Kev faib tawm ntawm khoom noj khoom haus los ntawm pawg. Kev faib tawm ntawm cov khoom noj siv mis

Ib tug ntawm cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws industries yog khoom noj, vim hais tias txhua txhua hnub tib neeg lub cev yuav tsum tau roj - ib tug ntau yam ntawm cov khoom noj nyob rau hauv lub ntuj thiab nyob rau hauv ua daim ntawv no. Systematize thiab khiav lub terminology ntawm tag nrho cov ntau yam ntawm zaub mov ua rau lawv cais.

Suam ntawm cov zaub mov: yog dab tsi?

Nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav tau zoo thiab nraaj tsim, muag thiab khw khoom noj khoom haus, nws yog tsim nyog chiv mus nqa tawm lawv cais.

Suam ntawm cov khoom noj - ib zajlus kom txoj ntawm rhuav lub totality ntawm cov zaub mov mus rau hauv pab pawg ntawm cov sib txawv theem ntawm generality, raws li tej yam.

Cov Khoom muag tshawb fawb ntau ntau classifications ntawm cov khoom noj, uas yog: kev kawm ntawv, coj mus muag, standard, economic thiab txawv teb chaws trade statistics. thawj ob yog hais tias yuav lub feem ntau.

Tus nqi ntawm cov khoom noj faib

Suam ntawm cov zaub mov pursues ntau cov hom phiaj, uas yog:

• pab automate txheej txheem ntawm sau thiab ua ntaub ntawv hais txog cov khoom;
• pab txhawb cov kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov neeg thaj chaw ntawm cov khoom noj khoom, lub tsim ntawm lub system uas yuav tsum tau rau cov zaub mov, accounting thiab npaj ntawm lawv turnover;
• pab tsim npaum txoj kev ntim, miv pom cia hom thiab tsheb thauj mus los ntawm cov zaub mov;
• txhawb muaj kuab tis ntawm cov khoom nyob rau hauv lub trading pem teb thiab nyob rau hauv lub warehouse;
• tsim ib lub hauv paus rau lub pov thawj ntawm cov khoom noj khoom;
• pab txhawb cov cim ntawm cov neeg siv kev thov rau zaub mov.

Yuav kom sau cov lus qhia txog cov khoom thiab lawv ua siv ntau hom ntawm computer cov khoom. Ib suam ntawm software khoom nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm lub Scope ntawm siv muaj xws li peb tej pawg: system software, daim ntawv thov tej pob khoom thiab software. Tuav ib tug ntau yam ntawm cov ntaub ntawv yog lub luag hauj lwm daim ntaub ntawv.

Nyob rau hauv lem, tus faib ntawm applied software yog yam khoom muab faib mus rau hauv lub nram qab no: text editors thiab processors, graphic editors, database tswj systems, spreadsheets; accounting system, cov ntaub ntawv kev tswj system, nyiaj txiag tsom xam systems thiab lwm tus neeg. Tag nrho cov saum toj no software yog siv nyob rau hauv cov kev tswj ntawm lub turnover ntawm khoom noj.

Cov kev faib zaub mov cov khoom npaj

Nyob rau lub hauv paus ntawm cov lo lus uas tag nrho cov khoom noj uas yog muab faib ua plaub pawg:

1. Khoom noj khoom haus cov khoom rau loj noj.
2. Medical-kev noj haus thiab kho thiab prophylactic khoom.
3. Khoom npaj rau tus me nyuam kev noj haus.
4. Kev zaub mov:

• fortified zaub mov;
• ib tug physiologically haumxeeb zaub mov cov khoom xyaw;
• Probiotic zaub mov;
• probiotics;
• prebiotics;
• synbiotics.

Classification cwj pwm ntawm lub sab sauv theem

Suam ntawm cov zaub mov nyob rau ntawm lub qaum theem ntawm feem ntau nta.

Yog li ntawd, nyob rau lub hauv paus ntawm lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm tag nrho cov khoom noj khoom haus cov khoom muab faib ua plaub pawg:

• herbal khoom (cereals, zaub, txiv hmab txiv ntoo, legumes, nceb, thiab lwm yam);
• khoom ntawm tsiaj keeb kwm (nqaij, nqaij ntses, nqaij ntses nyoo, thiab lwm yam);
• mineral (sodium tshuaj dawb);
• biosynthetic keeb kwm (vinegar).

Nyob rau lub hauv paus ntawm cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov khoom noj yog muab faib mus rau hauv:

• protein;
• carbohydrate;
• roj;
• mineral.

Nyob rau lub hauv paus ntawm cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm kev noj khoom haus cov khoom uas:

• nyoos;
• semi-tiav lawm cov khoom;
• npaj txhij.

