Yuav ua li cas yog naturalism nyob rau hauv cov kawm Askiv?

Lo lus nug "yog dab tsi naturalism" - ib tug ntawm cov feem ntau nyuaj nyob rau hauv science, raws li yog feem ntau tsis meej pem nrog rau qhov no kab ntawm realism nyob rau hauv kos duab nyob rau hauv dav dav thiab photography nyob rau hauv particular. Yog li ntawd, koj yuav tsum muaj tseeb txog qhov sib txawv ntawm cov ob currents thiab kom meej meej paub qhov txawv nruab nrab ntawm lawv, vim hais tias nws muaj feem xyuam rau qhov kev nkag siab ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm kab lis kev cai nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm cov 19th caug xyoo. Tus thawj tshaj plaws yuav tsum nco ntsoov txog qhov kev tshwm sim thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov sawv ntawm tswv yim tshiab txog cov teeb meem ntawm cov artist, txawj sau ntawv thiab tus thawj coj.

Cov ntsiab lus uas tshwm sim

To taub txog yam naturalism yog tsis yooj yim sua yam uas tsis tau noj mus rau hauv tus account lub social teeb meem ntawm lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm no caug xyoo. Thaum cov ntaub ntawv uas lub sij hawm muaj tau yuav tsum muaj kev hloov nyob rau hauv kev kawm, uas tau pab lub tswv yim intelligentsia ntawm cov teb chaws Europe thiab America. Thaum lub sij hawm no, lub hom sib yog positivism, uas yuav kawm txog cov xwm thiab zej zog tsis yog raws li nyob rau hauv kev puas hlwb paub daws teeb Siv, tab sis los ntawm qhob tseeb. Yog li ntawd, muaj ntau zaum tsis kam theoretical kev tshawb fawb thiab tsiv mus rau ib tug ncauj lus kom ntxaws tsom xam ntawm tej phenomena. Qhov no tej ntsiab cai muaj sai sai khaws los ntawm ib tug xov tooj ntawm ntxias, nyob rau hauv particular, nws yog nquag tsim nyob rau hauv nws tej hauj lwm, ib tug naas ej txawj sau ntawv Emile Zola. Nyob rau hauv lub tswvyim tshiab, cov artist tam sim no yuav tsum tau piav txog kev muaj tiag raws li nws yog, tsis muaj embellishment thiab cov rooj sib txoos, raws li cov kev cai ntawm ntshiab, zoo, sim science.

kawm

Txoj kev tshawb no ntawm qhov teeb meem ntawm "Yuav ua li cas yog naturalism" yuav tsum tus tsom xam ntawm tswv yim tshiab, uas tau nqa tawm los ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm tus tshiab sib. Lawv pib piav thiab piav qhov xwm ntawm tib neeg psychology thiab lub peculiarities ntawm nws physiology, haiv neeg, thiab lwm tej yam kev mob ntawm cov hav zoov. Disclosure of sab ntsuj plig lub ntiaj teb no ntawm tus neeg, nws txoj thiab contradictory xwm, kev ncaj ncees quest yog tsis xav nyob rau hauv lub tshiab sib followers. Ntau npaum li cas lawv twb xav nyob rau hauv tib neeg pathology, kev tsis sib haum, ntxhib tawm tsam rau cov ciaj sia taus. Rau ib txhia lub sij hawm, tej tswv yim no muaj npaum li cas ib tug uas luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv paintings thiab cov ntaub ntawv. Naturalism yog lub hallmark ntawm lub neej txaus siab thiab lub kam mus hloov dab tsi. Yog hais tias Romanticism nrhiav kev daws teeb meem nyob rau hauv sib ntaus los ntawm kev muaj tiag, realism muaj ib tug ntau dua los yog tsawg qhob ntsuas los txhim kho tib neeg lub zej lub zos, lub tshiab ib hom ntawv nyeem ntawm nres nyob rau ntawm depicts dab tsi yog nws disadvantage. Cuaj kaum, tus sau phau ntawv ua naturalists xav hais tias nrog tag nrho lawv cov imperfections, lub ntiaj teb no yog tseem ntau los yog tsawg dua ruaj khov, thiab yog li ntawd, txhua yam nyob rau hauv nws yog tsim nyog, txawm lub ugly paub meej.

