias teb sab neeg - lub teb chaws sawv tom qab tus thawj lub ntiaj teb no ua tsov ua rog. Nws yog tus pib ntawm tsis tsuas yog ua, tab sis kuj cov tshwj xeeb xwm ntawm cov lus qhia ntawm lub Decembrist paj huam (piv txwv li, tus thoob tswv yim V. K. Kyuhelbeker, KF Ryleev AI Odoyevski), uas nws ua hauj lwm yog animate tswv yim txog ntawm pej xeem cov kev pab, permeated nrog tus ntsuj plig ntawm tawm tsam thiab volnolyubiya .

Ib tug yam ntxwv feature ntawm Romanticism nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab

Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj nam yog lub Speeding txog ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv Russia nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 19th caug xyoo, uas yog tshwm sim los ntawm "tej chaw tej" thiab combining sib txawv theem relive theem nyob rau hauv lwm lub teb chaws. Lavxias teb sab Romanticism absorbed predromanticheskie tiam sis nrog rau tiam sis ntawm lub Enlightenment thiab Classicism: xav phem cais tsis hais txog lub luag hauj lwm ntawm txoj kev ntse nyob rau hauv lub qab ntuj khwb, lub cult ntawm qhov, rhiab heev, elegiac melanholizm nrog lub classic ordering ntawm lwm yam thiab yeej, me me didacticism, raws li zoo raws li lub sib ntaus tawm tsam tshaj ua piv txwv qhia rau cov "harmonic raug" .

Akhmatova rau

Literary Akhmatova rau externally embellishing lus, nqa ob mus rau ib tug txawj suab yooj yim heev xav (txij li thaum Acmeism nws tus kheej nyhav kom tshem tau ntawm lub congestion uas prevailed nyob rau hauv cov ntawv nyeem ntawm cov xyoo).

Lyrical heroine Akhmatova ntau mundane nrhiav lwm tus lub neej tiag tiag. Lawv xav hais tias nyob rau hauv sib txawv pawg. Lawv - ib tug poj niam chim nyob rau hauv kev hlub, uas xav tias lawv tau qhib ib tug paub tsis meej ntawm txoj kev hlub raws li xws li tsis muaj nyob. Tab sis ntau tsis ntev los, lub heroine nyob nrog liab tsom iav nyob rau hauv ob lub qhov muag, tag nrho cov nyob rau hauv blissful ignorance. Lawv kuj tos tau teem tseg, ntshai tsam sib cais los ntawm tus hlub, nws tau hu zaj nkauj "hlub nkauj". Tab sis nws yog tshaj nyob rau hauv ib tug lub sij hawm ntawd. Tus kheej kev pom tsis haum lawv. Nyob rau hauv verses npleem kab "puas tau txij li thaum txhua yam nkawd muaj mob." Txawm sophisticated encrypted lus yog heev ntshiab. Txhua tus poj niam uas tau raug tej kev tsis muaj kev hlub, yuav xav tias qhov no txoj kev.

Mayakovsky

Paj Huam Lavxias teb sab, raws li zoo raws li ib tug txawj sib Mayakovsky ob xyoo lawm (kom txog rau thaum 1920) tau yus muaj los ntawm ib tug richness thiab ntau haiv neeg: xyoo no yog cov thaum pib ntawm lub hauv paus chiv keeb thiab tsim ntawm lub feem ntau niaj hnub txawj pab pawg thiab tiam sis, nrog rau lawv cov keeb kwm ntawm txoj kev loj hlob txuas flowering ntawm creativity naas ej ntxias lus. Cia li nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm rau lub lem ntawm cov txheej xwm unfolded hauj lwm txawj sau ntawv Vladimir Mayakovsky.

