Lavxias teb sab kab lis kev cai ntawm lub caij puv 19 - thaum ntxov 20th caug xyoo. Nta ntawm Lavxias teb sab kab lis kev cai

Nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav zoo to taub cov peculiarities ntawm Lavxias teb sab kab lis kev cai nyob rau ntawm lub lub lem ntawm XIX-XX centuries., Koj yuav tsum muaj ib lub tswv yim hais txog qhov xwm ntawm domestic kev cai lij choj, economics thiab kev nom kev tswv ntawm lub sij hawm. Qhov no yog qhov tseem ceeb. Lub luag hauj lwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab kab lis kev cai muaj peev xwm tsis tsum overestimated. Tsaug rau Peter lub kho nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Ottoman tsim ib tug meej monarchy, raws li zoo raws li legislating bureaucracy. Qhov no yog tshwj xeeb yog thaws rov los nyob rau hauv lub "golden hnub nyoog" ntawm Catherine II.

Txheej xwm pib ntawm lub XIX xyoo pua

Xyoo pua cim ministerial kho kom zoo ntawm Alexander I. Nyob rau hauv kev xyaum, nws yog nqa tawm nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav ntxiv dag zog rau feudal-absolutist kev txiav txim. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm nws yog tsim nyog los xav txog cov nyhuv ntawm tus tshiab "ntsuj plig ntawm lub sij hawm." Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, pom rau thiaj yuav rau Fabkis kiv puag ncig thoob plaws hauv lub Lavxias teb sab kab lis kev cai. Txoj kev hlub ntawm kev ywj pheej yog ib tug ntawm nws archetypes. Nws yog ua kev zoo siab thoob plaws hauv lub Lavxias teb sab paj huam los ntawm Pushkin Tsvetaeva thiab finishing. Tom qab lub Ministry tau tsim, muaj ib tug ntxiv bureaucratization tswj. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, los txhim kho lub hauv paus apparatus ntawm Lavxias teb sab teb chaws Ottoman. Lub tsev lag luam ntawm lub xeev Council - ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm Europeanization thiab Modernization ntawm tag nrho cov system. Nws lub ntsiab zog yog: los xyuas kom meej sib xws ntawm kev cai lij choj kev cai thiab cov centralisation ntawm PatientsÕ affairs.

Golden muaj hnub nyoog

Lavxias teb sab kab lis kev cai ntawm lub caij puv 19 - thaum ntxov 20th xyoo pua nws tsim heev sib. Ib tug muaj zog tej yam nyob rau hauv no txoj kev tau advanced Western kev xav thiab lub ntiaj teb no revolutionary kev kawm. Tsis tas li ntawd hais tias ib tug nyob ze kev sib raug zoo nrog rau lwm cov Lavxias teb sab kab lis kev cai. Qhov no yog lub sij hawm thaum lub Fabkis tsim utopian socialism thiab cov German classical philosophy. Cov tswv yim no tau ua heev nrov nyob rau hauv lub xeev. Lavxias teb sab kab lis kev cai ntawm thaum ntxov 19th caug xyoo twb tau pab los ntawm lub cuab yeej cuab tam tseg los ntawm lub yav dhau los tiam. Tshiab tua ntawm creativity nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv mus txog ua tsaug rau nws. Qhov no kuj siv rau hauv lub teb ntawm kab lis kev cai, kos duab thiab cov paj huam. Tej hauj lwm ntawm Fyodor Dostoevsky, P. Melnikov-Pechersky, Leskov thiab Gogol imbued nrog kev cai dab qhuas kev cai ntawm ancient kab lis kev cai. Tsis tas li ntawd nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg rau hauv lub chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm lwm cov phau ntawv sau geniuses, uas nws tus cwj pwm mus rau lub Orthodox currents ntau muaj teeb meem. Peb yuav tau tham txog BLOK, L. Tolstoy, Alexander Pushkin, thiab hais txog. Nyob rau hauv lawv creativity twb tsis siv ib qho indelible stamp uas qhia tau hais tias lawv Orthodox cov hauv paus hniav. Koj kuj tsis tau hnov qab tus skeptical Ivan Turgenev. Nyob rau hauv nws cov hauj lwm "Cov nyob lub hwj chim" sawv cev los ntawm cov duab ntawm cov neeg dawb huv. Tsis tas li ntawd kuj zoo kawg thiab txaus siab yog Lavxias teb sab artistic kab lis kev cai ntawm lub sij hawm. Qhov no yog ib daim duab ntawm K. Petrov-Vodkin, Vrubel, M. Nesterov. Lub hauv paus pib ntawm creativity dag nyob rau hauv lub Orthodox icon-painting. Ancient lub tsev teev ntuj hu nkauj yog ib tug tawm tshwm sim ntawm cov keeb kwm ntawm cov suab paj nruas kab lis kev cai. Nws kuj yuav xam tau tias yog tom qab thwmsim los ntawm Rachmaninov, Tchaikovsky thiab Dmitry Bortniansky.

