Italian engineer Aristotle Fioravanti: biography

Keeb kwm ntawm engineering thiab architectural tswv yim yog tag nrho nto moo npe, tab sis ib co ntawm cov cim sawv tawm thiab tsim nyog ib tug nyias muaj nyias ib nplooj nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm.

Yug thiab thaum yau

Nyob rau hauv 1415 nws tau yug los lub zoo vajtse Aristotle Fioravanti. Lub neej thiab ua hauj lwm nws tau pib nyob rau hauv Bologna. Tus tub nyob rau hauv lub hwm kes duab vajtse ntawm cov tsev neeg, thiab nws kev txoj kev tau predetermined. Childhood thaum lub sij hawm yog luv luv: txij li thaum 5 xyoos, yav tom ntej kes duab vajtse siv ntau lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv qhov kev thiab nyob siv qhov chaw, mloog nws txiv hais lus nrog cov neeg ua haujlwm thiab sizing li tus seev thiab mechanisms.

Txoj kev tshawb no thiab kev loj hlob ntawm lub profession

Dhia dej mus rau hauv lub profession pib Fioravanti mus ua hauj lwm raws li ib tug apprentice nyob rau hauv lub tsev neeg ua lag ua luam. Artel Fioravanti muaj ib tug zoo cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv Bologna, ua loj loj thiab tseem ceeb kev txiav txim. Lwm kes duab vajtse yawg tau txais xws loj kev txiav txim raws li ib tug extension mus rau lub ancient palace Akkursio nyob rau hauv Bologna, thiab nws tus txiv ua lub Palazzo Comunale, raug mob nyob rau hauv qhov hluav taws kub. Tus tub loj hlob nyob rau hauv cov kev tsim kho chaw thiab absorbed ntau kev txawj ntse thiab kev paub. Los ntawm lub hnub nyoog 15 xyoo, nws yog twb tag nrho tsim nyog engineers thiab architects. Cov ntaub ntawv qhia tias nyob rau hauv 1436 cov hluas Fioravanti koom nyob rau hauv casting neeb rau Palace del Podesta, ib tug txheej txheem uas nyob rau hauv cov hnub yuav tsum tau ib tug ntau ntawm kev txawj.

ua ib tug tswv

Los ntawm lub hnub nyoog 25 Aristotle mastered rau tag nrho cov kev txawj ntse ntawm lub profession thiab nquag txuas ntxiv mus ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub tsev neeg ua lag ua luam. Thaum nws txiv tuag Fioravanti tseem ceeb mus rau hauv lawv tus kheej txhais tes coj nws tus tij laug, thiab cov hero ntawm no tsab xov xwm tau los ua ib tug tag nrho cov tswv cuab ntawm lub koom.

Cov tub hluas ntxhais engineer tau tsim, thiab nyob rau hauv kev tshawb fawb ntawm lub sij hawm mus npaj ywj siab ua lag ua luam, nws mus rau Rome. Nyob rau hauv lub capital, Aristotle ua hauj lwm raws li ib pab neeg, thauj thiab nruab ib lub kem nyob rau hauv lub tuam tsev ntawm Minerva. Nws twb muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv loj-scale tej yaam num yog li ib tug engineer. Muaj kawm rau txav loj loj khoom, thiab nws ua rau nws ntau yam kev xav.

ua hauj lwm rau xyoo: Aristotle Fioravanti - Italian engineer

Nyob rau hauv 1453, lub budding kes duab vajtse rov qab mus rau Bologna mus nqa tawm cov lus qhia los ntawm cov luag hauj lwm zej zog - nws ua rau yus sawv mus rau lub tswb ntauwd. Thaum lub sij hawm no ua hauj lwm, cov engineer tiag xav txog cov kev txhim kho ntawm engineering technologies. Qhov no tau muaj tshwm sim nyob rau hauv thawj ntawm koob meej Fioravanti engineer.

Nyob rau hauv 1455, Aristotle tsom lub ntiaj teb no ib tug engineering marvel: nws muaj peev xwm mus txav mus rau lub tswb pej thuam ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm cov raug Mariya Madzhore yog 13 meters. No nws siv lub mechanism ntawm nws tus kheej tsim muaj thiab muaj peev xwm mus ua tau ib tug neeg ua hauj lwm uas niaj hnub no tsis yog ib qho yooj yim.

Pej thuam twb ncig los ntawm ib tug tshwj xeeb ntoo tawb, uas tej yam kev tsim kho los ntawm tipping tshaj. Engineer thov lub cim thaum lub sij hawm lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm muab faib rau cov cua ntsawj ntshab hwj chim rau ib tug ob peb lub rooj vag.

