Dub Pua pua - ib tug pab cuam ntawm lub Black Pua pua ...

Cov neeg uas kawm nyob rau hauv Soviet cov tsev kawm ntawv, lawv paub meej meej tias cov dub Pua pua - qhov no bigots thiab thugs. Tsis ntseeg nyob rau qhov no tau yog tsis raws li siab ntawm ib co lwm yam kaum sab xis saib cov neeg uas tau ib lub koom haum cov ntshav riots nyob rau hauv lub zos ntawm Russia, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv Moscow thiab Odessa.

Dub Pua pua tswv yim tseem ciaj sia niaj hnub no. Thaum ib tug stratum ntawm cov pejxeem muaj ib tug txaus siab rau lawv. Peb lub sij hawm yog zoo tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv uas txhua txhua lo lus nug yuav nrhiav tau, muab qhov sib txawv cov ntsiab lus ntawm view, thiab sim ua kom koj tus kheej lub tswv yim hais txog qhov no.

Mas nuj nqis sympathetic rau cov dub Pua pua

Nws yog nthuav kom tau ntsib nrog rau cov kev pab cuam ntawm cov dub Pua pua, yog hais tias tsuas vim hais tias tus poj niam thiab tus ntxhais F. M. Dostoevskogo, uas hais txog cov impossibility ntawm cov kev zoo, uas yog raws li nyob rau hauv tsawg kawg ib tug nco nchuav ntshav ntawm tus me nyuam, yog active chernosotenkami. Peb kho lawv Archpriest Ioann Kronshtadsky thiab cov artist Victor Vasnetsov. Mendeleev, Michurin, tus tauj ncov loj ntawm lub cruiser "Varyag" Rudnev - ib tug dub Pua pua, tsis hais qhov 500 cov nuj nqis ntawm lub Koom Txoos Orthodox, tom qab ntawd xa mus rau lub "Tshiab Martyrs ntawm Russia." Cov lawv yog cov neej yav tom ntej Patriarch Tikhon, Metropolitan Bellavin.

noj qab nyob zoo cov hauv paus hniav

Yog li ntawd, muaj ib co zoo tswv yim nyob rau hauv qhov kev pab cuam ntawm qhov no? Thiab yog dab tsi zoo ntawm lub npe yog hais tias thaum lub sij hawm tau ua thiaj li frightening ntxoov ntxoo? Zaj liv xwm Vladimir Mohnach hais tias chiv "Black Pua pua - qhov no kev ywj pheej neeg sawv cev ntawm lub nroog zej zog."

Vim li cas thiaj? Vim hais tias pua pua ntawm tsarist Russia twb hu ua lub internal division ntawm lub nroog. Muaj pua pua ntawm cov dawb, uas muaj xws li lub siab strata ntawm cov pejxeem tsis them se mus rau lub xeev, thiab dub - tiab. Ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub nroog kev cai ywj pheej (tub txawj tub ntse, artisans) thiab pab pawg tau tsim Kuzma Minin, raug ntiab tawm ntawm lub Kremlin thiab cov Tug contributed rau cov demise nyob rau hauv Russia Lub sij hawm ntawm Tej.

Ib tug ntawm cov ideologists

Ib tug heev reactionary sib 1900-1917 lub npe mus rau lub VA Gringmut, ib tug ntawm lub ntsiab ideologists dub Pua zog. Nws yog ib tug ci ntsa iab sawv cev ntawm uas keeb kwm tsis yog ib tug nom tswv thawj coj ntawm txoj cai-tis haub, tab sis raws li Pillager thiab obscurantist (obscurantist, siab phem rau science, kev kawm thiab kev kawm ntawv), rau cov uas nws twb muab kev koom tes los ntawm cov tsarist tsoom fwv nyob rau hauv 1906 rau lub tsev hais plaub.

Raws li Gringmut Dub Pua pua - qhov no ardent fighters rau lub preservation ntawm lub inviolability ntawm autocracy, txawm li cas los, nyob rau lub hauv paus ntawm zoo-hwj chim chauvinism, anti-Semitism yeej cig.