Major pab

Lavxias teb sab kab lis kev cai ntawm lub caij puv 19 - thaum ntxov xyoo pua 20th, absorbed qhov zoo tshaj plaws tau ntawm lwm haiv neeg thiab lub teb chaws. Txawm li cas los, nws tsis poob lawv cov yog leejtwg tiag. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nws muaj ib tug tseem ceeb feem rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lwm cov qoob loo. Raws li rau lub keeb kwm ntawm lub European haiv neeg, nws tshuav ib tug txiav txim kos. Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, peb yuav sib tham txog lub Lavxias teb sab kev cai dab qhuas thought. Nws twb tsim nyob rau hauv tus ntawm lub hnub poob. Nyob rau hauv lem, lub Western European kab lis kev cai yog los ntawm kev ntseeg thiab philosophy. Qhov no yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tshwm nyob rau hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm cov XX caug xyoo. Tseem ceeb pab rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm Lavxias teb sab kab lis kev cai tau ua tej hauj lwm ntawm M. Bakunin, Berdyaev, Florensky, S. Bulgakov, Vladimir Solovyov, raws li zoo raws li ntau lwm tus neeg. Peb yuav tsum tsis txhob hnov qab txog lub "cua daj cua dub kaum ob xyoo". Peb tham txog ib tug muaj zog impetus mus rau lub kev loj hlob ntawm Lavxias teb sab kab lis kev cai. Ntiaj teb ua tsov ua rog II yog inextricably txuas rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub teb chaws nco qab thiab tsim ntawm "Decembrists". Nws kuj cuam tshuam lub Lavxias teb sab kab lig kev cai. Belinsky sau hais tias cov xyoo tau shaken tag nrho lub teb chaws, thaum do lub teb chaws muaj nuj nqis thiab nco ntsoov.

Nta ntawm lub keeb kwm txheej txheem

Nws pace twb noticeably ceev. Qhov no yog vim lub saum toj no yam. Tag nrho viav vias ntau yam ntawm txawv teb ntawm kev ua si. Qhov no yog tshwj xeeb yog tshwm nyob rau hauv science. Nws kuj nyuab los ntawm cov kev cai txheej txheem nws tus kheej. Nws sau tseg ib tug ntau dua kev sis raug zoo ntawm txawv spheres. Nyob rau hauv kev, qhov no siv rau cov suab paj nruag, cov ntaub ntawv, philosophy thiab thiaj li nyob. Tsis tas li ntawd nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias intensified kev ntawm kev sis raug zoo ntawm cov constituent ntsiab ntawm lub teb chaws kab lis kev cai. Nws yog ib tug hauj lwm ib feem ntawm nws, uas muab kev kho mob ntawm lub xeev, thiab lub cheeb tsam ntawm lub masses (ie pej xeem tsim). Cov yav tas los ntawm lub bowels ntawm East Slavic pab pawg neeg koom haum. Cov txheej no yog tsim nyob rau hauv ancient Rus. Nws siab muaj thoob plaws lub teb chaws lub keeb kwm. Nrog kev xav txog cov subsoil officially-lub xeev kab lis kev cai, muaj yuav tsum havzoov lub xub ntiag ntawm "elitist" stratum. Nws tau txais kev pab qhov kev txiav txim hauv chav kawm ntawv. Qhov no feem ntau yog hais txog mus rau lub muaj koob muaj npe lub tsev hais plaub thiab aristocracy. Cov txheej no tau heev hos rau txawv teb chaws rau innovation. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, nws yog advisable mus hais rau hauv cov romantic painting Ivanov, K. Bryullov, V. Tropinin, A. Kiprensky thiab lwm yam paub ntxias ntawm lub XIX caug xyoo.