Ntawm cov hoob kawm, qhov no yog tsis yog ib tug ua tiav kev faib ntawm yooj yim foodstuffs. Txhua pab pawg neeg ntawm cov khoom noj khoom hierarchically muaj me me pab pawg (hom, hom, cultivars, etc.) nyob rau hauv lub raw cov ntaub ntawv, formulations, ntau lawm technology, thiab lwm yam unifying feature.

Kawm kev faib zaub mov khoom

Kawm kev faib ntawm cov khoom noj mus rau hauv pab pawg siv nyob rau hauv Merchandizing rau kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov neeg siv cov khoom ntawm cov khoom, lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm tsim ntawm cov khoom thiab lawv kev txuag. Raws li cov saum toj no kev faib tawm, tag nrho cov khoom noj khoom haus cov khoom grouped rau hauv 9 pab pawg nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm ib tug ntau keeb kwm, tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg, technology, lo lus uas peb thiab cia nta:

• pob kws-hmoov khoom;
• txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab zaub cov khoom thiab fungi;
• qab zib, zib ntab, starch thiab bakery khoom;
• siav rog;
• nqaij;
• ntses khoom;
• khoom noj siv mis;
• qe thiab cov qe khoom;
• flavoring khoom.

Educational kev faib tsom mus tshawb cov ntau yam ntawm cov khoom, thiab qhov tseem ceeb feature yog lub sij hawm ntawm ib tug khoom noj khoom.

Trade Classification khoom noj los ntawm pab pawg

Trade Classification zaub mov nyob rau hauv pab pawg pab nraaj muab cov khoom nyob rau hauv lub rhawv thiab npaj lawv npaum cia. Raws li qhov no faib tawm, cov nram qab no pab pawg neeg ntawm cov khoom:

• bakery cov khoom;
• txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab zaub;
• khoom noj siv mis thiab cov roj cov khoom;
• confectionery;
• nqaij thiab nqaij;
• ntses thiab cov ntses khoom;
• qe khoom;
• siav rog;
• dej qab zib;
• Caw thiab dej haus;
• haus luam yeeb khoom.

Grocers thiab gourmet

Nyob rau hauv cov lag luam tawm, lub kev faib ntawm cov khoom noj muab zwj ceeb kev koom ua ke ntawm tag nrho cov khoom noj khoom haus cov khoom rau hauv tsev muag khoom noj thiab gourmet.

Cov qeb hais txog tsev muag khoom noj hmoov nplej, fawm, cereals, qab zib, ntsev, starch, poov xab, tshuaj yej, kas fes, txuj lom thiab zaub roj.

Gastronomic khoom pawg muaj npaj-rau-noj khoom, namely, sausages, nqaij thiab cov kaus poom ntses thiab nqaij, cheese, butter thiab lwm yam khoom noj siv mis, dej thiab dej qab zib, ib co seasoning.

Cov kab kev los ntawm cov khoom noj khoom

Cov khoom noj tau tsim ib co ntawm cov khoom los yog cov khoom ntau yam. Paub qhov txawv ntawm coj mus muag thiab industrial assortments.

Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub thawj cais assortment ntawm lub enterprise (lub nomenclature ntawm cov khoom, uas yog muag nyob rau hauv lub khw) thiab ib tug ntau ntawm khoom ib pawg (mis nyuj, nqaij, confectionery thiab lwm tus neeg. Khoom).

Muaj cov khoom ntau yam muaj xws li cov khoom uas yog ua nyob rau ntawm lub hauv cov nroj tsuag (ntau yam tuam txhab uas muag) los yog nyob rau hauv tus muaj sector (khwv yees li ntawm industries).

Ib suam ntawm khoom noj siv mis

Nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm, thaum lub tshuaj nyob tus yeees ntawm cov mis nyuj twb tsis tau paub, cov khoom no yog feem ntau hu ua "cov ntshav dawb" los yog "kua txiv ntawm lub neej". Thiab tsis muaj zem. Tom qab tag nrho, cov mis nyuj yog pom tias yuav ua tau lub feem ntau tag khoom mov, vim cov ntsiab lus ntawm 20 cov amino acids, ntau tshaj 147 fatty acids thiab lactose (mis nyuj qab zib), uas yog lub storehouse ntawm cov vitamins, ib txoj lw ntsiab, enzymes thiab lwm yam cov as-ham.

Classification lends nws tus kheej raws li cov mis nyuj nws tus kheej, thiab cov khoom uas muaj tawm ntawm nws. Ib tug tshwj xeeb cov pab pawg neeg ntawm khoom noj siv mis, uas yog lub txiaj ntsim ntawm lactic acid los yog ib tug tov (lactic acid + cawv) mis nyuj fermentation.

