Kursk Bulge, 1943. Sib ntaus sib tua ntawm lub Kursk Bulge

Cov neeg uas tsis nco qab lawv yav dhau los tsis muaj yav tom ntej. Yog li ntawd ib zaug hais lus Greek philosopher Plato. Nyob rau nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem, "kaum tsib viv republics" koom siab los ntawm "Great Russia" ua rau kev sib tsoo ntawm kev plague ntawm tib neeg - kev siab phem. Lub siab phem sib ntaus sib tua tau ua los ntawm ntau cov yeej ntawm Pawg Tub Rog, uas yog hu ua tus yuam sij. Lub ntsiab lus ntawm qhov tsab xov xwm no yog ib qho ntawm kev sib tw ntawm Ob lub Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog - qhov Kursk Doug, yog ib tus fateful fatters, uas yog qhov kawg ntawm peb lub tswv yim uas peb xaiv tau los ntawm peb cov yawm txiv thiab yawm txiv. Txij li thaum lub sij hawm, German occupiers tau smashed on tag nrho cov frontiers. Lub hom phiaj ntawm kev khav theeb mus rau sab hnub poob pib. Txij li ntawd lub sij hawm, cov neeg ua phem tau hnov qab nws txhais li cas rau "mus rau sab hnub tuaj".

Keeb Kwm Tshaj Lij

Lub Kursk confrontation took place rau 05/05/1943 - lub yim hli ntuj hnub tim 23, xyoo 1943 nyob rau lub teb chaws primordial teb chaws, uas tus poj prince Alexander Nevsky ib zaug tuav nws cov ntaub thaiv npog. Nws cov lus ceeb toom rau cov neeg nyob sab hnub poob (leej twg tuaj rau peb nrog rab ntaj) ntawm kev tuag ntawm kev tuag ntawm Lavxias teb sab ntaj uas tau ntsib lawv, uas ib zaug tau lub hwj chim. Characteristically, lub Kursk ib yam dab tsi zoo li ib tug sib ntaus sib tua, qhov no tub huabtais Alexander ntawm lub Teutonic Knights ntawm lub pas dej Peipus 05.04.1242 xyoo. Ntawm chav kawm, lub arming ntawm lub armies, nplai thiab lub sij hawm ntawm no ob battles yog incommensurable. Tab sis lub scenario ntawm ob lub battles yog me ntsis zoo ib yam dab tsi: lub Germans sim ua txhaum los ntawm lub chaw tsov rog kev txiav txim ntawm lub Russians, tab sis twb crushed los ntawm kev ua phem ua ntawm flanks.

Yog tias, txawm li cas los xij, nws yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws los sim hais tias qhov Kursk Bulge no zoo li cas, qhov kev nthuav qhia luv yuav yog raws li nram no: unprecedented hauv keeb kwm (ua ntej thiab tom qab) ua hauj lwm-tactical ceev 1 km ntawm lub hauv ntej.

Kev tsim ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua

Cov tub rog ntawm cov tub rog liab tom qab Tsov rog Stalingrad thaum Lub Kaum Ib Hlis Ntuj 1942 txog Lub Peb Hlis Ntuj 1943 tau ua los ntawm kev sib ntaus ntawm 100 pawg neeg ntawm tus yeeb ncuab, cuam tshuam los ntawm North Caucasus, Don, thiab Volga. Tab sis los ntawm kev tsim txiaj ntawm kev piam sij los ntawm peb sab rau thaum pib ntawm lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav xyoo 1943, lub hauv ntej tau ruaj ntseg. Nyob rau hauv daim ntawv qhia ntawm lub sib ntaus sib tua raws li qhov chaw ntawm lub hauv ntej kab nrog lub Germans, rau lub pab tub rog nazi, muaj ib lub ledge, uas cov tub rog muab lub npe ntawm lub Kurskaya Duga. Lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav xyoo 1943 tau lull mus rau pem hauv ntej: tsis muaj leej twg tau ua kom tiav, ob sab sib zog ua ke kom rov mus koom lub tswv yim.

