Feliks Edmundovich Dzerzhinsky: biography

Bolshevik tog coj los ntawm neeg sib txawv. Ib txhia ntawm lawv twb ci ntsa iab orators, lwm leej lwm tus differed koj lub koom haum kev txawj ntse, lwm leej lwm tus sawv stunning tsiaj phem. Ib tug tshwj xeeb qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub tog iconography yuav siv sij hawm Dzerzhinskiy Feliks Edmundovich. Quotations los ntawm nws kev hais lus thiab tej yam yooj yim cov nqe lus, lawv poob los ntawm nyob rau hauv dhau, ua tim khawv rau lub ambiguity ntawm qhov thiab thawj txuj ci. Nyob rau hauv ib tes, lawv muaj kev puas hlwb tus neeg ras heev txhais Romantic ntiaj teb no pom thiab lub tsim nyog ntawm cov nqe lus thiab nyob rau lwm yam - yog nyob rau hauv ncaj qha contradiction mus rau txoj kev nws lub lag luam. Lub sij hawm, ntawm chav kawm, nws yog ib qhov nyuaj, tab sis thiaj li tau ua nws tus txiv neej.

contradictory icon

Portrait ntawm Feliksa Dzerzhinskogo adorn lub phab ntsa ntawm lub Soviet era chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm tag nrho cov koom haum uas tau txais kev tso cai ntawm lub Cheka (OGPU, MGB, KGB, Ministry of Internal Affairs), thiab lub monument rau nws twb sawv nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm Lubyanka Square, ncaj qha opposite lub tsev ntawm cov qub ob leeg-Tshuag lub tuam txhab "Lavxias teb sab", muab mus kiv puag ncig kev tuav pov hwm cov kev pab cuam. JSC tau xwb, tab sis ntshai yuav rau ib ntev lub sij hawm, tag nrho cov sij hawm ntawm lub Soviet Union. coercive apparatus ntawm lub xeev yog tsim nyog, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nrov thiab proletarian. Thaum lub hauv paus ntawm lub creation, thaum pib ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm lub tswvyim ntawm tus mechanism, yog Feliks Edmundovich Dzerzhinsky. Lub paradoxical xwm ntawm qhov teeb meem no (nws yog tau hais tias ib tug qauv) muaj nyob rau hauv lub fact tias nws siv ntau ntawm nws lub neej nyob rau hauv exile thiab tsev rau txim, kev txom nyem rau lawv tawm tsam tus tseem ceeb nyob rau ntawm lub lub sij hawm ntawm lub social system. Cov kev tau los ntawm lub "Hlau Felix" nyob rau hauv cov xyoo, nws raug coj mus rau hauv tus account. Lub Soviet system ntawm suppressing discontent yog zog npaum li cas, tougher thiab zoo tshaj huab tais.

Cov tsev neeg ntawm tus tswv av thiab nws tseem yog menyuam yaus siv nyob rau hauv nws

Cuaj hlis 11, 1877 nyob rau hauv ib tsev neeg ntawm cov xib fwb nyob rau hauv tsev kawm ntawv theem nrab E. I. Dzerzhinskogo, cov Catholic kev ntseeg, muaj ib tug tub hu ua Felix. Cov kev sib raug zoo raws li txoj cai ntawm lub neej yav tom ntej tus tswj ntawm lub Cheka txiv yuav tsum tau ntaus nqi rau tus tswv tsev, tab sis yog me me, nws muaj ib tug farmstead Dzerzhinovo.

Cov tsev neeg yog ib tug loj tab sis Felix loj hlob nyob rau hauv nws cov kwv tij thiab cov muam (Ignatius, Kazimierz, Stanislaw, Jadwiga, Aldona, Vladislav thiab Wanda), thiab tshwm sim tsis muaj nyiaj yuam ua hauj lwm ntawm ib tug neeg txom nyem nobleman rau hauv lub teb ntawm kev kawm ntawv. Thaum Felix yog ib tug twb tau tub hluas, nyob rau hauv ua liaj ua teb muaj ib tug xwm txheej no, ntawd txhaj koob tshuaj tivthaiv tua tus ntxhais ntawm Edmund Iosifovicha. Khom lub tsheb tawm leej twg lub culprit kev tuag ntawm Wanda, tsis ua li, cov kawm txoj moo zoo xaus lus tias qhov kev huam yuaj tshwm sim vim negligence.