Suam ntawm cov mis nyuj thiab mis nyuj haus khoom

mis los khoom	txhais
mis nyuj:
mis	Tshwm ntawm cua kub mis nyuj rau ib tug kub ntawm 74-76 0 C thaum lub sij hawm 15-30 feeb nyob rau hauv ib tug tshwj xeeb cov khoom
sterilized	Tshwm ntawm cua kub mis nyuj rau ib tug kub saum toj no 100 0 C nyob rau hauv kub siab rau 2-10 vib nas this
melted	Tshwm ncu tus kab mob rau hauv lub pasteurized cov kua mis ntawm ib tug kub ntawm 85-99 0 C rau yam tsawg kawg 3 teev nyob rau hauv ib cov thawv ntim
condensed	Evaporation ntawm tag nrho cov mis nyuj nrog rau qhov sib ntxiv ntawm crystal qab zib (12%) los yog tsis muaj
qhuav	Tau li qub kom qhuav lub pasteurized cov kua mis rau ib tug hmoov zoo
qab zib	Cov tshwm sim ntawm qhov kev sib cais ntawm cov rog feem ntawm tag nrho cov mis nyuj
butter	khoom sib cais los yog whipping qab zib los ntawm nyuj lub mis nyuj
cheese	Cov khoom ntawm cov mis nyuj txhaws enzymes thiab lactic acid cov kab mob los yog melting txawv khoom noj siv mis ntsev melter-
Mis cov khoom:	Khoom ripening pasteurized cov kua mis Kab mob starters
clabber	Fermented mis nyuj cov khoom, fermented mis mis nyuj nrog cov kev taw qhia ntawm ntshiab haiv neeg lactic tus kab mob Streptococcus acidophilus thiab Lactobacillus bulgaricus nyob rau hauv sib txawv proportions
kefir	Cov khoom tau tov fermentation siv kefir fungi. Nws muaj ib tug qhia tau noj haus thiab kho nyhuv vim tsub zuj zuj ntawm tshuaj tua kab mob tshuaj
qaub kua	Khoom ripening mis qab zib ferment ntshiab haiv neeg ntawm lactic streptococci
tsev cheese	Khoom souring ntawm cov mis nyuj thiab lub tom ntej tshem tawm ntawm whey
acidophilus dej qab zib	Khoom ripening pasteurized cov kua mis nrog ferment ntawm Lactobacillus acidophilus

Ib suam ntawm nqaij

Nqaij khoom, xws li mis nyuj, yog dej num raws li cov khoom uas huab hwm coj noj. Cov nqaij nyob rau hauv loj qhov ntau muaj tag nrho cov tseem ceeb cov amino acids nyob rau hauv ib tug ratio uas zoo tshaj plaws raws li cov kev xav tau ntawm tib neeg lub cev. Nws yog qhov tseem ceeb rau tib neeg vitamin B12, phosphorus thiab hlau, phospholipids thiab lwm yam cov as-ham.

Ib suam ntawm nqaij

nqaij khoom	txhais
Nqaij slaughter ntawm ua liaj ua teb cov tsiaj	Nqaij nyug, nqaij npuas, horsemeat, thiab lwm tus neeg.
tsiaj by-khoom	Secondary tub ceev xwm tua tsiaj (lub plawv, raum, siab, tus nplaig, lub taub hau, thiab lwm yam)
nqaij qaib	Nqaij qaib, qaib cov txwv, os, thiab lwm yam
nqaij npaj	Steak, steak, stew, nqaij qaib, nqaij nyuj steak, meatball, minced nqaij, thiab lwm yam, uas yuav tsum tau tom ntej thaum tshav kub kub kev kho mob
Nqaij ua noj khoom	Npaj-rau-noj nqaij, uas muaj ntau txoj kev los ntawm tshav kub kev kho mob
Khov ready-made cov tais nqaij	Nqaij khoom ua los ntawm tej yam ntuj tso los yog tws nqaij nrog ib tug sab zaub mov los sis tsis muaj, lub xeem te
smoked nqaij	Salted thiab tshav kub kho lumpy khoom npaj noj nqaij (nqaij npua, nqaij npuas kib, nqaij npuas kib, thiab lwm yam)
nqaij	Cov khoom ntawm hnyuv ntxwm nqaij nyob rau hauv lub plhaub los yog tsis muaj (sausages, frankfurters, sausages, pate, brawn, nqaij ncuav, thiab lwm yam) uas yog raug los ua cua sov kev kho mob los yog fermentation thiab npaj txhij mus noj
potted nqaij	Lub kaw thiab sterilized nqaij cov khoom nyob rau hauv ua ke nrog nrog rau lwm cov khoom noj khoom haus (zaub, cereals) los yog tsis muaj

Suam ntawm cov khoom rau tus me nyuam cov zaub mov

tus me nyuam cov khoom noj - khoom noj khoom haus cov khoom yog tsim los ntawm siab zoo raw cov ntaub ntawv rau tshwj xeeb cov zaub mov txawv rau cov me nyuam los ntawm tus thawj hnub ntawm lub neej mus rau 14 xyoo. Noj mov rau cov me nyuam yuav tsum tau raws li tag nrho cov muaj sia xav tau kev pab ntawm cov loj hlob kab mob, nyob rau hauv particular, yuav tsum tau ib tug tag nrho cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov nqaijrog, carbohydrates thiab nqaijrog, vitamins, minerals thiab lwm yam cov as-ham.

