Ib yam ntawm cov loj African lus. Nto moo Teb chaws africa lus

Africa tus pej xeem siv nyob rau hauv txhua hnub kev sib tham dua yim puas yam lus uas yog sib txawv heev los ntawm txhua lwm yam thiab nyob rau tib lub sij hawm muaj ib tug ntau nyob rau hauv ntau. Dialects ntawm qhov kub kub sab av loj nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no yog grouped rau hauv 4 cov tsev neeg: Afro-Asiatic, Niger-Congo (hu ua - Western Sudan), Nilo-Saharan thiab Bushman. Ib tug ntawm lub ntsiab African lus no yog hu ua Kiswahili. Nyob rau hauv teb chaws Africa no lub suab hais lus hais 150 lab.

Afro-Asiatic tsev neeg

Phonetics yog yus muaj los ntawm ib tug tsis muaj tones uas tam sim no nyob rau hauv lwm yam ntau dialects. Peb kuj yuav tsum hais nquag ces yuav tsum laryngeal thiab pharyngeal tsiaj ntawv thiab tsiaj ntawv pawg neeg tsis tshua siv nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus.

Raws li rau lub grammatical nta, rau qhov tej lus thiab kab lus ntawm no pab pawg neeg yog tsiag ntawv los ntawm qeb poj niam txiv neej nyob rau hauv tej lus, correlated nrog kev sib deev yam ntxwv; Ntau txoj kev ntawm txoj kev plurals npe (reduplication, lus thiab alternation cim suab nyob rau hauv lus) thiab arbitrary qhia txog kev ua ntaub ntawv (passive, causative, reflexive, thiab lwm tus). Txhua African lus, uas yog ib feem ntawm lub Semitic ceg ntawm lub Afro-Asiatic tsev neeg, tsiag ntawv los ntawm muaj trehsoglasnyh cov hauv paus hniav.

Lub dialects ntawm no pab pawg neeg yog dav faib rau txhua haiv neeg ntawm North Africa. Lawv kuj tus thawj nyob rau hauv lub sab hnub tuaj ntawm lub teb chaws, namely, Ethiopia, Tanzania mainland, lub teb chaws ntawm Somalia thiab lub Middle East. Afro-Asiatic tsev neeg muaj tsib ceg: lub ancient Iyiv, Cushitic, Semitic, Berber thiab Chadian. Cov yav tas muaj xws li ib tug ntawm lub ntsiab African lus - Hausa.

Nilo-Saharan tsev neeg

Lub dialects ntawm no pab pawg neeg yog tonal unnamed chav kawm ntawv, tab sis ib txhia ntawm lawv muaj ob hom ntawm cov qauv sau ntawv. African lus Nilo-Saharan tsev neeg muaj verbs uas muaj ib tug txheej ntawm arbitrary nrhiav. Tej zaum lub npe yog siv nws cov ntaub ntawv system.

Chav uas tsis muaj me me tseem ceeb muab pab pawg neeg yog Shari thiab Nile-Saharan subfamily. Cov yav tas muaj xws li xws dialects li Kanuri (siv nyob rau hauv cov neeg nceeg Bornu), raws li zoo raws li oxidase thiab Ted, los ntawm cov pej xeem ntawm lub sab hnub tuaj thaj tsam ntawm lub Sahara.

Niger-Congo tsev neeg

Ib tug txawv feature ntawm lub grammatical qauv ntawm dialects ntawm no pab pawg neeg yog sau npe kawm ntawv ua tau kom ntau affixes lub plural thiab lub zoo tshaj. African lus teej tug mus rau lub Niger-Congo tsev neeg, muaj ib tug hais lo lus thiab adjectives pom zoo nrog lub npe ntawm cov chav kawm ntawv uas tus ranked. Raws li dialects ntawm no pab pawg neeg, nyob rau hauv sib piv rau cov teb chaws Europe, es tsis txhob ntawm peb genera (hais txog poj niam, txiv neej thiab neuter) muaj ib tug lossis loj npaum li ntawm cov sau npe kawm ntawv. Yog li, tus tsiaj yuav mus rau tib chav kawm ntawv ntawm cov neeg - mus rau lwm lub, thiab, piv txwv li, ntoo - mus rau lub thib peb. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, muaj ib co pawg neeg uas tsis muaj ib lub hauv paus rau semantic cais.

