Lavxias teb sab neeg pleev kob, tswv ntawm frescoes thiab icons Gury Nikitin: biography, creativity thiab nthuav tseeb

Zog ntawm Guj kuj yeej ib txwm tau nto moo rau nws cov nplua nuj kab lis kev cai thiab ib tug loj array ntawm txuj ci. Gury Nikitin - ib qho ntawm feem nto moo thiab tseem ceeb cov nuj nqis nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab painting thiab iconography. Lub neej thiab kev ua hauj lwm ntawm nws tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua XVII thiab tshuav ib tug kaj cim tseg nyob rau hauv cov kev cai keeb kwm ntawm Russia. Txawm tias cov pov thawj ntawm cov artist, uas tau nqes los rau hauv lub tam sim no hnub, heev sketchy, nws ua hauj lwm, ib tug neeg style yuav yeej ib txwm nyob twj ywm siab sab ntsuj plig ntawm lub sij hawm dhau lub monuments.

biography

Lub caij nyoog hnub yug yog tsis paub hais tias Gury Nikitin. Roughly nws yog tus pib ntawm lub xyoo 1620/1625. Lub tsev lub zos rau yav tom ntej artist yog Kostroma. Nikitin - yog lub pseudonym ntawm cov artist, los yog es, lub npe nrab (Nikitich - Nikitin). Nws lub npe tiag tiag - Kineshemtsev. Ua ntej mus rau nws tus Txoj kev tsa nto nyob rau hauv kos duab, nws muaj ob peb lub khw khw muag khoom nyob rau hauv ntsev thiab ntses ibyam.

tsev neeg

Leej Txiv Gury Nikitin (Nikita Kineshemtsev) tuag nyob rau hauv 1653 thaum lub sij hawm ib tug kab mob plague, yog li lub taub hau ntawm leej niam yog Solomonic tsev neeg. Nyob rau hauv Guria tus tij laug Lukas, los yog raws li nws yog hu ua tsev, Auchka. Nws twb koom nyob rau hauv shoemaking.

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau nws niam thiab cov kwv tij, nyob rau hauv Guria twb kwv tij txheeb ze Michael thiab Fedor. Lawv kuj zoo-off neeg. Tom qab lawv tuag Gury Nikitin pub ib co nroog khw nyob rau hauv plaub, woolen thiab ntses ibyam.

Hais txog nws tus kheej lub neej iconographer paub tseeb hais tias nws yog yeej tsis tau sib yuav thiab twb tsis muaj cov me nyuam. Qhov no yog rawsli los ntawm ib tug nkag teb chaws nyob rau hauv phau ntawv Landratskoy ua ntev tom qab nws tuag. Nws qhia txog lub caij nyoog lub xyoo ntawm txoj kev tuag ntawm cov icon neeg pleev kob (1691) thiab cov tsis muaj qub txeeg qub teg.

creation

Gury Nikitin los ntawm ib tug thaum ntxov muaj hnub nyoog yuav tsum muaj tswv yim txuj ci. Qhov twg nws twb kawm ntawv, yog tsis paub. Tus thawj xib fwb neeg taug lw ntawm nws ua hauj lwm VG Bruce qhia tias tus xib fwb Nikitin yuav yog Vasily Ilyin - Kostroma paub artist thiab cov neeg pleev kob ntawm lub sij hawm.

Tab sis nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev uas nws pab mus rau qib uas muaj tswv yim leej niam ntawm tus yav tom ntej iconographer. Raus nyob rau hauv lawv lub ntiaj teb, cov tub ntxhais Guri muaj ib tug zoo lub tsev, khoom noj khoom haus, thiab tus phooj ywg tsev neeg. Thiab nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm nyuaj rau tsim ib tug zoo xws li cov Lavxias teb sab poj niam sab laug yam tsis them nyiaj yug, nws yog yooj yim. Tom qab ntawd, cov duab ntawm cov poj niam thiab cov niam tsev yuav tau txais ib tug tshwj xeeb qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm Nikitin.

Nws txoj kev rau daim duab yog tsis yooj yim. Tom qab Guri tuaj los ntawm ib tug yooj yim ua hauj lwm-chav kawm ntawv tsev neeg, deb ntawm lub iconography. Txiav txim siab kev ntawm lub artist tau txais thaum ib feem ntawm cov ua liaj ua teb twb pleev xim rau Kostroma Moscow lub koom txoos (Trinity Koom Txoos, thawj tubtxib saum ntuj Cathedral nyob rau hauv lub Moscow Kremlin). Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus ntxias los ntawm Kostroma, muaj ua hauj lwm feemxyuam painters ntawm Yaroslavl, Novgorod, Moscow.