nta

Yuav kom to taub zoo dua li cas yog naturalism, peb yuav tsum nco ntsoov lub tej yam kev mob ntawm lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv uas nws sawv. Romanticism thiab realism yog tsis xav nyob rau hauv lub tswv yim intelligentsia, uas twb nrhiav tau rau tshiab cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev qhia tawm ntawm lawv cov kev xav. Kiv puag ncig, kev sib raug zoo upheaval, tsov rog, txawv los ntawm ib tug tshwj xeeb brutal uas cim lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm cov xyoo pua puv 19, yuav tsis tab sis cuam tshuam rau lub sab ntsuj plig lub neej ntawm haiv neeg. Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm tus tshiab sib rau tag nrho cov conventions, feem ntau depictions ntawm scenes los ntawm cov ntxhib lub neej. Ib tug yam ntxwv feature ntawm cov kev taw qhia los ua deestetizatsiya kos duab. Ntxias thiab sau ntawv tau piav thiab dua qhov tsis zoo yam ntawm tib neeg lub neej, ntseeg hais tias nyob rau hauv no txoj kev qhia lub hom phiaj kev muaj tiag. Tu siab, qhov no ib txwm feem ntau coj mus rau lub tsos ntawm cov khoom, uas tsis yooj yim rau tus cwj pwm mus rau lub tshav pob ntawm daim duab, raws li lawv yog distinguished los ntawm ib tug tshwj xeeb tsis paub thiab cwj scene thiab nrhiav. Great tseem ceeb tau txuas duab ntawm ib tug txiv neej nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no tiag. Ntxias xyuam xim rau nws tsos, thiab sau ntawv - nyob rau physiology thiab instincts.

ideological hauv paus

Ib tug tshiab qauv nyob rau hauv kos duab thiab kab lis kev cai tsis raus tawm ntawm tsis pom qhov twg. Nws tau nws tus kheej lub tswv yim, uas tshwm sim nws pab. Schedule ntawm qhov tseeb hais tias nws thawj zaug ces hnub rov qab mus rau lub sij hawm ancient, thaum ib co xav piav tag nrho cov tshwm sim ntawm kev muaj tiag, nrog rau cov heev neeg cwm pwm, lub ntuj ncig (Epicurus, cov neeg sawv cev ntawm Stoicism). Nyob rau hauv niaj hnub lub sij hawm, qhov no ideology yog tsim nyob rau hauv lub chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm ob peb philosophers thiab kev kawm cov ntaub ntawv sau phau ntawv. Lawv qhia hais tias lub essence ntawm naturalism yog txo mus rau qhov kev tshem tawm ntawm tag nrho cov txheej xwm ntawm cov kev tseeb ntawm qhov. Ib txhia sau phau ntawv muaj txawm sim xav txog qhov kev zoo thiab cov tswv yim nyob rau hauv lub teeb ntawm tus txiv neej lub tawm tsam rau hav zoov. Cov xav tau hu ua xim rau lub ntuj instincts ntawm cov neeg zog kom ciaj sia.

Nyob rau hauv prose

Naturalism txo nws hwj tus kwv nyob rau hauv cov ntawv nyeem tib neeg tus cwj pwm duab nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog qhov kev piav qhia ntawm tsev neeg thiab cov ntaub ntawv tej yam kev mob ntawm cov hav zoov. Sau ntawv tau inclined mus rau piav qhia txog tus cwj pwm ntawm cov cwm pwm ntawm nws caj thiab physiological yam ntxwv. Txwm creativity ntawm ib co sau phau ntawv yog ib tug ib yam li cov scientific method, uas, Tu siab, coj mus rau impoverishment ntawm cov kos duab vaj tse thiab tej cib fim. Lwm disadvantage ntawm no ib hom ntawv nyeem yog cov tsis muaj ideology thiab kev cwj pwm ntawm ib yam ntawm cov ideology nyob rau hauv tej daim ntawv uas yog lub npe hu mus rau caj qaum ntawm Romanticism thiab realism.

Naturalism nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv yog txuam feem nrog lub npe ntawm ib tug Fabkis txawj sau ntawv Zola. Lub ntsiab ntsiab lus ntawm nws ua hauj lwm yog cov duab ntawm teeb meem ntawm nruab nrab-chav kawm ntawv lub neej. Nws teem rau tus neeg sab ntawm lub hav zoov ntawm lawv heroes. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv nws tej hauj lwm, dua li cov khees roughness ntawm cov dluab thiab cov dab neeg, muaj ib tug philosophy, uas distinguishes no txawj sau ntawv nrog peb lug txhawb cov miv.