Yesenin

Yesenin paub txog cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm nyuaj rau nws. Lub imperialist tsov ua rog, nyob rau hauv uas Russia twb muab kev koom tes, cov phua ntau sharply. Lub phua hauv lub ibyam ntawm cov kos duab twb npaj Lavxias teb sab intelligentsia tshaj yav dhau los ob centuries, nrog rau cov deepening ntawm lub kiv puag ncig nyob rau hauv 1907. Literary rau Esenina decadentist nruab nrab yog ib tug thawj coj, mus ua txhaum nrog cov tus tsoos ntaub ntawv uas lub sij hawm hnyav pej xeem, nws tej hauj lwm tau ua ke nyob rau hauv pryzvami "tsov rog rau lub ntsim kawg." Tsis tas li ntawd, nrog kev pab los ntawm tsov rog nyob rau hauv Russia yog cov Right SRS thiab Mensheviks, uas muaj ib tug yawm tus ntawm cov Lavxias teb sab intelligentsia voj voog. Nws txaus siab rau kev tsov kev rog thiab ib tug zoo kws sau paj lug. Meanwhile, cov zajlus tiam sis ntawm lub nyiaj hnub nyoog nrog nws cov me nyuam yaus tau tuaj mus rau tsis muaj nuj nqis. Intellectuals thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog Lavxias teb sab kev cai ywj pheej yuav tsis harden lub txoj hauj lwm ntawm cov ntaub ntawv thiab kos duab, zoom nyob rau hauv los yog tsiv mus nyob rau cov kev hloov.

Lavxias teb sab Acmeism

Literary sib Acmeism tau tsa paj nyob rau hauv kev cai koom haum ua teb, nws tau nkag mus rau hauv ib yob nrog rau yav tas los txawj epochs. "Lub tu siab ntawm ubyvshey ntiaj teb no kab lis kev cai" - yog li O.E.Mandelshtam tom qab uas pom tias Acmeism. Moods thiab motives "ntawm txawv novels" thiab cov kev lig kev cai ntawm Lermontov lub "hlau nqe" nyob rau hauv Gumilev; duab ntawm cov laus Lavxias teb sab Literature Dante thiab puas siab puas ntsws novels nyob rau hauv lub Anna Akhmatova; Zenkevich lub tswv yim ntawm tej yam ntuj tso philosophy; ancient ntiaj teb no Mandelstam; lub mystical ntiaj teb no ntawm NV Gogol nyob rau hauv Narbut GSSkovoroda - thiab qhov no yog tsis tag nrho daim ntawv teev cov kev cai khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg uas cuam tshuam acmeists. Txhua yam ntawm Acmeists li muaj tswv yim qhia tias yog leejtwg. Thaum N.S.Gumilev nyob rau hauv nws cov paj huam qhia "muaj zog cwm pwm" thiab ua hauj lwm M.A.Kuzmina dormant yam ntxwv acmeism aestheticism, lub tswv yim Anna Akhmatova thiab Yesenina tsim ib tug progressively escalated twb nqaim txwv acmeism, nyob rau hauv uas prevailed ib tug muaj tiag pib thiab patriotic motives. Qhib Acmeists nyob rau hauv lub kos duab daim ntawv yog tseem siv los ntawm ib co niaj hnub paj huam.

Literary tiam sis ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th

Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, nws yog ib lub orientation rau lub classic, archaic thiab txhua hnub mythology; qauv ntawm cyclic lub sij hawm; mythological bricolage - tej hauj lwm ua lub tsev raws li reminiscence collages thiab citations ntawm cov paub ntau.

Literary Thaum lub sij hawm uas lub sij hawm, muaj 10 yam:

1. Neomifologizm.

2. Autistizm.

3. Lub illusion / kev muaj tiag.

4. Yuav style tshaj storyline.

5. Cov ntawv nyeem nyob rau hauv cov ntawv nyeem.

6. puas tsuaj ntawm lub cuab ntxhiab.

7. Pragmatics, tsis semantics.

8. Cov syntax es cov ntsiab lus.

9. Soj Ntsuam.

10. Kev ua txhaum tej ntsiab cai ntawm cov ntawv coherence.