Roughly lub Niger-Congo tsev neeg yog muab faib ua 8 subfamilies. Qhov no Atlantic, Mandingo, aik, Ijaw, voltayskaya, East, Adamawa thiab Benue-Congo. Qhov kawg ib feem yog cov ceg kuj siv zoo-paub African lus - Swahili.

txhaj lus

Lub npe ntawm no lus tsev neeg (hu ua - Bushman) tau ua tsaug rau ib tug tshwj xeeb clicky sau ntawv, uas yog siv raws li consonants thiab siv heev dua lwm yam nyob rau hauv teb chaws Africa. Articulating tus txhais lus los ntawm cov suab yog tsis meej xwm: lawv yog tam sim no raug xa mus rau raws li uas tsis yog-pa vim ua me me los yog tsis muaj kev siv ntawm lub ntsws los ntawm ib co kab taw. Hais tias yog, lawv yog piv implosive thiab ib tug heev tsiaj ntawv.

Tus thawj ntawm peb pawg mus rau hauv uas ib tug Bushman tsev neeg, hu ua lub Khoisan. Nws lug hais nyob rau hauv South Africa. Nyob rau hauv lem, tus Khoisan subfamily yog muab faib mus rau hauv sab qaum teb, sab qab teb thiab hauv paus pab pawg neeg. Nyob rau txhaj cov lus hais Hottentots thiab Bushmen. Qhov thib ob thiab thib peb subfamilies muaj npe Hatsu thiab Sandawe, dialects hais yog ib feem ntawm cov pej xeem ntawm Tanzania.

Swahili - lub ntsiab African lus

Kiswahili - nws tus kheej, uas los ntawm lub Arabic lo lus sawāhil ( «Ntug dej hiav txwv"). Qhov scientific kev siv cov lus tuaj es lig - nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm cov XIX caug xyoo. Thaum lub sij hawm no, tus thawj hauj lwm ntawm lub grammatical yam ntxwv nyob. Los ntawm kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua twb muaj Swahili dictionaries thiab kev kawm cov phau ntawv.

Niaj hnub no qhov no yog qhia nyob rau hauv feem ntau loj universities nyob rau hauv lub UK, Teb chaws USA, Nyiv, Lub teb chaws Yelemees, Fabkis thiab lwm lub teb chaws. Nyob rau hauv Tanzania, nyob rau ntawm ib tsev kawm ntawv ntawm Dar-es-Salam, ib lub tsev uas tseem ua hauj lwm nrog txoj kev tshawb no ntawm Swahili. Cov kev ua ub kuj muaj xws li cov ntawv ntawm lub magazine, uas muaj cov kab lis kev cai, ntaub ntawv thiab lwm yam teeb meem muaj feem xyuam rau cov lus. Swahili yog lub xeev cov lus raws li txoj cai nyob rau hauv Tanzania, Uganda thiab Kenya.

Kawm sau ntawv siv lub Latin ntawv, uas yog tswvcuab nyob rau hauv lub 50s ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19 los ntawm European cov tub txib. Nyob rau hauv lub thib kaum rau caug xyoo, es tsis txhob ntawm lub Latin tsiaj ntawv yog starosuahiliyskoe tsab ntawv (arabitsa), los ntawm kev uas cov coob epic ntawm lub 18th xyoo pua tau sau - "Phau Ntawv Heraclius." Cov tsiaj ntawv muaj 24 tsiaj ntawv, nyob rau hauv uas tsis muaj X thiab Q, thiab C yog siv nyob rau hauv ua ke nrog ch.

Lub tsev

Kwm characterization qhia peb tones nyob rau hauv cov lus: siab, tsis tshua muaj thiab ntog. Lub suab hais lus muaj ob tug series ntawm consonants thiab implosive eyektivny. Ntawm cov raug nta ntawm Afro-Asiatic tsev neeg ntawm cov lus, Hausa sau ntawv prefixed conjugation thiab nrog flexion.

Nyob rau hauv lub hnub ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19 nyob rau hauv lub lub suab hais lus siv Arabic tsiaj ntawv - Ajam. Pib los ntawm lub 30s ntawm lub xeem caug xyoo pib siv tau cov tsiaj ntawv, lub hauv paus uas yog cov Latin lus. Nyob rau hauv Nigeria, cov zajlus lus qauv yog raws li nyob rau hauv lub lub suab hais lus ntawm Kano. Nrog kev xav txog cov koom pheej ntawm Niger, muaj yog tseem tsis muaj ntawv cov lus.

Hausa - African lus ntawm interethnic kev sib txuas lus, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov Muslims. Tag nrho cov xov tooj ntawm lub suab hais lus muaj ntau tshaj li 24 lab tus tib neeg, li ntawd, nws tau ua tus loj tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv lub Chadian ceg. African Hausa lus yog hom nyob rau hauv sab qaum teb Nigeria thiab cov koom pheej ntawm Niger. lub suab hais lus siv lub txawv nyob rau hauv cov ob lub teb chaws no xwb ib tsab ntawv. ƴ - li ntawd nws yog sau nyob rau hauv Niger, thiab so'y siv nyob rau hauv sab qaum teb Nigeria.