Cawv ntawm cov XVIII xyoo pua

Nyob rau hauv thawj ib nrab nws nyob intellectuals commoners. Los ntawm kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua, nws sawv tawm ib qho kev pab pawg. Nws yog lub teb chaws ntawm lub intelligentsia. Muaj paj huam, musicians, architects thiab painters. Yog hais tias thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua tus ua lub luag hauj lwm los mus rau hauv lub aristocratic intelligentsia, nyob rau hauv kawg - commoner. Muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm no txheej pib ntws los ntawm lub peasants. Qhov no yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog muaj tom qab lub abolition ntawm serfdom. Los ntawm commoner yuav nqa educated cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov kev ywj pheej thiab tsis nrug bourgeoisie. Nws yog tsis yooj yim sua rau hais tias lawv tau koom rau cov nom tswv cajceg. Theej, lawv yuav tshwm sim tau peasants, tub txawj tub ntse, petty bourgeoisie thiab lub bureaucracy. Thiab cov no yog kev txhawb los ntawm xws li ib qho tseem ceeb nta ntawm Lavxias teb sab kab lis kev cai, raws li cov pib ntawm nws cov kev cai ywj pheej raws li. Lawv essence yog hais tias lub educated cov thawj coj no tsis tsuas mej zeej ntawm lub privileged kawm ntawv. Cuaj kaum, tus leading lub luag hauj lwm yog tseem tau koom rau lawv. Ua lub xov tooj ntawm kws tshawb fawb, composers, ntxias, paj huam thiab sau ntawv ntawm cov underprivileged. Nyob rau hauv kev, nws koom lub serfs, thiab dua li kev ntsuas pib ntawm commoners.

Cov txiv hmab txiv ntoo ntawm lub XIX xyoo pua

Art ntawm Lavxias teb sab kab lis kev cai tseem tsim. Literature yuav tus tswv ntawm nws sau. Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, ntawm no yog los ntawm hnyav liberation ideology. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, muaj ntau yam ntawm tej hauj lwm ntawm lub sij hawm yog lawm ua tus sau nrog revolutionary kev sib ntaus los hu, raws li zoo raws li kev nom kev tswv pamphlets. No yog lus dag lub loj tseem ceeb ntawm cov Lavxias teb sab kab lis kev cai. Nws yog heev tshwm sim los ntawm advanced cov hluas. Nws muaj lub reign ntawm tus ntsuj plig ntawm tawm tsam thiab qhov fab ntxeev. Nws penetrated lub tej hauj lwm ntawm hnyav sau ntawv. Yog li, cov ntaub ntawv kuj yog ib qho ntawm feem ntau cov active rog ntawm cov haiv neeg. Koj muaj peev xwm noj, piv txwv li, tus nplua nuj ntiaj teb no classics thiab ua ib tug sib piv ntawm cov Lavxias teb sab kab lis kev cai. Txawm nyob rau hauv nws tom qab cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem, nws sawv ib qho exceptional phenomenon. Tolstovsky Pushkinian paj huam thiab prose yuav hu ua ib tug txuj ci tseem ceeb. Yasnaya Polyana yog kev txawj ntse capital ntawm qhov kev huam yuaj.