Qhov no colossal muaj tswv yim zog ntawm tus era yog rau Nikitin tus thawj ruaj kauj ruam nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm cov kos duab. Nws muaj pov thawj nws tus kheej raws li ib tug tub ntxhais ntse cov neeg pleev kob, Guri tau txais ntau caw los ntawm Lavxias teb sab Orthodox churches thiab Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich rau murals thiab sau ntawv / es ua ntawm icons.

ib tug neeg style

Hais txog kev magnificence thiab symbolism ntawm Lavxias teb sab icon painting, critics yeej ib txwm taw tes rau lub cim ntse heev uas yog Gury Nikitin. Nws paintings - nws yog ib tug tshwj xeeb mix ntawm decorativism thiab monumentality nyob rau hauv ib yam khoom. Nws yog tsis muaj coincidence lub flowering ntawm nws creativity coincided nrog cov sawv ntawm zoo nkauj thiab monumental kos duab nyob rau hauv Russia (thib ob ib nrab ntawm cov XVII xyoo pua.)

Tag nrho cov ua hauj lwm ntawm ib tug zoo heev artist thiab icon neeg pleev kob muaj ib tug tshwj xeeb style, ib tug neeg style. Nws ua tus yeees ntawm paintings nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm tsis mirror symmetry, thov lub contrasts ntawm lub teeb thiab ntxoov ntxoo. Critics taw tes tawm lub puab puab, kev nkag siab ntawm atherosclerosis nyob rau hauv muab tshuaj dluab. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lub frescoes Gury Nikitin npog ib tug ntau ntawm cov xim, uas yeej pab tau hniav nyhuv uas cov compositions.

notable tej hauj lwm

Hais los ntawm tus thawj artistic tsim yaam tshab Nikitin hais txog 1650. Nws yog txuam nrog nrag lub lawj ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm cov Sawv Rov Los thiab tus Vaj Ntsuj Trinity Cathedral nyob rau hauv Kostroma. Feem ntau cov nto moo frescoes Gury Nikitin ntawm Holy Cross Cathedral nyob rau hauv Romanov (tam sim no Tutaev) (beg. 1650-ies.), Nyob rau hauv lub Danilov monastery nyob rau hauv Pereslavl (1662-68gg.), Nyob rau hauv lub Cathedral ntawm lub Assumption (Rostov Kremlin, 1670) thiab lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm Eliyas tus Yaj Saub (Yaroslavl, 1680). thiab nyiaj so koobtsheej icons tau pleev xim rau kev kawg Nikitin.

1666 yog ib tug yooj yim, txoj siav lub sij hawm rau lub Lavxias teb sab lub tsev teev ntuj. Nikitin coj ib tug active ib feem nyob rau hauv lub reconstruction ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj lub paintings. Nws ob txhais tes yuav mus rau dluab ntawm cov tub rog tuag thiab ob peb tawg tsam ntawm monumental muaj pes tsawg leeg "Xeem Txiav Txim".

iconography

Tsev neeg pleev kob thiab icon neeg pleev kob, yog tsis deb ntawm lub Cathedral ntawm lub Epiphany. Ntawm cov hoob kawm, qhov no fact yog ncaj qha mus muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv dai kom zoo ntawm lub tuam tsev ntawm Guria. Cov feem ntau cov tawm paintings, icons Gury Nikitin rau lub tsev teev ntuj yog 1667-1672 xyoo.

Thaum lub sij hawm cov xyoo nws sau tau cov cypress folding icons commissioned los ntawm poj huab tais Mary Ilinichny. Muaj pes tsawg leeg tau qhia rau lawv nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug txoj kev uas lub chaw tau portrayed duab ntawm tus ntxhais nkauj xwb Kazan, nyob rau hauv txoj cai - Nikolaya Chudotvortsa, thiab rau sab laug - lub martyrs ntawm Agrippina thiab Evdokia. Thiab qhov ntawd kuj tau raug tsim xya icons rau lub Patriarch ntawm Antioch Macarius.

Ib tug ntau ntawm cov icons tau pleev xim rau los ntawm Nikitin rau lub Assumption Cathedral. Cov lawv: "Lub Xeem Txiav Txim", "npog", "qhovntsej thiaj tsis mob ntawm tus Vaj Ntsuj. Ntsuj Plig "," Kazan nyob rau hauv txuj ci tseem ceeb. "

Nws kawg ua hauj lwm yog xav tau ib tug icon ntawm "Phau Qub Trinity" Gury Nikitin rau Trinity-Sypanovskogo Cathedral nyob rau hauv Kostroma, sau nyob rau hauv 1690.