Piv txwv nyob rau hauv cov ntawv nyeem

Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm naturalism ua ib tug tseem ceeb pab rau lub ntiaj teb cov ntaub ntawv. Gi De Mopassan yog ib tug muaj koob sawv cev ntawm no sib. Nws yog ib tug tswv ntawm luv luv prose thiab cov creator ntawm ib tug series ntawm nto moo novels. Nws yog tseem ceeb uas tus sau tso tseg cov ntshiab naturalism, tab sis nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, nws tau nrhiav mus cuag luag documentary raug nyob rau hauv cov duab ntawm cov txheej xwm. Nws muab lub tsom xam ntawm tib neeg psychology thiab ceev nws tus kheej rau cov lus muaj tseeb los ntawm lub neej ntawm lub cim. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, nws differed heev mloog txhua yam nyob ib ncig ntawm nws, uas yog reflected nyob rau hauv nws tej hauj lwm, uas tus tom kawg mas yuav kis tau rau lub lauj kaub-European lub koob meej.

Nyob rau hauv painting

Nyob rau hauv 1870 nws coj zoo nyob rau hauv lub visual arts Naturalism. Photography yog raws li yog ib co qauv kev nyuab uas tiav lub tshaj plaws yog daim duab. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, lawv sim lawv zoo tshaj plaws yuav las mees lub xwm kwv thiab sim kom tsis txhob kis tau tus mob lub ntawm cwj pwm txawv, uas, ntawm chav kawm, tsis yeej ib txwm ua hauj lwm. Toj roob hauv pes painters thiab portraitists sim raws li objectively li sai tau mus qhia rau tus tuav ib tug tej yam tshwm sim tsis muaj embellishment thiab aesthetic cov rooj sib txoos. Ib tug ntawm cov tseem ceeb cov neeg sawv cev ntawm painting ib tug tshiab kev taw qhia yog ib tug Fabkis txoj neeg pleev kob Manet.

Nws yog suav hais tias yuav tsum yog tus founder ntawm Impressionism, uas sai sai supplanted cov kev taw qhia nyob rau hauv saib xyuas nyob rau hauv lub kab lis kev cai, tab sis nws pib nrog, nrog photographic raug dua duab kwv. Ib tug ntawm nws nto moo tshaj plaws paintings, uas depicts ib tug neeg ua hauj lwm ntawm lub bar, yog ciav nyob rau hauv nws cov specifics thiab nthuav dav.

Nws yog raws nraim li cas xav naturalism. Photography tau ua rau nws cov thwjtim nyob rau hauv cov txuj no ua hauj lwm.

lwm cov neeg sawv cev

Ib tug ntawm cov drawbacks ntawm cov kev taw qhia nyob rau hauv saib xyuas yog cov tsis muaj tswv yim zoo thiab ideological kwvyees. Zajlus tsis raug philosophical rog xav txog thiab tseem ceeb heev kev ntsuam xyuas thiab kev kho mob, uas yog raug ntawm realism. Txawm li cas los, ib tug tshiab qauv tau ib tug xov tooj ntawm zoo: ib tug tu tub tu kiv ntawm kev muaj tiag, precision thiab nthuav dav.

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau qhov artist nyob rau hauv cov style ntawm Degas ua hauj lwm. Nws paintings yog imbued nrog simplicity thiab kev sib raug zoo uas distinguishes lub paintings ntawm tus neeg sau ntawm lub chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm cov neeg uas nyiam mus depict scenes los ntawm cov ntxhib yooj yim neej. Degas nyiam mus ua hauj lwm nrog pastels, dab tsi sawv tawm ntawm nws lub contemporaries. Nta naturalism tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tshwm nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm ntawm Lautrec.

Nws zog thiab paintings yog ib co eccentric thiab txawm hu xov tooj rau nws lub sij hawm txoj kev ywj pheej.

Thaum cov xinesmas

Lub naturalism ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19 pab cov creation ntawm films. Twb tus thawj directors ntawm xinesmas originated xwb pib mus thov nws txoj kev nyob rau hauv nws xyaum. Ib tug ntawm cov paintings yog thawj adaptation ntawm Romana Zolya "txiv neej-tsiaj qus". Nyob rau hauv niaj hnub films yuav feem ntau raws li lub ntsiab ntawm no style, tshwj xeeb yog nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim movies thiab ntshai heev films. Raws li ib qho piv txwv, tus yeeb yam "sib ntaus Club", nyob rau hauv uas ib tug ntau ntawm scenes ntawm kev ua phem thiab kev phem heev. Tsis ntev los no premieres qhia hais tias qhov no qauv yog tseem xav directors.