pab Pushkin

Nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau hais dab tsi yuav tsum yog tus kab lis kev cai ntawm Russia tsis muaj nws. Pushkin - tus tsim ntawm Lavxias teb sab realism. Suffice nws nco qab, "Evgeniya Onegina". Qhov no tshiab nyob rau hauv nqe vaj lug kub lub npe hu ua ib tug naas ej critic ntawm lub encyclopedia ntawm Lavxias teb sab lub neej. Nws yog lub siab tshaj plaws kev qhia ntawm realism nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm cov ntse heev. Muaj kuj yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm no sib yuav tau ntaus nqi ntaub ntawv tshiab "Dubrovsky", "tus tauj ncov loj ntxhais," tus yeebyam "Boris Godunov." Nrog kev xav txog lub ntiaj teb no tseem ceeb ntawm Pushkin, nws yog inextricably txuas nrog qhov kev nkag siab ntawm cov kab ke ntawm lub universal nqi uas tau raug tsim los ntawm nws. Nws teb cov leem txoj kev rau kev sau ntawv Chekhov, Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, Turgenev, Gogol, Lermontov. Nws los ua ib tug tag nrho-fledged fact ntawm Lavxias teb sab kab lis kev cai. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, txoj kev no yog cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws lub sij hawm ntawd ntawm sab ntsuj plig kev loj hlob ntawm noob neej.

Lermontov tshab

Nws yuav hu ua lub successor thiab yau kawm ntawm Pushkin. Tus thawj yog mus rau ntsiab lub "Hero of Our Lub sij hawm". Nws yog tsis yooj yim sua tsis tau nco ntsoov nws consonance nrog tus tshiab "Eugene Onegin". Meanwhile, lub "Hero of Our Lub sij hawm" - rau sab saum toj ntawm Lermontov lub realism. Nws ua hauj lwm sawv cev rau lub siab tshaj plaws taw tes ntawm evolution poslepushkinskogo lub sij hawm cov paj huam. Tsaug rau no tshiab txoj kev txoj kev loj hlob ntawm Lavxias teb sab prose tau qhib. Byron Creativity - lub ntsiab aesthetic landmark. Lavxias teb sab romantic individualism implies lub neej ntawm ib tug cult ntawm Titanic passions. Tsis tas li ntawd no yuav tsum tau ntaus nqi lyrical qhia thiab huab teeb meem, uas yog ua ke nrog philosophical contemplation. Yog li, nws yuav ntshiab rau gravitation Lermontov poetic zaj paj huam, romance thiab txhiab. Ib tug tshwj xeeb qhov chaw nyob rau hauv no yog kev hlub. Tsis tas li ntawd tsis txhob hnov qab txog lub "dialectics ntawm txoj kev xav" - Lermontov txoj kev puas siab puas ntsws tsom xam, uas pab rau lub tom ntej cov ntaub ntawv.

Gogol daim ntawv ntsuam xyuas

Nws ua hauj lwm tau tsim nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia ntawm cov romantic ntaub ntawv ntawm cov realism. Gogol tus tsim yaam tshab tau coj ib tug ntau mus rau lub kev loj hlob ntawm Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv. Raws li ib qho piv txwv, muab cov "yav tsaus ntuj rau ib tug ua liaj ua teb nyob ze Dikanka". Ntawm no embodied lub tswvyim ntawm tus Ukraine - ib tug tsi ntawm Slavic Ancient Rome. Nws yog zoo li ib tug tag nrho sab av loj nyob rau hauv ib daim ntawv qhia ntawm lub ntug. Dikanka - nws cov thawj qhov chaw, qhov chaw ntawm lub teb chaws destiny thiab sab ntsuj plig yog leejtwg tiag. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, Gogol nrhiav tau lub "natural tsev kawm ntawv". Nws yog ib qho tseemceeb realism. Lavxias teb sab kab lis kev cai ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th yog cim los ntawm lub ntiaj teb no paub txog Gogol. Los ntawm lub caij nws los ua kom nquag plias thiab loj hlob ib feem ntawm lub ntiaj teb no txawj kawm. Nws ua hauj lwm muaj ib tug sib sib zog nqus philosophical xwm, uas yog denoted maj.