Ib tug ntawm cov kawm zog kwv yees

Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua nws yog tsis tshua muaj reactionary zog yog li ntawd active uas lub npe hu ua "Black-Pua xav tias tsam lawv ntawm 1905-1907." Thaum lub sij hawm no lawv twb tua neeg M. Ya. Gertsenshteyna thiab G. B. Iollosa (Central Committee ntawm lub Cadet tog) thiab tsis muaj tsawg resonant los mus P. N. Milyukova thiab ex-Prime Minister Witte, ntawm uas ib co mej zeej ntawm lub zog (tib yam Gringmut) nws twb xws li ib qho ntawm nws lub ntsiab yeeb ncuab. S. Yu. Vitte kuj ntseeg hais tias cov dub Pua pua - qhov no yog, nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, cov neeg sawv cev ntawm patriotic cov koom haum, cov tswv yim uas yog tsis raws li yog vim li cas thiab cov nom tswv cajceg, thiab passions, thiab hais tias lawv tsuas muaj cov tsis muaj hmoo nrog cov thawj coj, cov uas twb muaj ntau rascals thiab cov neeg uas qias neeg kev xav thiab txoj kev xav. Nyob rau hauv no siab style, nws hais txog lub pogrom-makers uas tau koom tua neeg pov tseg. Tag nrho cov neeg Yudais cov tsev neeg tuag nyob rau hauv lub slogan "Tuav cov neeg Yudais thiab txuag Russia!". Tab sis tus ex-prime minister, xa mus rau lub patriotism ntawm cov dub Pua pua, twb obviously xa mus rau lub tswv yim ntawm pib lub zog, uas yog raws li nyob rau hauv cov lus hais tias Slavophiles Lavxias teb sab qhia tias yog leejtwg thiab nws tus kheej, sib txawv los ntawm lub sab hnub poob txoj kev ntawm txoj kev loj hlob.

tso siab zog

Yog li ntawd leej twg yog lawv? Tawg khiav ri niab reactionary deb-txoj cai cov koom haum nyob rau hauv Russia 1906-1917 xyoo - qhov no yog qhov dub Pua pua. Lawv tsis tau, qhov zoo ces, mus sib sau ua ke rau hauv ib quab yuam uas yuav txhim khu lawv muaj peev xwm mus muab. Ua ntej lub advent ntawm lub npe ntawm cov disparate ob tog hu ua lawv tus kheej "patriots", "tiag tiag Lavxias teb sab", "monarchists".

Qhov loj tshaj plaws koom haum ua teb ntawm cov dub Pua pua tau "Union ntawm Lavxias teb sab neeg (lub taub hau - AI Dubrovin)," Lavxias teb sab Monarchist Party "(tus tsim - VA Gringmut). Ib tug ntawm cov founders ntawm lub clerical-conservative lub koom haum "Union Mihaila Arhangela" yuav VM Purishkevich. Nws yog tsim nyog hais tias cov kev ua ub ntawm disparate thiab feem ntau warring Dub Pua pua qhia thiab tau nyiaj txiag los ntawm lub "Council ntawm lub tebchaws United nom tswv cajceg", tsim nyob rau hauv Tej zaum 1906 nrog rau tag nrho cov kev pab txhawb nqa ntawm lub tsarist tsoom fwv. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias cov tub ceev xwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws suav hais tias yog Dub Pua squads li phoojywg nyob rau hauv nws cov hauj lwm tag nrho cia siab rau lawv. Nrog rau lub "Council ntawm lub tebchaws United nom tswv cajceg" reactionary lub koom haum "Lavxias teb sab Union ntawm neeg" twb tsim nyob rau hauv Moscow. Cov founders thiab cov thawj coj twb Sheremetiev kwv tij, tub huabtais Troubetzkoy thiab Shcherbatov. Duke Dmitri Pavlovich Golitsyn (Muravlin) kuj yog cov dub Pua pua. Cov no yog cov "zoo kawg nkaus Lavxias teb sab surnames" tau txuam nrog cov dub Pua pua. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv twb attracted mus rau lub ntsiab lub tswv yim, implicit nyob rau hauv lub zog qhov kev pab cuam, - tus inviolability ntawm lub monarchy, txoj kev sib sau ntawm cov autocracy thiab cov neeg.