High-lub tsev kawm ntawv buddy Yuzek Pilsudski thiab kawm tau ntawv zoo

Thaum muaj hnub nyoog kaum, Felix ntsib lwm yav tom ntej zoo Ncej, Yuzekom. Cov phooj ywg tau kawm ua ke tau yim xyoo, tsis paub hais tias ib tug ntawm lawv yuav los ua ib tug kws revolutionary, thiab lwm yam - ib tug staunch anti-communist. Nws Jozef Pilsudski yuav tau muaj kev cuam tshuam nyob rau hauv lub 1920 nres ntawm lub Red Army, lub rear uas yuav hais kom Dzerzhinskiy Feliks Edmundovich. Nationality rau tam sim no Bolshevik yog tsis yog li ntawd ib qho tseem ceeb, yog tias xav tau, thiab rau koj tsev lub teb chaws, koj yuav tau tua.

Tshwj xeeb txuj ci schoolboy Felix tsis qhia. Nyob rau hauv thawj chav kawm ntawv, nws kawm rau ob lub xyoos. High tsev kawm ntawv yog xam tau tias yog xaus lawm tsis yooj yim sua daim ntawv pov thawj nws tau txais tsuas yog ib lub daim ntawv pov thawj, hais tias lub "zoo" (tab sis tsis "zoo heev"), nws tau muab cov kev cai lij choj ntawm Vajtswv, tab sis nyob rau hauv Latin, Fabkis, physics, geometry, algebra, thiab keeb kwm ntawm nws cov kev vam meej soj ntsuam rau ib tug khoom "peb". Thiab nws yog heev phem tej yam uas twb nrog lub Greek thiab Lavxias teb sab lus. Thiab tag nrho cov no nyob rau hauv ib tug fee kev mob siab, tus cwj pwm thiab kev xav.

Thaum pib ntawm lub revolutionary nriaj

Yog li ntawd, tus tub hluas tuaj tawm ntawm lub chav xyaum tes taw phab ntsa. Txhua leej txhua tus: cov xibfwb qhia ntawv thiab lwm tus menyuam kawm, thiab rau nws nws yog tseeb hais tias tsis muaj tshwj xeeb xav thiab tej txuj ci, nws tsis muaj. Rich cuab yeej cuab tam li tau leej twg tsis tau. Thiab ces tus tub hluas los ua xav nyob rau hauv Marxism (yog tias lub tswv yim no nquag seized nrog txoj kev txhaum minds). Nws enlisted nyob rau hauv lub underground thiab ib lub voj voog ntawm Dzerzhinskiy Feliks Edmundovich. Lub npe tiag tiag, thaj ciali mus nws ib yam nkaus thiab, thiab lub Polish romantic txaus, thiab nws coj nws lub npe menyuam yaus astronomer. Yog vim li cas qhov no, uas keeb kwm yog ntsiag to. Ua dag ntawm cov tsis zoo kawm ntawv menyuam kawm ntawv thiab apprentices (rau qhov no kev kawm ntawv txaus), astronomer ua ib co yuam kev, uas tau nyob rau hauv ib tug ntawm cov txhawb lawv txom nyem uas txawj neeg ua hauj lwm sau ib daim ntawv qhia rau cov tub ceev xwm ntawm cov ntsiab lus - thiab Feliks Edmundovich Dzerzhinsky tsaws nyob rau hauv Kovno tsev rau txim (1897 ). Tom qab ib xyoos ntawm nws tso tawm nws twb raug ntiab tawm nyob rau hauv Nolinsk Vyatka xeev nyob rau hauv ib tug peb-xyoo keb soj ntsuam ntawm tub ceev xwm, tab sis muaj nws yog, ua hauj lwm ntawm ib tug luam yeeb Hoobkas calico-tshuab luam ntawv, tsis tso tseg rau revolutionary lub tswv yim. Link dua, ces khiav.

Ib sim neej tag nrho ntawm romance: arrests, uas poob cev qhev thiab runaways

Vilnius, Lithuania, Poland - tej chaw no hauv daim ntawv qhia, nyob rau hauv uas tig rau ntawm lub xyoo pua ua Dzerzhinskiy Feliks Edmundovich. Nws biography yog tej nrog lub sijhawm uas nws arrests thiab convictions. Warsaw Citadel (1900), Siedlce Central (1901), Viluiskaya transit tsev rau txim (1902), Alexander txuas thiab romantic khiav los ntawm Verkholensk nkoj. Ces mus txawv teb chaws, uas thaum lub sij hawm ntawm lub Social ywj pheej Poland thiab Lithuania rooj sab laj pib tog hauj lwm. Tam sim no nws - tus tuav ntaub ntawv ntawm lub teb chaws pawg neeg.