Piv txwv li, nyuam qhuav tso nyob rau hauv theaters tsov rog zaj duab xis "conscientious objectors", tag nrho ntawm tsausmuag scenes. Yog li, cov kev kawm rau ua txoj nyhuv on ntiaj teb no xinesmas.

Kev sib piv nrog rau yav tas los kev taw qhia

Cov nqe lus nug ntawm yog dab tsi lub essence ntawm cov kev sib txawv ntawm naturalism realism feem ntau ua rau loj teeb meem nyob rau hauv lub tsev kawm ntawv cov me nyuam, raws li ob qho tib si ntws tom ntej glance, muaj ntau npaum li cas nyob rau hauv ntau. Lawv lub hom phiaj - rau cov me nyuam cov teebmeem ntawm nyob nrog lub hom phiaj tseeb thiab precision. Adherents qhia sim muab ib tug yeej muaj tseeb duab ntawm lub surrounding kev muaj tiag, tab sis tau nws lub hom phiaj nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev. Realists nrhiav nyob rau hauv cov khoom xwm li yog raug sijhawm uas lawv comprehended, sau ua ke thiab nyob rau hauv ib tug txoj kev. Naturalists kuj chiv nug lub hom phiaj ntawm luam cov cai phenomenon thiab txhob txwm tshaj tawm tsis kam philosophy. Tej zaum, qhov no yog qhov yuav tsum muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm naturalism realism.

Txawv nyob rau hauv kev kawm

Ob leeg qhia xav nrhiav kom rau siab ntso ua me nyuam qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev muaj tiag. Nyob rau hauv no hwm, lawv yuav tsum tau piv nrog Romanticism, uas, los ntawm contrast, yuav siv sij hawm tus nyeem ntawv mus rau hauv lub ntuj zoo nkauj ntawm kev npau suav thiab u. Txawm li cas los, ntawm UFW ntawm ob tiam sis nyob rau hauv lub kab lis kev cai sib txawv ntawm cov pom no tib yam kev muaj tiag. Realists nyob rau hauv lub depiction ntawm lub neej txhua hnub tau hais ntxiv txog qhov sab ntsuj plig lub ntiaj teb no, lawv twb xav nyob rau hauv lub cwm pwm tawm tsam nrog nruab nrab-chav kawm ntawv txoj kev ntawm lub neej. Lawv teem rau yuav ua li cas cov neeg nyob rau hauv nyuaj tej yam kev mob mob sab ntsuj plig. Naturalists, rau lwm cov tes, txaus siab xwb nyob rau hauv physiology thiab kev mob, uas, nyob rau hauv lawv lub tswv yim, tau txiav txim lub hav zoov ntawm tus txiv neej. Vim cov kev txawv no, realism thiab naturalism siv txawv artistic thiab nraaj txhais tau tias. Cov neeg uas yog adherents ntawm cov thawj cov hoob kawm, siv ib tug ntau hom tswv yim nyob rau hauv reconstructing khoom ntawm kev txaus siab, thaum cov neeg sawv cev ntawm tus tshiab sib txwv tsis pub lawv tus kheej hom lus, tsis txhob metaphors, epithets, vim hais tias lawv ntseeg hais tias lawv cuam tshuam cov txawj nyeem ntawv los ntawm cov kev tseeb.

tshiab nta

Thaum nws tawm los mus rau dab tsi yog ib tug tseem ceeb heev naturalism siab feem ntau yog los analogy nrog realism. Qhov no sib yuav tsis tau tsuas yog nrhiav kom authentically depict kev muaj tiag, tab sis kuj yuav thuam nws shortcomings. Sau phau ntawv feem ntau tsa mob kev teeb meem rau qhov tam sim no kawm ntxhais. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lawv yog feem ntau luag thuam cov vices ntawm lub neej, siv cov kev satire. Ib yam yuav hais tau ntawm naturalism. Txawm li cas los, yog hais tias tus neeg sau ntawv-realists tau sim los nkag siab txog qhov ua rau ntawm kev thiab economic teeb meem thiab txawm muaj kev daws teeb meem, tus sau phau ntawv ntawm uas twb tas rau qhia cov xwm khoom drawbacks tsuas hais tej lus tseeb, uas, ntawm chav kawm, yog tsis ib txwm txaus rau ib tug tag nrho thiab lub hom phiaj daim duab ntawm ib zajlus . Nws yuav tsum tau nco ntsoov tias twb naturalism - ib tug coj uas tsis lees tias philosophical rog xav txog thiab generalization. Nws tsuas photographic, yuav luag documentary precision reproduces nws tus kwv ntawm kev txaus siab. Tej zaum qhov no yog vim li cas cheeb tsam no yog ib qho ntawm feem ntau cov muaj teeb meem nyob rau hauv ib tug kab lis kev cai hais tias tsis kav ntev heev.

