Lerner Index. Ua thiab txim ntawm monopolization ntawm lub lag luam

Dua li ntawm qhov economic thiab PatientsÕ ntsuas coj los ntawm cov tub ceev xwm ntawm txawv teb chaws mus nrog cov monopoly, qhov no tshwm sim yog heev. Lub monopoly hwj chim ntawm ib tug neeg tuam txhab uas muag poses ib tug loj kev hem thawj rau economic kev loj hlob.

Monopoly thiab nws qhov chaw

Nyob rau hauv monopoly to taub kev ua lag luam dominance ntawm ib chaw tsim tshuaj paus (implementer), los yog lub neej coj pab pawg neeg ntawm kev kawm (cartels).

Lub ntsiab qhov chaw ntawm monopoly:

1. Elastic thov. Qhov no zoo tshaj, nyob rau hauv lem, yog txiav txim los ntawm qhov kuaj nyob rau hauv cov kev ua lag luam zoo xws li cov, cov kev ceev ntawm cov neeg teb rau nqe kev hloov, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom rau buyers, kev ua lag luam saturation, ib tug ntau yam ntawm tej qhov peev xwm ntawm cov khoom thiab cov tsim nyog theem ntawm cov nyiaj khwv tau buyers.
2. kev ua lag luam concentration. Qhov twg 2-3 tuam txhab uas muag npog 80-90% ntawm cov neeg, monopoly tshwm sai dua nyob rau hauv kev sib tw lag luam.
3. Kev koom tes nruab nrab ntawm ob tuam txhab uas muag. Ua cohesively, sellers los yog producers muaj ntau lub hwj chim.

Lub txim ntawm monopoly

Niaj hnub nrog monopoly lub hwj chim, txhob txwm tshaj tawm txwv tus nqi ntawm cov zis ntawm cov khoom thiab teev siab nqi. Nws twb tsis muaj kev kub siab los txo nqi ntau lawm. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lub tuam txhab incurs ntxiv cov nqi nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav tswj thiab ntxiv dag zog nws txoj hauj lwm.

Monopoly nyob rau hauv kev ua lag luam yuav ua rau zoo li no los:

• kev pab yog siv inefficiently;
• Society tsis tau txais cov kev cov khoom;
• Yog tsis muaj incentives rau txoj kev loj hlob thiab cov kev taw qhia tshiab technologies;
• nce nqi ntau.

Raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm cov ntau lawm tsis tau nyiaj pab ntau tshaj tau efficiency.

monopoly nqi

Ib tug tshwm sim yog tus tib tug manifestation ntawm monopoly kev cai ntawm monopoly pricing.

Nyob rau hauv monopoly to taub tus nqi yog ho divergent los ntawm lawv tej theem, uas yuav siv qhov chaw nyob rau hauv ib tug sib tw ib puag ncig. Nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob, tus nqi yog tsim raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm ib tug piv ntawm cov neeg thov thiab ua lag luam mov. Nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob ntawm monopoly nqi yog teem hom kev kawm ib theem uas yuav xyuas kom meej nws dhau heev lawm profits thiab npog lub dhau heev lawm cov nqi.

Monopoly nqi tej zaum yuav overestimated los underestimated. Inflated nqi yog ib lub txim ntawm lub dominance ntawm ib tug loj retailer. Yog hais tias, txawm li cas los, lub lag luam yog yeej los ntawm ib tug loj buyer nrog ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm sellers, nws yuav yuav understate tus nqi ntau li ntau tau.

Lerner index li ib tug qhia ntawm monopolization

Cov theem ntawm monopoly lub hwj chim thiab kev ua lag luam concentration yog ntsuas los ntawm txoj cai ntawm tus ntiv tes xoo, Performance index thiab lub Performance index ntawm Lerner Garfindelya-Hirschman.

Lerner tau twb npaj siab nyob rau hauv 1934. Nws yog ib tug ntawm cov earliest txoj kev txiav txim rau theem ntawm kev monopolization thiab xam xyuas cov losses tsim tawm los ntawm lub tuam txhab vim lub monopoly. Yog yooj yim thiab intuitive, qhov no daim duab kom meej meej characterizes lub txim ntawm monopolization. Niaj hnub no nws yog siv los ntawm economists tag nrho cov thoob lub ntiaj teb no nyob rau hauv nrug muaj feem luj lub zoo ntawm haiv neeg.