Arrests thiab tso tawm los ua neeg nthuav

Thaum lub tsov rog nrog Nyiv, lub Polish-Lithuanian sotsdeki (SDKPiL) tau ua txhua yam rau cov nyom lub nyiaj txiag teeb meem ntawm Lavxias teb sab teb chaws Ottoman. Demonstrations, riots, ntaus, thiab txawm ua phem koom caum nyaum tis ntawm cov neeg sab nrauv, uas nws cov thawj coj twb dua nyob rau hauv lub tsev kaw neeg. Peb yuav tsuas xav softness muaj koob muaj npe ua ke. Feliks Edmundovich Dzerzhinsky nyob rau hauv 1905, raug pov rau hauv tsev lojcuj. Nws yog nyob rau hauv Lub Xya hli ntuj, thiab nyob rau hauv Lub kaum hli ntuj nws twb raug. Hlis ntuj nqeg 1906, puas tau raug ntes nyob rau hauv Warsaw thiab lub tsev hais plaub, thiab nyob rau hauv Lub rau hli ntuj tso tawm rau tso. Nyob rau hauv 1909, cov kab lus - lub neej-ntev Siberian exile, los ntawm uas khiav proved tau uncomplicated, thiab tsis yog nyob qhov twg, tab sis ncaj qha mus rau Maksimu Gorkomu nyob rau hauv Capri. Puas muaj leej twg tam sim no xws yuav rov?

ua ntej lub kiv puag ncig

Nyob rau hauv 1910, tog secretary ntawm lub neej (thiab ib feem-lub sij hawm Nyiaj Txiag) yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshwm sim - nws sib yuav. Nws xaiv yog Sophia Mushkat, pab pawg phooj ywg. Nyob rau hauv nws chaw muag mis nyuj sau ntawv lub sij hawm no muaj cov kab hais txog kev hlub, uas muab lub dag lub zog nyiaj mus dhau tag nrho cov kev txom nyem. Yav tas los tsuas pom nyob rau hauv sib ntaus tawm tsam lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub neej Dzerzhinskiy Feliks Edmundovich. Luv luv biography nws muaj cov lus qhia uas nyob rau hauv lub xyoo 1910-1911, nws txhawb Lenin txoj hauj lwm, tsam Plekhanov nrog nws raws li txoj cai txoj kev. Nyob rau hauv 1912, nws tau raug ntes dua, lub sij hawm no mus rau lub hard-core ntxeev siab thiab tus khiav nkaum siv ib tug ntau zoo tsuj - thawj peb lub xyoo ntawm cov zog ua hauj lwm rau (Oryol tsev loj cuj), ces rau ntau nyob rau hauv lub Butyrka, qhov twg nws yuav tau zaum muaj cai mus txog rau xyoo 1922, yog hais tias tsis lub ob hlis ntuj kiv puag ncig.

Jacobin proletarian kiv puag ncig

Tom qab txuas nrog SDKPiL RSDRP (b) Feliks Edmundovich Dzerzhinsky tam sim ntawd hloov mus rau lub active tog chaw ua hauj lwm. Thaum lub sij hawm no lub sij hawm, lub dogmas tsis muaj, tsuas yog txoj hauj lwm txiav txim siab, thiab nyob rau hauv xws li ib qho tseem ceeb ua raws li nws tus kheej-kev txiav txim ntawm haiv neeg pom zoo rau cov Secretary ntawm lub Leninist cov hoob kawm, tab sis nws yog ib ntus xwb. Qhov tseem ceeb dua tsis yog lo lus, thiab cov ntaub ntawv, piv txwv li, lub koom haum ntawm cov tub kiv puag ncig, tus tsim ntawm kev sib ntaus los units ntawm cov liab khwb thiab cov qaug dab peg ntawm kev sib txuas lus chaw zov me nyuam nyob rau hauv 25 Lub kaum hli ntuj. Dzerzhinsky yog txawm Narkomvoenmor feem ntau ntawm lub caij ntuj sov ntawm 1917 ua ntej no ncej coj L. D. Trotsky. Lenin hu ua nws ib tug Jacobin, thiab nws yog ib tug tseem qhuas kuv thiab. Cov tog urgently xav tau ib tug txiv neej uas yuav tsum tau los tsim thiab ua ib tug tshwj xeeb lub cev, rau txim rau thiab relentless, thiab cov ntaub ntawv no tau muab tso rau "hlau" Felix.