Tolstoy tshab

Nws ci ntsa iab ua hauj lwm tsim nyog tshwj xeeb mloog. Nws yog ib tug tshiab theem nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub ntiaj teb thiab Lavxias teb sab realism. Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, nws yog muab lub hwj chim thiab novelty ntawm Tolstoy lub creativity. Nws yog heev npaum li cas depended rau ntawm cov kev ywj pheej cov hauv paus hniav ntawm txoj kev, tus cuj pwm quest thiab lub ntiaj teb no-nco qab. Realism Tolstoy distinguishes tshwj xeeb truthfulness. Tsis tas li ntawd nws yog tsim nyog los faib frankness thiab lub siab dawb paug ntawm cov laus. Qhov tsim nyog tau yog ib tug ntse kev contradictions thiab nrhiav kom tau Juggernaut. "Ua tsov ua rog thiab kev sib haum xeeb" - ib tug tshwj xeeb tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no thiab Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv. Qhov no yog ib tug tshwj xeeb tshwm sim ntawm cov kos duab Tolstoy. Nws yog ib lub ci ntsa iab thaum lawv tseem multi-xam epic "murals" thiab cov puas siab puas ntsws tshiab nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev loj. Thawj feem ntawm lub chaw ua hauj lwm tau luam tawm ib tug ntev lub sij hawm dhau los. ob peb tiam ntawm cov txawj nyeem ntawv rau lub sij hawm no. Txawm li cas los, "ua tsov ua rog thiab kev sib haum xeeb" tseem yog ib tug topical khoom rau lub tag nrho cov muaj hnub nyoog. Yu Nagibin, ib tug niaj hnub txawj sau ntawv tau hu ua no ua hauj lwm mus ib txhis luag ntawm tus txiv neej. Nws yog nplooj siab mus rau lub disastrous tsov rog ntawm lub XIX caug xyoo. Nws cav tus cuj pwm lub tswv yim ntawm cov kev kovyeej ntawm lub neej tshaj txoj kev tuag. Lavxias teb sab kab lis kev cai ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th ntxeev siab rau enormous tseem ceeb.

Dostoevsky daim ntawv ntsuam xyuas

Nws tseem mus yuav ntaus los ntawm lawv cov Titanic xwm. Dostoevsky yog ib lub zoo Lavxias teb sab txawj sau ntawv. Nws kev coj tsis ncaj cov ntawv tshawb fawb uas txawv ntawm Tolstoy. Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, qhov no yog manifested nyob rau hauv qhov qhaj ntawv los ntawm kev soj ntsuam ntawm epic proportions. Hais tias yog cov hauj lwm ntawm dab tsi tshwm sim muaj. Peb yuav tsum "mus underground". Cia li ces koj yuav pom dab tsi yog tiag tiag mus nyob rau. Vim li no cov muaj lub sij hawm los saib peb tus kheej. Dostoevsky muaj zoo kawg li muaj peev xwm, uas yog lub allergic rau hauv lub essence ntawm tus tib neeg ntsuj plig. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, lawv tau muab ib tug piav qhia ntawm kev kawm nihilism. Qhov no tus cwj pwm ntawm lub siab twb piav rau lawv indelibly. Txawj nyeem ntawv tseem fascinates inexplicable raug thiab qhov tob. Raws li rau lub ancient nihilism, nws twb inextricably txuas nrog Epicureanism thiab skepticism. Nws zoo tagnrho yog ib tug noble serenity. Nws kuj hais txog cov kev kawm tau ntawm kev sib haum xeeb ntawm siab mus rau lub vicissitudes ntawm hmoov zoo.

Aleksandr Makedonsky ib zaug siab nihilism ntawm ancient Is Nrias teb. Cov tib xav thiab nws ncig. Yog hais tias peb coj mus rau hauv tus account lub philosophical cwj pwm, nws yog dog dig zoo li tus txoj hauj lwm ntawm Pyrrho ntawm Elis. Cov no ib tug tsis muaj dabtsis contemplation. Raws li rau Nagarjuna, ces, nws thiab nws cov thwjtim nihilism yog ib tug pib ntawm kev ntseeg.

Niaj hnub nimno rau ib tug ob peb yam los ntawm yav tag los. Nws cov hauv paus tseem yog kev txawj ntse txoj kev ntseeg. Nws tsis yog ib tug foom koob hmoov rau lub xeev ntawm equanimity los yog philosophical dispassion. Tiamsis, nws yog lub cev tsis tsim thiab txais yuav. Qhov no yog tsis yog ib tug philosophy, tab sis ib tug ntawm sab ntsuj plig khuam.