Yog hais tias cov khoom yog ua thiab muag nyob rau hauv lub monopolization, nws cov nqi yuav yeej ib txwm muaj ntau tshaj li cov marginal nqi. Lerner Index yog lub txiaj ntsim ntawm faib tus nqi ntawm net marginal nqi pricing. Qhov ntau tus nqi raws ntawm tus nqi, ntau dua tus nqi ntawm cov index yuav siv sij hawm.

Muab xam los thiab txhais lus ntawm cov Lerner index

Lerner Index yog xam raws li nram no:

• _{Kuv L = (P - MC)} / P = - 1 / e _d.

P - yog lub monopoly nqi, thiab MC - marginal nqi.

Zoo meej kev sib tw implies hais tias ib tug ruaj yuav tsis cuam tshuam tej lub nqi theem. Nqe no nyob rau tib theem li cov marginal nqi (P MS), ntsig txog:

• P - MC = 0;
• _{Kuv L = (P - MC)} / P = 0 / P = 0.

Tej nqi nce txheeb ze rau tom ntug nqi ntawd hais tias lub tuam txhab muaj ib tug tej yam hwj huam. Qhov siab tshaj plaws tau muaj nqis ntawm lub Performance index yog 1, thiab yog ib tug hais txog ntawm tus tsis monopoly.

Lerner tus Index yuav qhia nyob rau hauv lwm txoj kev - los ntawm kev siv lub coefficient ntawm elasticity :

• (P - MC) / P = -1 / e d;
• Kuv _L = -1 / e _d.

Index e _d characterizes lub elasticity ntawm kev thov nyob rau hauv lub tuam txhab cov khoom nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm nqi. Piv txwv li, yog tias E = -5, ces kuv _L = 0,2.

Cov theem siab ntawm monopolisation tsis yeej ib txwm txhais hais tias lub tuam txhab tau txais profits. Nws yuav siv rau cov txij nkawm uas lawv credibility nyiaj ntau npaum tias tag nrho cov profits khwv tau raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm tus nqi nce, nws yog leveled.

Txoj kev ua ntawm monopoly nyob rau hauv Russia

Thaum lub sij hawm kev hloov lub sij hawm, lub 90-ies. Lavxias teb sab kev khwv nyiaj txiag tau yus ib tug siab concentration nyob rau hauv lub tsim sector. Kev ua lag luam twb yeej los ntawm super-loj cov koom haum, cov kev xaiv ntawm ua lag ua luam yog heev tsawg. Ua lag ua luam kev vam meej yog xav nyob rau lub zog siv. Kawm ntawv tuam txhab uas muag tau poob ntau lawm tagnrho mus down, cov txheej txheem yog nyob rau hauv ib lub xeev ntawm stagnation.

Nyob rau hauv 1992, tom qab lub liberalization ntawm lub ntsiab players nyob rau hauv lub lag luam tau los ua ib tug regional thiab sectoral monopolies. Yog muaj lus nug hais txog cov nyiaj txiag ntawm loj tuam txab yog tiav los ntawm ib tug me me khub, vim hais tias ntawm yog dab tsi tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub macro theem imbalances teeb meem.

Monopolists tsis muaj kev xav txog tau txais kev pab inflated nqi thiab tau txais nyiaj ntxiv. Lub xeev tsis tau muaj txaus haib levers ntawm cawv rau tus nqi theem. Cov cai yog tsis meej thiab tsoom fwv tsev - ib yam nkaus thiab tsis muaj zog. Noj kom zoo dua ntawm qhov teeb meem no, lub monopolists ntawm txawv ceg ntawm nyiag koom nyob rau hauv cartels. Muaj cartels cov tub lag luam thiab sellers, raws li zoo raws li tov.

Nrog lub advent ntawm lub tshiab caug xyoo, lub teeb meem no tau hloov me ntsis. Yuav luag tag nrho cov ntawm cov monopoly tsim nyob rau hauv lub '90s, ua hauj lwm. Thawm xyoo decentralization nyob rau hauv ib co industries yog nyob, tab sis nce roj nqi thiab hluav taws xob qhia tias monopolies tseem muaj zog. Disproportion, generated los ntawm cov muaj zog yam ntxwv ntawm lub loj players nyob rau hauv lub lag luam, kuj yog ib qho ntawm qhov ua rau ntawm lub ntsoog 2008-2009 gg.