Kev npaj ntawm fascist lub teb chaws Yelemees

Tom qab Stalingrad swb lawm, Hitler tshaj tawm txoj kev txhawb nqa, vim yog lub Wehrmacht hlob tuaj, ntau tshaj qhov offset qhov raug kev txom nyem. "Raws li rab phom" yog 9.5 lab tus neeg (nrog rau 2.3 lab reservists). 75% ntawm feem ntau muaj peev xwm ua tau txais pab tub rog (5.3 lab tus tib neeg) tau nyob rau hauv Soviet-German pem hauv ntej.

Lub Führer xav kom cuam tshuam qhov kev nqis tes tawm tswv yim hauv kev ua tsov ua rog. Lub taw tes tig, nyob rau hauv nws lub tswv yim, yog kom tshwm sim precisely rau ntawm ib feem ntawm pem hauv ntej uas lub Kurskaya Duga nyob. Yuav ua kom tiav cov phiaj xwm, Wehrmacht lub hauv paus chaw tsim tsim lub lag luam "Citadel". Lub tswv yim npaj duab kos rau lub Kursk (ntawm sab qaum teb - los ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv ntawm Orel, los ntawm sab qab teb - los ntawm lub nroog ntawm Belgorod). Nyob rau hauv no txoj kev cov tub rog ntawm lub Voronezh thiab Central Fronts tau txais mus rau hauv lub "cauldron".

Nyob hauv txoj haujlwm no, 50 pawg haujlwm tau siv rau qhov kev lag luam ntawm lub hauv ntej. 16 lub tank thiab motorized, tag nrho ntawm 0,9 lab xaiv, siab tub rog; 2.7 txhiab tanks; 2,500 aircraft; 10 txhiab phom thiab phom.

Hauv pawg no, qhov kev hloov mus rau cov tub lag tub luam tshiab tau raug tsim tawm: Cov Panther thiab Tsov Tuav Tshaj Tawm, Ferdiand phom tua.

Txoj hauj lwm ntawm Soviet kev txib

Thaum npaj tub rog Soviet rau kev sib ntaus sib tua, nws yuav tsum tau them tribute rau Generalship peev xwm ntawm Deputy Supreme Commander G. Zhukov. Nws, nrog rau tus Chief ntawm cov General neeg ua hauj lwm A. M. Vasilevskim qhia mus rau lub Supreme Commander suggestion rau Stalin hais tias cov Kursk yuav ua tau ib tug loj yav tom ntej rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub sib ntaus sib tua, raws li zoo raws li lub approximate kwv yees los ntawm tus yeeb ncuab quab yuam grouping.

Nyob rau hauv kab, cov fascists tau tawm tsam Voronezh (tus coj - General Vatutin NF) thiab Central Central (commander - General Rokossovsky KK) totaling 1.34 lab tus tib neeg. Nyob hauv lawv lub hauv caug muaj li 19 txhiab cug thiab phom; 3,4 txhiab tus tub rog; 2,5 txhiab aircraft. (Raws li peb pom, qhov zoo dua yog nyob ntawm lawv sab). Nyiag ntawm tus yeeb ncuab tom qab cov lus teev tseg muaj ib qho kev tiv thaiv Steppe pem hauv ntej (commander IS Konev). Nws muaj ib lub tank, aviation thiab tsib sib sau ua ke ntawm cov tub rog, ntxiv los ntawm lub cev muaj sia.

Kev tswj thiab kev sib koom tes ntawm cov dej num ntawm qhov kev sib koom ua tiav tau ua tus kheej los ntawm GK Zhukov thiab AM Vasilevsky.

Tactical lub hom phiaj ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua

Lub tswv yim ntawm Marshal Zhukov lam hais tias kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm lub Kursk Duga yuav muaj ob theem. Thawj yog defensive, qhov thib ob - kev ua txhaum.

