Kws kes duab vajtse - ib tug profession, luam los yog hauj lwm dab tsi?

Ib tug neeg laus, txawm deb heev los ntawm art thiab architecture, tseem nyob rau ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv paub hais tias cov kws kes duab vajtse - ib tug tsim engineer, foreman, kws kes duab vajtse thiab builder nyob rau hauv ib tug neeg. Nyob rau hauv lub XIV xyoo pua, raws li kev tshawb fawb los ntawm academician A. I. Sobolevskogo, lo lus "kws kes duab vajtse" tau tuaj mus rau lub Lavxias teb sab kev sau ntawv hom lus ntawm lub South Slavic phau ntawv. Kom txog thaum uas lub sij hawm, artisans, tsim thiab ua lub tsev teev ntuj mus nqa tawm lawv decorating thiab painting, hu ua tej masters.

Lub keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab architecture

Feem ntau cov historians ntawm architecture hu ua lub sij hawm ntawm tsim ntawm Lavxias teb sab pob zeb architecture ntawm XI caug xyoo. Tom qab qhov kawg ntawm X xyoo pua tub huabtais Vladimir koom nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia ntawm cov ntseeg Vajtswv nyob rau hauv Russia, ua ke nrog rau cov kis ntawm kev ntseeg pib los tsim qhov kev siv ntawm lub koom txoos thiab lub tuam tsev. Rau tej nroog ntawm ancient Russia ib tug zoo kws kes duab vajtse - yog lub tseem ceeb tshaj plaws neeg, uas txiav txim qhov luaj li cas thiab kev zoo nkauj ntawm cov tuam tsev thiab lub koom txoos, thiab, thiaj li, cov theem ntawm lub hwj thiab lub hwj chim hais tias lawv ua tau rau uas nws them tus nqi. Ua ntej peb lub sij hawm los ntawm lub pob zeb tej hauj lwm ntawm architectural creativity nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm mus txog xwb Sophia Cathedral nyob rau hauv Kiev thiab Novgorod, Chernigov Spaso-Preobrazhensky Cathedral thiab lub rooj vag tsev teev ntuj ntawm cov Trinity nyob rau hauv lub Monastery ntawm lub qhov tsua nyob rau hauv Kiev.

Lub rov tshwm sim ntawm Lavxias teb sab kev lig kev cai

Ntawm XI XII rau centuries. txhua txhua Lavxias teb sab kws kes duab vajtse - yog feem ntau ib tug me nyuam kawm ntawv uas tau kawm cov piv txwv ntawm Byzantine tej architecture thiab cov creation ntawm nws predecessors, nws sim qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm lawv lub peev xwm, kev txawj thiab kev txawj ntse los mus tsim templates.

Cov neeg pej xeem nrog tub huabtais thiab kev tsim kho tej yaam num nyob rau hauv Novgorod XII xyoo pua, tau ua qhov tseeb "imitative." Lub quarter thib ob ntawm lub XII xyoo pua los ua ib tug lub sij hawm thaum muaj thiab tsim lawv tus kheej, Lavxias teb sab kos duab lub tsev kawm ntawv.

Txog thaum lub nruab nrab ntawm lub XII xyoo pua, qhov kev siv ntawm cov pob zeb churches thiab lub tuam tsev tsis ua. Nws tsuas yog nrog cov tuaj rau lub hwj chim Yuriya Dolgorukogo pib active kev siv ntawm Christian kev cai dab qhuas cov vaj tse ua los ntawm pob zeb. Nws successor, Andrew Bogolyubskii, nrhiav kom muab lub yeeb koob ntawm Vladimir nqi zog kuj yog ib lub pob zeb tsev.

Niaj hnub no, nws yuav sib cav hais tias thaum lub sij hawm lub reign Andreya Bogolyubskogo tsim Lavxias teb sab tsev kawm ntawv ntawm architects, uas tom qab twb tau mus cuag nws cov cawv nyob rau hauv nyuab ntawm lwm yam principalities uas muaj arisen thaum lub sij hawm lub sij hawm ntawm feudal strife thiab fragmentation ntawm Russia.

Ob lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm Lavxias teb sab architecture

Thaum tub huabtais Vsevolod lub loj zes, txoj cai ntawm cov Vladimir-Suzdal av tom qab Bogolyubsky, muaj cov tshiab nta nyob rau hauv lub artistic thiab kev txoj kev architects, uas yuav ua rau lub rov tshwm sim ntawm ob lub tsev kawm ntawm architecture nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej. Ua ntej, qhov thiaj li hu ua Vladimir School, txuas ntxiv qhov kev lig kev cai ntawm lub classic dawb-pob zeb tsev, nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, mus ua txoj carved kho kom zoo nkauj. Nws cov neeg sawv cev ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv Yuriev-Polsky, Suzdal thiab Nizhny Novgorod. Qhov thib ob lub tsev kawm ntawv, Rostov, yus muaj los ntawm ib tug spectacular ua ke ntawm brickwork thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm dawb pob zeb. Nws adherents ua nyob rau hauv Yaroslavl thiab Rostov Veliky.

Novgorod thiab Pskov kev lig kev cai

Lub tsev kawm ntawv tau yug los, raws li historians, nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua XI, thaum lub Novgorod Sofia cathedral tau tsa. Txawm li cas los, lub flourishing ntawm no kev lig kev cai hnub rov qab mus rau lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm cov XIV caug xyoo - lub sij hawm ntawm ntau zog thiab txoj kev vam meej ntawm lub Novgorod koom pheej. Qhov tseem tseem ceeb thiab tseem ceeb piv txwv ntawm lub sij hawm no yog lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm txoj kev Hloov Hlo rau Ilin Street thiab Fedora Stratilata rau lub Creek.