Nyob rau hauv lub domestic kev kawm

Nyob rau hauv peb lub teb chaws peb dhau los ntawm lub tib lub theem ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm Romanticism, realism. Naturalism, on qhov tsis tooj, tsis tau txais ntau faib nyob rau hauv Russia. Ib co sau phau cwj pwm no mus rau lub peculiarities ntawm Lavxias teb sab kab lis kev cai thiab mentality, taw mus rau ib tug yawg suab thiab ib tug high degree ntawm sab ntsuj plig. Txawm li cas los, ib co nta ntawm qhov suav hais tias khiav yog tseem reflected nyob rau hauv ib tug xov tooj ntawm tej hauj lwm hauv cov ntawv nyeem thiab ib co films. Yog li ntawd, cov phau ntawv txawj sau ntawv D. N. Mamina-Sibiryak sau nyob rau hauv lub cuab tus ntawm no style. Tus sau portrayed lub neej ntawm lub pej xeem ntawm lub Urals, piav txog yuav ua li cas cov kho kom zoo era tau coj mus rau ib tug kev hloov nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo nco qab, txhawm li ib txwm tej ntsiab cai thiab kev ua tau yog.

Lwm txawj sau ntawv - PD Bobrykin - yog khees copycat creativity Zola. Nyob rau hauv ib qho ntawm nws nto moo tshaj plaws tej hauj lwm, nws yuav luag scientific precision rau cov me nyuam kom paub meej txog ua lag luam lub neej thiab lub neej ntawm noblemen, nws tau piav lawv vaj tse nyob. Nyob rau hauv Soviet lub sij hawm, naturalism twb saib raws li qhov fab ntxeev ntawm realism, thiaj li muaj ntau critics muaj ib tug tsis zoo tus cwj pwm rau cov hom kev kawm thiab cov hau kev ntawm nws cov neeg sawv cev. Nyob rau hauv lawv lub tswv yim, tus sau phau ntawv tau teem rau qhov tsaus ntuj nti sab ntawm tib neeg lub neej, thaum Soviet dag cultivated lub tswv yim ntawm constructive tib neeg kev ua si nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho ntawm communism.

Tab sis, nyob rau hauv kev phem ntawm lub tsis zoo tus cwj pwm ntawm naturalism, xam tau tias yog cov kev taw qhia yog reflected nyob rau hauv lub Soviet xinesmas. Piv txwv li, cov duab epic A. Konchalovsky "Sibiriada" cia nyob rau hauv muaj zog cawv ntawm naturalism. Qhov no daim kab xev tau raug lees paub tias nyob rau hauv lub sab hnub poob. Nyob rau hauv no zaj duab xis, tus thawj coj tau qhia tsis priglyadnye yam ntawm lub neej nyob rau hauv lub deb tej thaj chaw deb Siberian lub zos nyob rau hauv lub lem ntawm lub era.

nqi

Naturalism nyob rau hauv kos duab ua si ib qho tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kab lis kev cai nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm cov 19th - thaum ntxov 20th caug xyoo. Aspiration ntawm sau ntawv thiab ntxias kom txav mus deb ntawm ib co ntawm cov formal cov rooj sib txoos thiab cov kev tswj, ua ke nrog ib tug active nrhiav tshiab cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev qhia tawm ntawm cov tswv yim thiab lub siab xav rau cov me nyuam raws li meej li sai tau lub phenomenon ntawm kev muaj tiag, coj mus rau tshiab thawj cov ntsiab nyob rau hauv lub kos duab ntawm kev hais lus thiab lub paj lug. Ib txhia cov neeg sawv cev ntawm qhov tam sim no tseem khaws ib co philosophy nyob rau hauv nws tej hauj lwm, uas, ua ke nrog ib tug yuam piav qhia ntawm lub neej ntawm tus neeg zoo tib tau tso cai rau lawv los mus tsim nco tej hauj lwm hauv cov ntawv nyeem, painting thiab xinesmas.