Ib qho kev sib tshuam ntawm qhov chaw (300 km sib sib zog nqus) tau npaj. Tag nrho ntev ntawm nws trenches yog kwv yees sib npaug mus rau qhov deb "Moscow - Vladivostok". Nws muab rau 8 tus kabmob ntawm kev tiv thaiv. Lub hom phiaj ntawm txoj kev tiv thaiv zoo li no ua rau tus yeeb ncuab tsis muaj zog ntau li ntau tau, kom tsis pub nws tawm ntawm txoj haujlwm, ua kom yooj yim npaum li sai tau. Nyob rau hauv lub thib ob, lus txib ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua, ob qho kev ua haujlwm raug npaj. Ua ntej: Kev ua haujlwm Kutuzov nrog lub hom phiaj ntawm kev tshem tawm cov pab pawg neeg fascist thiab tso lub nroog ntawm Orel. Qhov thib ob: "General ntawm lub Rumyantsev" rau kev puas tsuaj ntawm Belgorod-Kharkov pawg ntawm invaders.

Yog li, nrog rau qhov tseeb ntawm cov pab tub rog liab, kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Kursk Doug tau tshwm sim los ntawm Soviet sab "ntawm kev tiv thaiv". Rau cov haujlwm ua kev phem, raws li kev qhia tactics, nws coj ob peb zaug peb pawg neeg yuav tsum tau muaj.

Artillery khaus

Nws thiaj li tau tshwm sim hais tias lub sij hawm ntawm qhov pib ntawm cov kev pabcuam fascist pib paub ua ntej. Nyob rau hnub so ntawm tus German sappers pib ua kis hauv cov minefields. Teb Chaws Asmeskas ua ntu zus hauv kev lag luam nrog rau kev sib ntaus sib tua nrog lawv thiab coj cov neeg raug kaw. Los ntawm cov "lus" nws pib paub lub sij hawm ntawm qhov kev ua txhaum: 3-00 05/07/1943.

Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog ua haujlwm thiab tsim nyog: Nyob rau 2-20 hnub 05/05/1943, Marshal Rokossovsky KK (tus thawj coj ntawm Lub Hauv Pem Hauv Ntej Hauv Tsev), nrog kev pom zoo los ntawm Deputy Supreme Commander-in-Chief GK Zhukov, lub hwjchim loj tshaj plaws raug ua los ntawm cov rog hauv ntej. Nws yog innovation nyob rau hauv kev sib ntaus los tactics. Lub invaders raug rho tawm haujlwm ib puas Katyushas, 600 phom, thiab 460 hoob pob. Rau cov neeg phem, qhov no yog ib qho ua kom tiav, lawv raug kev txom nyem.

Tsuas yog nyob rau hauv 4-30, regrouping, lawv tau tuav lawv artillery npaj, thiab thaum 5-30 mus rau ntawm kev ua phem. Lub sib ntaus sib tua ntawm lub Kursk Dug pib.

Pib ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua

Ntawm chav kawm, tsis yog txhua leej txhua tus yuav pom tau tias peb cov thawj coj. Hauv particular, General Staff thiab Stavka tau cia lub ntsiab tshuab los ntawm Nazis nyob rau hauv cov lus qhia yav qab teb, mus rau lub nroog ntawm Orel (uas yog defended los ntawm lub hauv paus Central, tus commander yog General Vatutin NF). Nyob rau hauv kev muaj tiag, txawm li ntawd los, kev sib ntaus sib tua nyob rau hauv Kursk Dug los ntawm sab ntawm German pab pawg neeg tau accentuated nyob rau Voronezh pem hauv ntej, los ntawm sab qaum teb. Ob lub tswb roj ntawm lub lag luam loj, yim taj laj, ib qho kev sib faib khoom quab yuam, ib qho kev sib tw motorized mus rau cov tub rog ntawm General Vatutin Nikolai Fedorovich. Hauv thawj theem ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua, thawj kub chaw yog lub zos ntawm Cherkasskoe (ua tau tawm ntawm lub ntsej muag ntawm lub ntiaj teb), nyob rau ob pawg Soviet infantry divisions tuav rov qab ntawm tsib tus yeeb ncuab sib faib nyob rau nruab hnub.