Pskov architectural kev lig kev cai yog heev ze rau Novgorod, tab sis cov kws txawj paub qhov txawv nws muaj nws tus kheej peculiarities. Cov feem ntau cov tawm tsim yaam tshab Pskov architects - yog lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm St. Nicholas nrog ib tug shrunk, Basil tus nyob rau hauv lub Hill, Kuzma thiab Damian nrog perched thiab lwm tus neeg.

Architecture ntawm lub Moscow nqi zog

Nyob rau hauv XIV-XV centuries, cov nom tswv tseem ceeb ntawm Muscovy noticeably muaj zog, uas coj mus rau lub flourishing ntawm kev tsim kho thiab architecture. Kev lig kev cai ntawm architecture, tsim nyob rau hauv lub Vladimir-Suzdal nqi zog, tau ntse noj los ntawm Moscow tshwj xeeb. Qhov kawg ntawm tus XV xyoo pua yuav suav hais tias lub keeb kwm thiab tsim ntawm lub Moscow lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm architecture. Nws yog lub sij hawm no extant Cathedral ntawm lub Assumption nyob rau lub zos nyob rau hauv Zvenigorod.

Lub flowering ntawm lub Moscow lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm architecture coincided nrog lub reign ntawm Ivan III, nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm lub XV caug xyoo. Qhov zoo kws kes duab vajtse ntawm lub sij hawm, Italian Aristotle Fioravanti ua lub Assumption Cathedral nyob rau hauv lub Moscow Kremlin.

Lavxias teb sab architectural sawv ntawm lub nceeg vaj

Ivanom Groznym vajntxwv kav cov Yixayee me nyuam los tu thiab transformation ntawm Russia mus rau hauv lub nceeg vaj, uas coj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub XVI xyoo pua, tau ua ib tug haib impetus rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm tag nrho cov spheres ntawm lub neej kev, xws li architecture. Thaum lub sij hawm no, lub kes duab vajtse - qhov no yog tsis yog ib tug builder ntawm lub tuam tsev, lub koom txoos thiab princely lag. Thiab pib los tsim kom tau cov thawj pob zeb fortress - lub Kremlin. Ib tug ntawm cov nto moo tshaj plaws architects, builders ntawm forts yog Fyodor Kon, leej twg los ua lub phab ntsa ntawm lub Dawb City nyob rau hauv Moscow, Smolensk Kremlin, raws li zoo raws li phab ntsa-Pafnutyevo Borowski, Boldin thiab Simonov monasteries.

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, ib tug tawm daim architectural ua hauj lwm yog St Vasiliya Blazhennogo Cathedral (Pokrovsky), uas, raws li ib tug version, tau raug tsa mus rau lub Pskov architects Postnik Yakovlev rau qhov kev txiav txim ntawm Ivana Groznogo.

Peter ntu

Art historian thiab artist I. E. Grabar hu ua Russia ib lub teb chaws ntawm architects. Qhov no siab daim ntawv qhia yuav ntaus nqi mus rau hauv lub nroog ntawm St. Petersburg, uas, raws li huab tais Peter kuv, yog los txhawb cov transformation ntawm Moscow Russia rau cov teb chaws Europe. Nrog kev tsim kho ntawm "me nyuam Petrov" - St. Petersburg - kev koom tes, kev sib txuas lus thiab sib tw nrog txhua lwm yam caw architects los ntawm txawv teb chaws thiab Lavxias teb sab architects. Cov npe xws li Giovanni Domenico Trezzini thiab Zhan Batist Leblon, Carlo Bartolomeo Rastrelli thiab Johann Georg Mattarnovi mus ib txhis inscribed nyob rau hauv lub architectural keeb kwm ntawm lub nroog ntawm lub Neva. Peter kuv, leej twg muaj siab muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho ntawm lub tshiab capital ntawm txawv teb chaws masters, lub caij no muab tso rau lawv cov kev mob thiaj li hais tias lawv qhia lawv cov Lavxias teb sab pab thiab cov menyuam kawm ntawv crafts thiab cov "art", uas lawv tus kheej muaj. Ib qho ntawm thawj xws "homegrown" architects los ua pab thiab tus menyuam kawm ntawv Trezzini, Zemtsov thiab Eropkin. Nyob rau hauv ib tug kev loj hlob ntxiv thiab kev tsim kho ntawm lub nroog mus kawm los ntawm xws li nto moo architects ntawm St. Petersburg li Bartolomeo Francesco Rastrelli (Rastrelli, tus tub ntawm Charles), Antonio Rinaldi, Nikolaus Gerbel, SI Chevakinsky, Karl Ivanovich Rossi, thiab ib tug tswv tsev ntawm tsis muaj tsawg tshaj li tus poj architects.

es tsis txhob ntawm ib tug xaus

Lavxias teb sab architecture tiam dhau ib tiam tsis tsuas tsim nws tus kheej tej, lub teb chaws mainstream. Cov kev hloov nyob rau hauv cov nom tswv, kev cai dab qhuas thiab kev sib raug zoo lub neej, interacting nrog lwm haiv neeg - tag nrho cov no muaj ib tug zoo feem nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm tsis tsuas yog Lavxias teb sab thiab Soviet, tab sis kuj Lavxias teb sab architecture. Niaj hnub no lub ntiaj teb no admires tsis tau tsuas yog tej hauj lwm ntawm F. nees, Rossi Voronikhin Bazhenov thiab Kazakov. Kws kes duab vajtse Vlasov, Fomin, Piasecki, Savin, thiab ntau lwm tus neeg nrog lawv creativity thiab kev txawj pom ib theem siab ntawm otchechestvennogo architecture.