Slava Fioravanti kis thoob plaws hauv ltalis, thiab tam sim no ib tug engineer raug caw mus ua tus tshaj txoj kev txiav txim hais tias, nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd lub npe hu mus coj zoo nyiaj. Yog li ntawd, nws ntse straightened ntxhua pej thuam nyob rau hauv Cento thiab tswb ntauwd nyob rau hauv Venice. Txawm li cas los, cov tswb pej thuam tsaus muag nyob rau hauv 2 hnub tom qab ntawm txoj kev, thiab tag nrho nws tau qhia Fioravanti ua tib zoo xyuas cov av, ua ntej kev nyuab ua hauj lwm.

Txij li thaum 1456 Fioravanti pib los mus koom nyob rau hauv lub architectural txiav txim. Nws ua haujlwm rau cov reconstruction ntawm qub vaj tse nyob rau hauv Bologna, kho moat thiab ua ib tug ntau yam ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm lub nroog zej zog. Cov tswv hauj lwm tsis txhob mus unnoticed, nws lub koob meej yog tsuas yog loj hlob, thiab nyob rau hauv 1458 nws raug caw mus Milan mus ua haujlwm ntawm lub tsev hais plaub ntawm Duke, qhov twg Aristotle thiab ua hauj lwm rau txog li 6 xyoo.

Tom qab ntawd, cov kws kes duab vajtse rov qab mus rau Bologna thiab ua ib tug ntau yam ntawm kev txiav txim, xws li cov txuas hniav, yees, palaces nws ua tau thiab rov qab los. Los ntawm 1464 nws yog ib tug engineer thiab lub nroog ntawm Bologna nyob rau hauv no txoj hauj lwm kom txog thaum nws tuag, txawm lub fact tias cov commune cia mus ntawm tus tswv mus ua ntau yam hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub zos ntawm ltalis, raws li zoo raws li nyob rau hauv Hungary thiab Russia.

Aristotle Fioravanti ua ob peb tseem ceeb vaj tse ntawm nws lub sij hawm. Nws txoj kev rau siab ua ciav dej nyob rau hauv lub nroog ntawm Cento, lub reconstruction ntawm lub Palazzo del Podesta, tab sis lub hwjchim ci ntsa iab ntawm tus tswv ntawm lub sij hawm uas tau ntau tshaj ua los engineering tej yaam num, zoo li paub nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no ntawm architecture yog tseem yuav tuaj.

Tawv lub sij hawm Aristotle Fioravanti

Thoob plaws hauv nws lub neej, Aristotle Fioravanti ntsib nrog lub machinations ntawm khib competitors. Vim li no, nws pheej yuav tsum tau hloov lawv qhov chaw nyob thiab chaw ua hauj lwm. Ib tug tseem ceeb tshuab uas muaj hmoo yog tus kws kes duab vajtse them nrog coining cuav nyiaj, nws tshwm sim nyob rau hauv 1473. Master yuav luag txuj ci tseem ceeb tswj kom tsis txhob muaj lub txim loj heev, tab sis nws tau poob kev cia siab ntawm nrhiav bookings nyob rau hauv lub nroog Loos. Aristotle Fioravanti rov qab mus rau Bologna, qhov uas nws twb tos, tab sis yav dhau los loj kev txiav txim yog tsis tau txais, thiab lub welfare ntawm nws dog dig shaken.

Lavxias teb sab luag hmoov

Nyob rau hauv Russia, Tsar Ivan III ntawm lub sij hawm no pib ib tug neeg pej xeem nrog tsev: nyob rau hauv lub Kremlin, nws twb txiav txim siab los tsim ib tug loj-scale Cathedral, symbolizing lub dag lub zog thiab lub hwj chim ntawm lub Royal txoj cai. Tab sis muaj kev puas tsuaj ntaus - ib lub phab ntsa tsaus muag, thiab Ltalis tau raug xa mus rau lub ambassador, nrog cov lus qhia coj ib tug dlej kws kes duab vajtse.

Phev Tolbuzin tau ntsib Aristotle Fioravanti thiab muaj peev xwm los mus hais tau nws mus rau ib tug nyob deb tsis paub hais tias lub teb chaws. Yog li ntawd nyob rau hauv 1475, nws tau pib ib tug Golden lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv kes duab lub vajtse lub neej.