Tactics ntawm German offensive

Txoj Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb no zoo kawg nkaus hauv kev ua tub rog. Kursk Duga siab qhia qhov kev sib cav ntawm ob lub tswv yim. Tus German ua zoo li cas? Ua ntej ntawm lub nres, cov khoom siv ua haujlwm nyhav tsiv: 15-20 Tsov tus npau taws thiab nws tus kheej foob Ferdinand phom. Tom qab lawv ua raws li ntawm tsib caug mus txog pua pua qhov nruab nrab ntawm Pantera tso tsheb hlau luam, nrog los ntawm infantry. Tom qab rov qab, lawv rov sau ua ke thiab rov qab ua kom nres. Kev ua rau zoo li lub hiav txwv tides ua raws ib leeg.

Peb yuav ua raws li cov lus qhia ntawm cov neeg paub zoo txog kev ua tub rog, Marshal ntawm Soviet Union, xib fwb Zakharov Matvey Vasilievich, peb yuav tsis idealize peb defenses ntawm 1943 qauv, peb yuav objectively objectively.

Peb yuav tsum tham txog German tactics ntawm kev sib tsoo tank kev sib ntaus. Lub Kursk Duga (nws yuav tsum tau txais) qhia cov kos duab ntawm Colonel General German Goth, nws "hniav nyiaj hniav kub", yog hais tias ib tug muaj peev xwm hais txog tso tsheb hlau luam, qhia nws cov tub rog thib plaub mus rau hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua. Ntxiv mus, peb cov tub rog 40th nrog 237 roj hmab, feem ntau nruab nrog artillery (35.4 units ib 1 km), raws li cov lus txib ntawm General Kirill Semenovich Moskalenko ntau rau sab laug, i.e. Tsis nyob tom hauj lwm. Kev tawm tsam General Goth, pawg tub rog thib 6 (commander IM Chistyakov) muaj ib rab phom ntawm 1 km - 24.4 nrog 135 tso tsheb hlau luam. Qhov tseem ceeb rau pawg tub rog thib 6, tsis yog los ntawm kev ua haujlwm tshaj plaws, yog qhov tshuab ntawm Pab Pawg Sab Qab Teb "Sab Qab Teb", tau hais los ntawm feem ntau cov peev xwm ntawm Wehrmacht, Erich von Manstein. (Incidentally, tus txiv neej no yog ib qho ntawm ob peb uas pheej pheej tawm tsam zoo thiab cov tswv yim nrog Adolf Hitler, uas qhov tseeb, xyoo 1944, nws tau tawm haujlwm lawm).

Lub tank sib ntaus sib tua nyob ze Prokhorovka

Nyob rau hauv qhov teeb meem tam sim no, xav kom liquidate lub breakthrough, Red Army nkag mus rau hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua kev nyab xeeb reserves: 5th Guards Tank Army (commander ntawm Rotmistrov PA) thiab 5th Guards Army (Army Commander Zhadov AS)

Tau ntawm ib tug flank nres los ntawm Soviet tub rog tub rog nyob rau hauv lub zos ntawm lub zos ntawm Prokhorovka twb yav tas los yog los ntawm German General Staff. Yog li ntawd, cov kev sib cais 'Totenkopf "thiab" Imperial "tshuab kev taw qhia tau hloov mus rau 90 ⁰ - rau lub taub hau-on kev sib tsoo nrog cov tub rog ntawm General Rotmistrova Pavla Alekseevicha.

Tso Tsheb Hlau Luam nyob rau hauv lub Kursk Bulge: los ntawm German sab, 700 sib ntaus sib tua tsheb mus rau hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua, los ntawm peb - 850. Ib qho zoo kawg thiab yees duab. Raws li pom muaj tim khawv rov qab, tus nyooj yog tias cov ntshav ntws los ntawm pob ntseg. Tua ntawm qhov point-blank range, uas cov yees dov tawm. Mus rau tus yeeb ncuab ntawm lub tsheb, sim tua hluav taws ntawm lub tso tsheb hlau luam, los ntawm qhov uas cov tso tsheb hlau luam flared torches. Tankmen yog li yog nyob rau hauv prostration - thaum tseem ciaj sia, nws yog tsim nyog los tua. Retreat, nws tsis yooj yim sua kom zais.