Tsis kawg muab siab npuab lub autocracy

Huab monarchists, li ntawd, tseem hu ua lub dub Pua pua, Zog ntawm Guj kuj yog ib tug conservative camp, uas, raws li ib txhia qhov chaw, suav tom qab lub yeej ntawm lub kiv puag ncig ntawm 1905-1907 rau 410 txhiab tus neeg. Dub Pua pua kev pab cuam yeej cia siab rau lub hom phiaj ntawm lub thiaj li hu ua official haiv neeg, kev txhawb nqa los ntawm cov Lavxias teb sab Minister of Education S. S. Uvarov (hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm lub XIX century). Nws tsim lub tripartite mis uas yuav suav hais tias raws li cov tswv yim yooj yim ntawm txoj kev tshawb xav Uvarov: Orthodoxy, Autocracy, Nationality. Unlimited autocracy, raws li zoo raws li Orthodox, uas Ameslikas xav tias cov dub Pua pua Lavxias teb sab lub hauv paus pib, yuav tsum tau nyob twj ywm ruaj khov kho thiab nyob rau hauv kho Russia tsis xav tau.

Relaxations tso cai cov dub Pua pua

Txawm li cas los, ib txhia ntawm lawv cov kev pab cuam muaj xws li ntau yam ywj siab - kev cai dab qhuas, kev hais lus, los ua ke, xovxwm, koom haum, thiab cov inviolability ntawm tus neeg. Yog li ntawd, tsis ceeb nyob rau hauv ib tug ntau ntawm cov neeg tsis txhob nrog cov dub Pua pua. Yog tsis tshua muaj neeg uncompromising thiab Agrarian reactionaries kev pab cuam muab tswv teb muag xwb tsis muaj pej xeem av (tsis muaj confiscation ntawm lub tswv tsev), txoj kev loj hlob ntawm tus nqi xauj tsev thiab credit systems.

Yog li, raws li nws muab tawm, nws yog ib tug tsis ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv qhov kev pab cuam ntawm cov dub Pua pua lub teb chaws nqe lus nug. Ib tug thiab indivisible Russia, nyob rau hauv lawv lub tswv yim, yuav tsum tau raws li nyob rau hauv chauvinism, uas coj huab ntaub ntawv thiab degenerated rau hauv ib tug nyaum anti-Semitism.

muaj zog pab txhawb nqa

Dub Pua pua tswv yim mus rau lub masses raug kev txom nyem xws ntaub ntawv raws li "Lavxias teb sab Flag" thiab cov "Moscow Xov xwm", "Pochaev ntawv" thiab "Tswb". Thiab kuj "zemshchina", "nag xob nag" thiab "Veche", "Kievlyanin" thiab "Citizen". Kev them nyiaj yug rau ntau tshaj haib. Lawv pab mus rau lub fact tias cov dub Pua pua kev pab cuam tau ua paub thiab nkag mus rau lub loj heev tooj ntawm tus tswv tsev, txiv plig, tub txawj tub ntse, neeg ua hauj lwm thiab peasants, artisans thiab cov neeg sawv cev ntawm ob leeg me me thiab cov loj loj nroog bourgeoisie, lub petty bourgeoisie thiab cov Cossacks - kiag li tag nrho cov strata ntawm Lavxias teb sab zej zog.