Lub ntsiab theem ntawm cov heyday ntawm cov suab paj nruas kos duab

XIX xyoo pua excelled intensive kev loj hlob ntawm cov ntaub ntawv. Nrog rau qhov no luj lug flashed Lavxias teb sab cov suab paj nruas kab lis kev cai. Yog li ntawd nws yog zoo nrog cov ntawv. Yog li, lub Lavxias teb sab artistic kab lis kev cai enriched sib. Nyob kiag li tshiab dluab. Cov aesthetic zoo tagnrho ntawm Rimsky-Korsakov yog lub hauv paus ntawm nws cov suab paj nruas creativity. Zoo meej nyob rau hauv kos duab rau ntawm ib tug tsis muaj nuj nqis rau nws. Nws ua yeeb yam uas tau sau nrog cov dluab ntawm vysokopoeticheskogo ntiaj teb no. Qhov no kom meej meej qhia tau hais tias kev kos duab muaj ib tug dual nyhuv. Nws transforms thiab conquers txiv neej. Rimsky-Korsakov, qhov no muaj nuj nqi ntawm cov kos duab yog kev cob cog rua nrog nws lub tswv yim ntawm ib tug txhais tau tias mus ncaj ncees zoo tag nrho. Qhov no yog inextricably txuas nrog lub cult ntawm romantic txoj lus pom zoo-txiv neej creator. Nws yog kev koom tes nyob rau hauv ib tug confrontation nrog lub alienating tendencies ntawm yav dhau los. Qhov no suab paj nruag exalts tag nrho cov tib neeg. Nws lub hom phiaj - los coj txoj kev cawm seej los ntawm lub "txaus ntshai tej kev ntxias" uas yog xam qhovkev nyob rau hauv bourgeois caug xyoo. Qhov no yog lwm tus nqi ntawm Lavxias teb sab kab lis kev cai. Tsaug rau nws pab haiv neeg thiab mas yuav kis tau zoo kawg civil lub hom phiaj. Creativity Tchaikovsky ua ib tug zoo pab mus rau lub flourishing ntawm lub teb chaws suab paj nruas kab lis kev cai. Nws tau sau ntau zoo heev tej hauj lwm. Lub opera "Eugene Onegin" yog ntawm kev sim cwj pwm. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, tus sau txhais nws raws li "lyrical scenes". Lub lub qhov xwm ntawm tus opera yog muaj kev cuam tshuam ib tug tshiab hnyav ntaub ntawv.

Lavxias teb sab kab lis kev cai ntawm thaum ntxov 20th xyoo pua

Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias nyob rau hauv lub lem ntawm XIX-XX centuries. nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws muaj cov complex keeb kwm thiab kev nom kev tswv txheej xwm. Nws yog ua tsaug rau lawv hais tias lub Lavxias teb sab kab lis kev cai ntawm thaum ntxov xyoo pua 20th, enriched los ntawm ib tug ntau yam ntawm cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov lus qhia. Nws pom tshiab tiam sis, uas yuav tsum tau txhais tsob social thiab kev ncaj ncees teeb meem. Nws yuav tsum tau hais tias thaum pib ntawm lub XX xyoo pua Russia yog ib lub teb chaws nrog ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm tsis paub ntawv pejxeem. Cov kev kawm ntawv system muaj peb theem: sab sauv, nruab nrab, thiab thawj zaug. Kev loj hlob ntawm ib tug lig pib vim cov teg num ntawm ib pab pawg neeg ntawm kev ywj pheej haiv neeg. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, lub tsev kawm ntawv pib rau thaum lub tshiab hom. Lavxias teb sab kab lis kev cai ntawm lub caij puv 19 - thaum ntxov 20th xyoo pua muaj ib lub zog txhawb rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev kawm ntawv thiab ua rau kom kev kawm ntawv. Ntawm cov kawm ntawv qib siab cov neeg ua haujlwm yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg kev kawm societies thiab kev kawm, raws li tau zoo raws li tib neeg lub tsev. Lavxias teb sab kab lis kev cai ntawm lub caij puv 19 - thaum ntxov 20th xyoo pua muaj ib tug tej yam tsis tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub neej nyob rau hauv lub xeev, tiam sis kuj sab nraum nws.