Red Army nyob rau hauv lub sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Prokhorovka, uas qhia heroism, tsis tau raug kev txom nyem ib tug zoo kawg poob, es lub German. Cov txheej txheem 18 thiab 29 lub nkoj corps raug puas los ntawm xya caum feem pua.

Yog hais tias peb tham txog qhov poob ntawm cov kev puas tsuaj nyob rau hauv lub Battle ntawm Kursk, ces Voronezh, Steppe thiab Central Fronts poob 177,8 txhiab tus neeg, ntawm uas ntau tshaj li 70 txhiab leej raug tua. Lub Voronezh pem hauv ntej tau tawm los ua "hacked" mus rau tag nrho tob. Raws li cov historians, cov Germans poob qis dua tsawg dua 20% ntawm peb cov losses.

Qhov thib ob theem ntawm lub lag luam

Deepened los ntawm 35 km thiab raug teeb meem loj zuj zus, cov Germans pom tau hais tias lawv yuav tsis muaj peev xwm tuav lub bridgehead, thiab thaum 16.07.1943 lawv pib ncua cov tub rog. Lub Voronezh thiab Steppe fronts tau tsiv mus rau hauv ib qho chaw ua tsis ncaj ncees thiab rov tsim kho cov kab hauv pem hauv ntej. Tus General Staff thiab General Headquarters (peb yuav tsum them tribute rau) subtly ntes tau lub "lub caij ntawm qhov tseeb" thiab muab cia tseg rau hauv kev txiav txim.

Kev poob siab rau cov Germans, lub "fresh" Bryansk Front on 08/03/1943 raug muab tso rau hauv kev ua phem ntawm cov flanks los ntawm cov rog ntawm Steppe thiab Central Fronts. 05.08.1943 tom qab kev sib ntaus sib tua, lub Bryansk Front nyob rau hauv Oryol, thiab Stepny nyob rau hauv Belgorod. Lub lag luam ntawm lub Kursk Duga tiav rau lub yim hli ntuj 23, 1943, los ntawm kev dim ntawm Kharkov. Daim ntawv qhia txog kev sib ntaus sib tua no suav nrog kev tiv thaiv theem (05-23.07.1943); Orel khiav lag luam ("Kutuzov") 12.07-18.08.1943; Belgorod-Kharkov lag luam ("General ntawm lub Rumyantsev") 03-23.08.1943.

Xaus

Tom qab yeej ntawm cov tub rog liab ntawm lub Wehrmacht hauv Tsov rog ntawm Kursk, lub tswv yim thaum kawg tau mus rau Red Army. Yog li ntawd, qhov no sib ntaus sib tua yog hu ua ib tug raws taw tes rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no ua tsov ua rog II.

Tau kawg, nws yog tsis tsim nyog los tua tus yeeb ncuab hauv thawj theem ntawm kev lag luam (yog hais tias nyob rau hauv tiv thaiv peb txom nyem ntawm ib mus rau tsib, txawm lawv nyob rau hauv lub offensive?!). Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov tub rog Soviet tau coj los qhia txog kev ua neej nyob rau hauv qhov kev sib ntaus sib tua no. 100,000 tus neeg tau txais kev txiav txim thiab cov kev sib tw, thiab 180 ntawm lawv tau txais lub npe hu ua Hero ntawm Soviet Union.

Nyob rau hauv peb lub sij hawm, lub hnub ntawm nws kawm tiav - Lub yim hli ntuj 23 - xyoo raws li cov neeg uas nyob lub teb chaws raws li lub hnub ntawm cov tub rog lub yeeb koob ntawm Russia.