ntaus nqi tej hauj lwm

Muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm artistic hauj lwm uas nws authorship yog ntaus nqi mus rau Gury Nikitin. Txawm li cas los, lawv tsis tau txais txaus attribution. Cov no muaj xws "Theodore Icon ntawm leej niam ntawm Vajtswv nrog cov lus dab neeg" (1680), "Martyrs Kirik thiab Iulita" (1680s), "Cov tshuaj ntsuam ntawm tus ntoo khaub lig" thiab cov xeeb tub ntawm cov Ipatiev Monastery nyob rau hauv Kostroma. Raws li ntaub ntawv keeb kwm, ib txhia ntawm lawv (xws li, "Theodore Icon ...") yog tsis zoo ua hauj lwm ntawm cov artist, thiab skilful restoration ua hauj lwm ntawm predecessors.

nthuav lus tseeb

Gury Nikitin nyob rau hauv virginity thiab tsis pw ua ke, tab sis nws tsev neeg yeej tsis muaj nyob rau hauv lub qub txiv plig. Yog, thiab cov neeg pleev kob tsis coj vows. Qhov kev txiav txim tseem ib tug paub tsis meej rau cov artist lub contemporaries. Txawm li cas los, lub memorial cov ntaub ntawv zoo Nikitin tom qab hnub ntawm txoj kev tuag ntawm cov txiv ntawm cov tsev neeg tau lub npe Helena-skhimnitsy. Cov soj ntsuam ntawm hais tias pawg ntseeg no lub npe Guria niam (Solomonic), uas yog twb nyob rau hauv ib tug heev muaj hnub nyoog mus rau lub monastery.

Nyob rau hauv 1659, thaum Moscow uas cog noob feemxyuam painters rau painting ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj, los ntawm Kostroma kuv mus Yemelyan Pushkarev. Txawm li cas los, nws muaj mob ko taw, thiab tsis ntev nws raug xa mus rov qab. Nyob rau nws rov qab nws pom zoo ob peb masters-countrymen, cov uas yog Gury Nikitin. Cov artist tau ntse dhau ntawv pov thawj, thiab nyob rau hauv 1660 tau txais tus txheej xwm ntawm ib tug icon neeg pleev kob kuv tsab xov xwm.

Gury Nikitin yog Prefect (los yog foreman) Artel Kostroma painters. Txawm tias ib tug xov tooj ntawm tsim nyog rau tus ncej, cov artist kho heev tiag nyob rau hauv lawv cov chaw ua hauj lwm thiab tsis muaj nyiaj them nyem, ua hauj lwm rau ib tug par nrog cov phooj ywg thiab txawm ntau. Thaum ua lub Ipatiev Monastery thiab lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm Eliyas tus Yaj Saub, nws npaj qhov nkhaus ntawm lawv tus kheej yav tom ntej frescoes thiab dorisovki tshuav cov thwjtim.

Lub npe "Guri" txhais tau tias cia "tus neeg mob neeg ua hauj lwm." Nws yog xws li thiab Gury Nikitin. Nws biography yog patchy, tab sis qhov puas ntawm contemporaries hais tias cov neeg pleev yog ib tug pious thiab Vajtswv-fearing txiv neej. Los ntawm kev sau ntawv icons yeej ib txwm mus tiv thiab nrog artistic thiab sab ntsuj plig sab. Cov ntaub ntawv thaum uas nws pib sau cov duab ntawm Our pojniam ntawm lub Theodore qiv, tom qab lees txim thiab kev cais. Tom qab ntawd, thaum lub sij hawm ib tug kev cai dab qhuas procession nyob rau hauv Yaroslavl, cov duab no tsom txuj ci tseem ceeb ntawm kev kho neeg mob.

Gury Nikitin yog feem ntau tsim nyog los cov laus icons thiab murals. Nws saib xyuas cov kev cai thiab keeb kwm cuab yeej cuab tam, ces cia cov stylistic nta ntawm lub chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm predecessors, ob leeg loj muaj nuj nqis thiab taw restraint. Uas yog vim li cas ib co ua hauj lwm cov neeg pleev kob tseem tsis paub hais.

Critics rank Gury Nikitin lub npe rau daim ntawv teev ntawm kuj zoo kawg Lavxias teb sab icon painters. Nrog rau Theophanes lub Greek, Andrei Rublev thiab Simon Ushakov , nws muaj ib tug enormous cawv rau Lavxias teb sab iconography thiab rightfully khwv tau ib qho chaw ntawm yawm ntawm cov masters ntawm lawv cov paj ntaub.

Niaj hnub no

Muaj ntau masterpieces Gury Nikitin dim. Qhov tseem kim heev thiab tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv lub artist lub tsev nyob rau hauv Kostroma. Yog li ntawd, tam sim no nyob rau hauv Trinity Ipatiev thiab cathedrals koj yuav tau txais rau ib ncig xyuas thiab kawm txog lub cim monuments ntawm Lavxias teb sab architecture thiab painting. Lub centerpiece, ntawm chav kawm, muab rau cov kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm lub frescoes Gury Nikitin.