Qhov kawg ntawm lub zog thiab nws cov thawj coj

Tom qab lub brutal pogroms feem ntau los ntawm UFW recoiled los ntawm cov dub Pua pua, thiab lub zog tau tuaj mus rau ib tug ua tiav standstill tom qab 1917, thiab lub Soviet tsoom fwv twb tau kiag li txwv. Cov Dub Pua pua, cov thawj coj thiab ideologists uas raug xam tias yog cov yeeb ncuab ntawm cov neeg, muaj kev koom tawm tsam lub Soviet lub hwj chim, thiab thaum lub sij hawm ob ntiaj teb rog nyob rau sab ntawm lub Nazis. Los ntawm cov loj cov nuj nqis ntawm lub zog yog feem ntau AI Dubrovin, V. Purishkevich, VA Gringmut, N. E. Markov. Thiab PF Bulatsel (tus kws lij choj), II Vostorgov (pov thawj), engineer AI Trischaty tub huabtais M. K. Shahovskoy mlom Heliodorus.

Octo

Raws li sau tseg saum toj no, txoj kev sib sau nyob rau hauv lub Cov Qib ntawm qhov no twb yeej tsis tau pom, ntau cov tsev koom nyiaj differed los ntawm txhua lwm yam tsis tsuas yog lub npe tab sis kuj cov kev pab cuam. Yog li, cov mej zeej ntawm lub tog "Union ntawm Lub kaum hli ntuj 17", los yog Octo-Dub Pua pua, nyob ib tug tshwj xeeb qhov chaw ntawm cov Lavxias teb sab nom tswv ob tog - lawv nyob nruab nrab ntawm conservatives thiab liberals, thiab vim li cas lawv yog hu ua conservative liberals. Peb ua cov neeg sab nrauv ib tug loj nyiaj txiag thiab coj mus muag thiab industrial bourgeoisie A. I. Guchkov, M. V. Rodzyanko thiab VV Shulgin.

Hauv plawv ntawm lawv cov kev pab cuam nteg lub tsar lub Manifesto ntawm Lub kaum hli ntuj 17, 1905. Los ntawm cov huab cai-tis reactionaries Octo distinguished los ntawm qhov tseeb hais tias hu ua rau ib tug kev cai monarchy nyob rau hauv uas tus huab tais lub hwj chim yuav tag rau cov yooj yim kev cai lij choj. Lawv differed los ntawm cov huab txoj cai thiab qhov tseeb hais tias, hais lus rau lub indivisible Russia, txoj cai autonomy ntawm Finland yog tseem pom tau hais tias. Thiab cov neeg pluag lo lus nug lawv nyob rau hauv dej siab ntawm yuav tsum tsis sib haum ntawm lub tswv tsev 'thaj av rau tus nqe txhiv.

Kawm ua tub rog

Yog hais tias cov huab cai tis tau Octobrists, ces sab laug tis ntawm cov mas zog los tsuam chaw so Kawm ua tub rog (Constitutional-ywj pheej tog), cov organizer thiab ideological thawj coj uas yog P. N. Milyukov. Tog, Hmoob strategist rau cov uas nws twb hu ua "lub tog ntawm neeg lub txoj kev ywj pheej." Nyob rau hauv lawv cov kev pab cuam, ntau xim tau them mus rau cov cai thiab kev ywj siab ntawm cov pej xeem. Nyob rau hauv lawv pom, lub neej yav tom ntej Lavxias teb sab xeev tsim yog los ua ib tug kev cai thiab parliamentary monarchy. Cov Kawm ua tub rog, cov Octobrists, cov dub Pua pua - qhov no yog ntau dua los yog tsawg loj tog cov dozens ntawm lwm leej lwm tus, xws li cov Socialist-Revolutionaries, neopopulists, lub Mensheviks, lub Bolsheviks, uas nyob rau hauv Russia thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem, kom txog thaum lub kiv puag ncig, twb dozens. Tab sis lub Kawm ua tub rog, cov Octobrists thiab cov dub Pua pua united cwj pwm ntawm cov monarchy, uas prioritizes lub inviolability ntawm lawv cov programs.