Xav tias tsam lawv thiab ib tug me ntsis ntawm Trotskyism

Nyob rau hauv lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1917 muaj ib tug tiag tiag kev hem thawj ntawm civil txib teb chaws strike. CPC teb rau nws creation ntawm lub All-Lavxias teb sab txawv tshaj plaw Commission rau Combating ua phem. Tus ntawd yog nws thiab coj Dzerzhinsky (nyob rau hauv 1922 nws tau renamed lub OGPU) kom txog thaum nws tuag. HC koom nyob rau hauv loj tsuj, thiab nws lub taub hau los ua feem ntau cov initiator ntawm lub shares nyob rau hauv qhov feem pua ntawm cov pej xeem thiab cov kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov ua kom tiav extermination ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub "cab cov chav kawm ntawv." Tsuas yog ib zaug nws tau nres lub tua ntawm lawv tej hauj lwm, resign. Nws tshwm sim tom qab lub assassination ntawm Mirbach, lub German ambassador, tag nrho los cuam tshuam txog lub tiaj (ua tau capitulation) cov kev sib khom nyob rau hauv Brest. Thaum no tus taw tes, Dzerzhinsky coj Trotskyist txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub tom qab pheej hloov siab lees txim. Nyob rau hauv lub so ntawm lub "hlau" Feliks Sovnarkom txheej txheem: tu thiab ua, thiab coj hostages, thiab tua lawv. Nws yog li cas nyob rau hauv nws cov hauj lwm, nws tsis tau pom.

Cov me nyuam, kev ua si, kev tsuj, inner-tog tawm tsam thiab kev tuag

Cov pej xeem ua tsov ua rog lawm, thiab lub txim ntawm no criminal fratricidal tua neeg pov tseg qhib nyob ib ncig ntawm ntshai kawg li. Kev lag luam tau raug puas tsuaj, qhov txhia chaw reigned devastation, lub teb chaws twb flooded nrog txoj kev cov me nyuam. Tsib lab survivors ntawm cov me nyuam sab laug yam tsis niam txiv, thiab kev tuag tus xov tooj hu yog tsis yooj yim sua mus nrhiav hnub no. Felix Dzerzhinsky tau pib ib qho tseem ceeb lub xeev qhov kev pab cuam rau cov sau qoob rau ntawm tus neeg nyob rau hauv tsov rog tiam, uas yuav tsum tsis tsuas mus rau noj, hnav khaub ncaws thiab shod, tab sis kuj faus tus ntsuj plig ntawm ib tug tshiab kev txiav txim. Yuav kom qhov no kawg, thoob plaws Russia tsim ib qho chaw tu menyuam ntsuag thiab cov me nyuam raug txim qhov chaw ntawm lub commune. Qhov project no yuav hu ua ib tug ntawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv Soviet keeb kwm.

Ob peb cov neeg niaj hnub no nco ntsoov hais tias Dzerzhinskiy Feliks Edmundovich, ib tug yees duab ntawm cov uas (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tom qab) qhia txog nws kev muaj mob, los ua ib tug ntawm cov pioneer ntawm loj kev ua si nyob rau hauv lub USSR. Ntxiv mus, ib haiv neeg "Dynamo" yuav raug hu ua nws brainchild.

Teebmeem nws tus kheej yav dhau los, nyeem variations thiab hloov los ntawm cov neeg sab nrauv kab, Dzerzhinsky feem ntau ua tus rau lub Bolsheviks, uas zoo xws li cov ideological flaws. Tejzaum nws, yog hais tias nws tau ua lub neej ntev, nws yuav tau qhia txoj hmoo uas muaj ntau ntawm cov mej zeej ntawm lub Central Committee ntawm lub Leninist teeb, thiab nws yuav tau nco ntsoov hais tias tag nrho nws cov "Trotskyism" thiab lwm yam "rykizmy-pyatakizmy-kamenizmy" nyob rau hauv 1937 los yog 1938. Nyob rau hauv ib lub siab, nws txawm muaj hmoo, yam tsawg kawg nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm lub keeb kwm. Thaum lub sij hawm lub party plenum nyob rau hauv 1926 nws sib cav li kev xav nrog lawv cov qub lug txhawb cov miv thiab cov phooj ywg, thiab Kamenev, Pyatakov, nws lub siab muab ib tug Bolshevik, thiab nyob rau hauv lub yav tsaus ntuj Comrade Dzerzhinsky tuag.

Nws los ua ib tug Soviet icon, ib lub cim ntawm resilience, nws lub npe twb hu ua factories, cov tsev kawm ntawv, kev sib cais, Steamers thiab lub nroog ...