Elastic thiab inelastic thov, lub tswvyim ntawm elasticity

Thov - qhov no yog tus nqi ntawm cov khoom los yog cov kev pab uas buyers txaus siab mus yuav nyob tam sim no tus nqi lub sij hawm. Nruab nrab ntawm lub thov rau qhov khoom thiab nws tus nqi yog cov nram qab no kev sib raug zoo: ntau dua qhov nqi, cov tsawg pes tsawg tus neeg kam yuav nws - thiab vice versa. Qhov no dependence yog hu ua tus "txoj cai ntawm kev thov".

Txawm li cas los, economists thiab tshuaj ntsuam yog tsis txaus cia li mus twv seb tej yam rau kom muaj nuj nqis uas cog noob hloov nyob rau hauv tam sim no tus nqi. Great tseem ceeb yog cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm tej kev hloov. Lub quab yuam uas qhov kev hloov nyob rau hauv kev thov, nyob ntawm seb ntau yam, yog hu ua tus "elasticity ntawm kev thov". Ob peb cov hom ntawm tej elasticity: nqe, tus ntoo khaub lig thiab cov nyiaj tau elasticity. Txhua yam ntawm cov yam ntxwv.

Nqe elasticity qhia tau hais tias yuav ua li cas qhov kev thov mas nws txawv nyob ntawm seb tus nqi hloov mus hloov los, thiab qhia nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm coefficient ntawm elasticity :

Ed = (ΔQ / Q): (ΔP / P), qhov chaw uas

ΔQ / Q - hloov tus nqi ntawm cov muas khoom,

ΔP / P - qhov kev hloov nyob rau hauv tus nqi ntawm cov khoom no.

Tsis tas li ntawd ntsuas lub elasticity ntawm kev thov yog xam raws li ib tug feem pua ntawm cov:

Ed =% Q /% P, nyob qhov twg

% Q - feem pua nce los yog txo nyob rau hauv coob,

% P - feem pua nce los yog txo nqi.

Qhov no piv qhia tau hais tias yuav ua li cas hloov qhov kev thov, yog hais tias tus nqi ntawm cov khoom yuav nce los yog yuav txo tau los ntawm 1%.

Cross elasticity, nyob rau hauv lem, characterizes lub theem ntawm dependence ntawm kev thov rau cov thawj cov khoom, nyob ntawm seb lub hloov mus hloov los nyob rau hauv tus nqi ntawm lwm tus. Cov mis ntawm qhov ntsuas no yog raws li nram no:

EAB = (ΔQa / neeg no): (ΔPb / Pb), qhov chaw uas

ΔQa / neeg no - kev hloov nyob rau hauv kev thov rau cov thawj cov khoom thiab,%;

ΔPb / Pb - nqi hloov ntawm lub thib ob khoom b,%.

Income elasticity zoo xws li cov elasticity ntawm tus nqi, tab sis raws li ib qhov zoo tshaj influencing theem ntawm kev thov, yog tam sim no cov nyiaj tau los muaj nqis.

Ei = (ΔQ / Q): (ΔI / I), nyob rau

ΔQ / Q - kev hloov nyob rau hauv lub xov tooj ntawm cov khoom muag,

ΔI / I - tus kwv tij hloov nyob rau hauv lub theem ntawm cov nyiaj khwv tau.

Nyob rau hauv lub tau coefficient ntawm elasticity yog cais li nram qab no hom:

1. Ed = 0.

Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, peb kiag li inelastic thov. Xoom coefficient nqi txhais tau tias tus nqi hloov mus hloov los tsis cuam tshuam cov nyiaj ntawm yuav khoom. Raws li ib tug txoj cai, nws yog qhov tseem ceeb cov tshuaj, xws li insulin.

2. Ed <1.

Yog hais tias tus nqi yog nyob rau hauv ntau ntawm 0 mus rau 1, nws txhais tau tias inelastic thov. Li ntawd, cov nqe nce yuav thaws rov los nyob rau hauv muaj zog cov muag khoom. Yog hais tias lub ruaj txiav txim siab los txo cov paj tau paj rau cov khoom uas muaj inelastic thov, es tsis txhob ntawm cov kev tsim ua kom nyob rau hauv kev muag khoom nws yuav tau txais nyiaj poob. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm cov khoom uas inelastic thov, yog khoom noj khoom haus thiab qhov tseem ceeb npas.

3. Ed = 1.

Thaum ib chav tsev elasticity ntawm cov nqi hloov yuav tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam cov nyiaj ntawm cov nyiaj tau los. Nws yog nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no lub siab tshaj plaws loj. Ib qho piv txwv yog qhov kev thov rau ib tug ntau yam ntawm tsheb thauj mus los cov kev pab cuam, uas nyhav sib txawv sib npaug nrog fluctuating fares.

4. Ed> 1.

Elastic thov, uas yog nyob yeej tseem zoo rau tus nqi hloov mus hloov los. Tuam txab uas muag tej khoom, nws yog pom zoo kom txo tus nqi ntawm lawv cov khoom, vim hais tias nws yuav ua rau kom cov nyiaj tau los ntawm qhov muag.

5. Ed = ∞.

Qhov no txhais tau tias qhov kev thov rau cov khoom no yog yus muaj los ntawm tsis yooj. Nrog ruaj khov nqi yog ib tug periodic hloov nyob rau hauv qhov kev thov rau cov khoom. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm tej khoom yuav pab raws li luxuries.

Nyob rau elastic thiab inelastic thov yog los ntawm ntau yam. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj sawv daws yuav muaj raws li nram no:

• Tus naj npawb ntawm hloov rau cov khoom no. Yog hais tias cov khoom muaj ib tug ntau ntawm cov zoo hloov, thiab cov elasticity yuav siab;

• qhia tawm rau ntawm cov khoom no nyob rau hauv lub buyer cov nyiaj khwv tau. Nyob tos yog ncaj qha proportional: lub siab lub kev faib ua feem, ntau dua qhov lub elasticity;

• tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom rau cov neeg siv - seb cov khoom los yog cov khoom kim heev cov khoom no yog ib qho txhua hnub khoom. Ntawm cov hoob kawm, qhov kev thov rau cov khoom kim heev cov khoom no yog ntxiv elastic;

• lub sij hawm tseem ceeb. Cov buyer muaj zoo lub sij hawm, ntau dua qhov lub elasticity.