Ib tug ua tiav kev faib ntawm tus me nyuam cov zaub mov yog heev kim heev. Feem ntau cov tsos mob rau kev sib faib - yog lub hnub nyoog ntawm cov me nyuam uas lub khoom noj. Nyob rau hauv no kev twb kev txuas paub qhov txawv zaub mov:

• rau cov me nyuam mos (0 mus rau 3 xyoos);
• rau lawv kawm kom (3 mus rau 6 xyoo);
• rau lub tsev kawm ntawv uas muaj hnub nyoog cov me nyuam (6 mus rau 14 xyoos).

Nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov dej tsis zoo me nyuam cov khoom raug muab faib ua ob pawg:

• cov khoom uas muaj muaj dej cov ntsiab lus (4-15%). Cov no muaj xws cereals, pasta, hmoov, hmoov mis nyuj;
• cov khoom uas muaj ib tug siab dej cov ntsiab lus (60-90%). Qhov no zaub thiab txiv hmab txiv ntoo puree, cheese, yogurt, nqaij npas.

Raws li cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm sib tsoo cov khoom me nyuam zaub mov yog npaj:

• rau cov me nyuam nyob rau hauv thawj lub hlis ntawm lub neej (siv homogenization cov as-ham rau ntawm ib tug nqi ntawm 150-200 microns);
• rau cov me nyuam los ntawm 6 mus rau 9 lub hlis (so nrog ib tug particle loj uas mus txog rau 800 microns);
• rau cov me nyuam 10 lub hlis mus rau 1.5 lub xyoo (shredding daim mus rau 2000 microns);
• rau cov me nyuam hnub nyoog 1.5 mus rau 3 xyoos (a la carte).

Cov kaus poom me nyuam cov zaub mov yog:

• los ntawm cov nroj tsuag (kua, mashed qos zaub thiab cov kaus poom txiv hmab txiv ntoo);
• los ntawm cov nqaij nyoos (nyuj, nqaij qaib, nqaij npuas, siab, plawv, mob plab, thiab tus nplaig).

Khoom noj siv mis rau cov me nyuam

Ib tug tshwj xeeb qhov chaw nyob rau hauv cov me nyuam lub zaub mov yuav siv sij hawm khoom noj siv mis, vim hais tias nws ntau xyoo cov me nyuam niam cov kua mis, nyob rau hauv nws qhaj ntawv, thiab yog siv raws li ib tug lure. Nyob ntawm seb lub hom phiaj ntawm lub kev faib ntawm khoom noj siv mis rau cov me nyuam yog raws li nram no:

• Qhuav txais me nyuam mos liab mis;
• qhuav mis nyuj porridge;
• khoom noj siv mis.

Khoom siab tus me nyuam cov mis nyuj cov khoom yog:

• qhuav;
• kua;
• pasty.

cia khoom

Tag nrho cov khoom noj uas muaj ib tug ib txwm mus deteriorate nrog lub sij hawm. Mus cuag lawv txee-lub neej yuav tsum nrog cov kev pab los ntawm kev txuag. Ua li no, koj yuav tsum tsim cov tej yam kev mob los mus tiv thaiv cov kev loj hlob ntawm kab mob thiab kev ua si ntawm enzymes uas ua rau zaubmov lwj.

Nyob rau txoj kev ntawm khaws cia zaub mov cia kev faib yog raws li nram no:

• Thaum tshav kub kub kev kho mob (listeriosis, kom tsis muaj menyuam, cia kom khov, cua txias, daim ntawv thov ntawm UHF currents);
• lub cev qhuav dej (sublimation, lub tshuab nqus tsev chamber los yog hnub kom qhuav);
• kev hloov nyob rau hauv nyob tus yeees ntawm qhov nruab nrab (salting, pickling, marinating, ntxiv piam thaj);
• kev siv cov tshuaj (tshuaj tua kab mob, antiseptics, thiab antioxidants);
• ionization tawg.

Khaws cia tsis tau tsuas yog tsub kom lub txee lub neej ntawm cov zaub mov, tab sis kuj expands lawv ntau yam, pab txoj kev saj thiab calorie cov ntsiab lus ntau ntxiv.