Mus txog nyob rau hauv Moscow, kes duab lub vajtse, ua raws li nws cov kev cai ua tib zoo soj ntsuam cov av thiab cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm qhov uas ua predecessors. Yog li ntawd nws tuaj rau lub xaus hais tias nws yog tsim nyog los daws tau ob teeb meem. Ua ntej, txoj cai mus npaj zus tau tej cov muaj zog bricks. Qhov thib ob yog los tsim ib tug heev sib sib zog nqus thiab khoom foundation li cov av Borovitsky toj twb excavated ob peb lub sij hawm thiab yuav tsis withstand hnyav ntawm ib tug loj tsev.

Thiab cov ua hauj lwm pib, unprecedented rau Russia: lub creation ntawm sib sib zog nqus kwj thiab installation ntawm ntev ntoo pawg, uas tsis txais nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab architecture. Tsis tas li ntawd lub engineer qhib lub cib ntau lawm, uas tau ntau xyoo tom qab ntawd muab lub capital ntawm high-zoo cov ntaub ntawv.

Tus taw tes ntawm lub neej: Aristotle Fioravanti ua lub Cathedral ntawm lub Assumption

Assumption Cathedral - yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm ib tug siab architectural xav nws organically combines kev lig kev cai thiab revolutionary innovation. Nws los ua ib tug qauv rau lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm cov Assumption Cathedral nyob rau hauv Vladimir, tab sis Fioravanti muag nws rau ib tug ntau ntawm revolutionary Russia thaum lub sij hawm ntawm lub tswv yim.

Cov kws kes duab vajtse puas tau ib tug ntau ntawm txawv tebchaws nyob ib ncig ntawm lub teb chaws thiab zoo-to taub sawv ntawm ancient Lavxias teb sab architecture. Cov raug kev wizard siv nyob rau hauv lub sab nraud tsim ntawm lub tuam tsev. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm kes duab lub vajtse innovation tso cai rau nws los mus tsim ib tug dav thiab kaj tsev teev ntuj.

Cov kws kes duab vajtse tau noj ib tug xov tooj uas interesting lub ntsiab los ua ib tug nrog duab ntawm lub tuam tsev. Nws abolishes tus paub choruses thiab siv atypical tug li txhawb, allocates ib daim qhov chaw rau lub royals. Master nrhiav los tsim ib tug lub tsev teev ntuj uas yuav muaj kev cuam tshuam tag nrho cov originality ntawm Lavxias teb sab kab lis kev cai, tab sis kuj xav kom haum raws li cov kev siv ntawm cov feem ntau niaj hnub tiam sis nyob rau hauv architecture.

Thiab nyob rau hauv lub kawg nws tsis tsuas yog tsim ib tug harmonious - ib tug Lavxias teb sab thiab, nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, lub Renaissance - tsos ntawm lub tuam tsev, tab sis kuj xav tias los ntawm tag nrho cov adjoining qhov chaw, qhov chaw kawm lub hauv paus rau dab tsi yog tam sim no cov kev txaus siab ntawm cov Lavxias teb sab neeg - Cathedral Square.

Kws kes duab vajtse Ivan III nug caw cov tub ntxhais kawm los ntawm ltalis, hais tias lawv embody lub tswv yim ntawm cov creation ntawm lub architectural khaub ncaws ntau ntawm cov Kremlin. Yog li ntawd, Russia tau pom nws lub cim thiab ib tug qauv rau architectural imitation. Lub tsev teev ntuj twb ua nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv lub sij hawm, thiab nyob rau hauv 1479 dhau lub tsev teev ntuj fij tseg rau Vajtswv. Thiab kes duab lub vajtse twb muab qhov puav pheej thiab kev hwm, tab sis nws twb tsis tso tawm rau lawv teb chaws, raws li tus huab tais ntawm nws lub hom phiaj rau nws.

Xyoo ntawm yawm thiab lub yeeb koob

Twb thaum lub sij hawm tsim kho ntawm lub Assumption Cathedral, Aristotle Fioravanti, kws kes duab vajtse, yuav tsis hnov qab nws engineering cwj pwm tsis zoo. Nws ua cannon ntau lawm, qhia Lavxias teb sab masters thiab cov tub rog thiab tsa lub taub hau ntawm lub Lavxias teb sab artillery. Nws yog koom nyob rau hauv forging Lavxias teb sab dej hla, constructing ib Pontoon choj hla lub Volkhov. Ib tug ob peb xyoos Master tuas nyob rau hauv tej hauj lwm, uas generously them tus Lavxias teb sab tsar.

Txawm li cas los, tus tswv xav mus tsev thiab nug tus huab tais rov qab mus tsev, tab sis nws txawm hnov txog nws tsis xav tau. Qhov kawg mention ntawm Fioravanti nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm hais tias nws twb muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv ib tug phiaj los nqis tes tiv thaiv tsis tau Tver, uas twb nrog lub yeej ntawm Lavxias teb sab caj npab.

Nyhuv Aristotle Fioravanti architecture nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab

Assumption Cathedral twb tau txais nrog tej yam txaus siab los ntawm Lavxias teb sab architects, thiab thiaj li rau tag nrho cov tshaj Russia pib tshwm chaw, cas repeats cov style ntawm Italian kws kes duab vajtse. Fioravanti, tsis paub txog nws, muab cov me nyuam yaus ntawm Lavxias teb sab teb chaws lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm architecture, uas sib haum xeeb combines qub kev cai ntawm Lavxias teb sab architecture nrog lub novelty ntawm lub Italian Renaissance.

Unknown tej hauj lwm ntawm Aristotle Fioravanti

Architectural historians kom txog rau thaum tam sim no koj sim mus nrhiav cov vaj tse uas tsa Fioravanti nyob rau hauv Russia. Muaj yog ib tug kev tshawb xav hais tias cov kws kes duab vajtse ntawm qhov kev siv ntawm lub Assumption Cathedral mus nyob ib ncig ntawm lub teb chaws thiab coj ib feem nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho ntawm ib tug xov tooj ntawm tuam tsev. Ib txhia soj ntsuam ntawm muaj ntaus nqi mus rau nws lub authorship ntawm St. Nicholas Cathedral thiab cov monastery ntawm St. Anthony Krasnokholmsky Cheremenetsky John lub Theologian Monastery. Muaj yog ib tug taw tes ntawm view, tab sis tsis muaj tiag tiag pov thawj rau no ziag no tsis yog. Thiab officially Aristotle Fioravanti ua nyob rau hauv Russia yog ib tug ntawm cov zoo nkauj tshaj plaws lub koom txoos - Assumption Cathedral nyob rau hauv lub Kremlin.

Xaus zaj dabneeg

Nws tsis yog lub npe hu raws nraim thaum nws tuag, Aristotle Fioravanti, thaum lub sij hawm lub neej ntawm kes duab lub vajtse xwb kwv yees li txiav txim siab. Nyob rau hauv xyoo tsis ntev los nws tau siv nyob rau hauv Russia, tab sis lub sij hawm no yuav luag tsis muaj tej yam tim khawv. Tsis tau kwv yees hnub uas txoj kev tuag - nyob rau hauv 1486 - qhia tau hais tias cov kws kes duab vajtse twb nyob ntev txaus nyob rau hauv cov hnub lub neej ('71 - qhov no yog huab laus mus rau lub xyoo pua 15th).

Lub neej creator yog tag nrho ntawm kev nyuaj siab, discoveries thiab ua tau zoo. Zoo kawg li lub tsev teev ntuj, ua los ntawm Aristotle Fioravanti, yees duab qhia tau hais tias nws nyob rau hauv tag nrho nws cov hwjchim ci ntsa iab. Lub npe Wizard mus ib txhis inscribed nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm lub ntiaj teb no thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog lub Lavxias teb sab architecture.

Engineer thiab kes duab vajtse Aristotle Fioravanti, keeb kwm portrait uas muaj ib tug ntau ntawm cov dawb me ntsis, yog ib tug paub tias innovator ntawm Lavxias teb sab architectural tsev kawm ntawv. Nws pab ntawm daim duab ntawm Russia yuav tsis tau overemphasized. Rau peb lub teb chaws, nws yog ib lub kws kes duab vajtse ntawm tshwj xeeb tseem ceeb, vim hais tias nws tsim lub khaub ncaws ntau ntawm lub ntsiab lub xeev ntawm cov complex thiab ua lub Assumption Cathedral nyob rau hauv lub Kremlin.

Aristotle Fioravanti, cov duab ntawm cov vaj tse uas niaj hnub no muaj peev xwm yuav nrhiav tau nyob rau hauv lub album txhua traveler nyob rau hauv Moscow, yog ib tug tiag tiag Lavxias teb sab cuab yeej cuab tam. Nws yog ib tug yeej muaj tseeb Renaissance txiv neej: muaj tswv yim, kev txawj ntse, aspiring rau zoo thiab greatness attained. Nws lub neej - ib tug qauv ntawm txoj kev hlub ntawm nws ua hauj lwm, uas nws twb mob siab rau nws lub xeem ua tsis taus pa.