Lavxias teb sab kab lis kev cai nyob rau hauv lub 18th xyoo pua luv luv. Lavxias teb sab artistic kab lis kev cai ntawm lub 18th xyoo pua

Rau lub keeb kwm ntawm Russia nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th tau ua ib qho tseem ceeb. Nws cim pib ntawm ib tus hloov mus rau lub tshiab lub sij hawm. Lub xeev hloov ob politically thiab kev lis kev cai. Lavxias teb sab tsars pib tig nws ntsia mus rau sab hnub poob. Tom ntej no, xav txog li cas yuav muab lub Lavxias teb sab kab lis kev cai nyob rau hauv lub 18th caug xyoo. Ntsiab lus ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm nws loj hlob sai yuav tau nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm.

Txheej txheem cej luam

Lavxias teb sab Culture ntawm lub 18th xyoo pua yog tseem ceeb heev nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub xeev. Qhov no pua ntawm enlightenment thiab yog vim li cas. Yog li ntawd nws hais txog tus poj thinkers ntawm lub sij hawm. Culture ntawm Russia 17-18 xyoo pua yog suav hais tias yog heyday loj socio-keeb kwm thiab ideological hloov. Cov yav tas yog tseem cim los ntawm ib tug tawm tsam nrog kev cai dab qhuas dogma thiab feudal-monarchical cov me nyuam yaus.

Lub ntsiab ces

Lavxias teb sab kab lis kev cai nyob rau hauv lub 18th xyoo pua sawv tawm kev pom zoo los ntawm tus ntsuj plig ntawm txoj kev ywj pheej thiab kis ntawm lub materialist worldview. Qhov no yog feem ntau kom meej meej reflected nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv, science, philosophy. Nyob rau hauv luv luv, nyob rau hauv tus neeg sawv cev ua si ntawm lub loj tshaj sau ntawv, philosophers thiab zaum ntawm lub sij hawm. Nws yog hais txog Radishchev, Lomonosov, Schiller, Goethe, Lessing, Rousseau, Voltaire, Holbach, Diderot, thiab hais txog.

Cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm

Culture ntawm Russia 17-18 caug xyoo - ib tug tseem ceeb tig taw tes, los ntawm kev uas ib tug tshiab lub sij hawm rau lub xeev. Ib tug yuav tsis tab sis coj mus rau hauv tus account peb centuries ntawm Mongol conquest. Vim hais tias ntawm nws, lub kab lis kev cai ntawm Russia 16-18 xyoo pua raws li nws yog nyob rau hauv kev rho tawm. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tus ntawm lub Koom Txoos Orthodox, uas yog nyob rau ntawm lub kev mob kev nkeeg cais tawm Russia los ntawm lub "Western" thiab "heretical". Qhov no kuj siv rau cov kev cai lub neej, kev ua tau yog thiab kev kawm ntawv. Cuaj kaum, lub Lavxias teb sab kab lis kev cai nyob rau hauv lub 18th xyoo pua coj txoj kev ntawm European kev loj hlob. Nws maj mam pib yuav tsum tau tso tawm los ntawm lub shackles ntawm medieval.

Nta ntawm pib rau teb chaws Europe

Lub zoo kawg li Lavxias teb sab kab lis kev cai ntawm lub 18th xyoo pua? Qhov no yog ib lub sij hawm ntawm txoj kev loj hlob, feem ntau secular kos duab raws li zoo li ib tug decisive kov yeej lub rationalist outlook ascetic thiab uncompromising dogma ntawm kev cai dab qhuas morality. Lavxias teb sab kab lis kev cai nyob rau hauv lub 18th xyoo pua (cov duab yuav tsum tau qhia rau hauv qab no) muab ib tug "secular" kos duab rau ntawm txoj cai rau pej xeem paub. Nws pib tau ib tug tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm. Peb yuav tau tham txog lub tsim ntawm tus tshiab cov me nyuam yaus ntawm lub neej, raws li zoo raws li pej xeem kev kawm ntawv system. Txawm li cas los, lub Lavxias teb sab kab lis kev cai nyob rau hauv lub 18th xyoo pua yuav tsis muab nws yav dhau los. Yog, Lavxias teb sab ua hauj lwm uas txuas mus rau tus nplua nuj ntawm sab ntsuj plig cuab yeej cuab tam ntawm teb chaws Europe. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm lawv tsis txhob hnov qab txog lub zos hauv paus txawm kev cai uas tau sau ntau tshaj ib tug ntev lub sij hawm ntawm artistic thiab keeb kwm kev loj hlob. Tib yam siv rau cov kev ntawm ancient kos duab. Yuav ua li cas yog li ntawd nthuav rau Lavxias teb sab kab lis kev cai ntawm lub 18th xyoo pua? Tham me ntsis txog nws kev loj hlob, peb yuav pom tau hais tias nws yog yus muaj los ntawm ib tug sib sib zog nqus laaj ntawm tiam. Vim qhov no nws yog zoo tsim nyob rau hauv cov suab paj nruag, ua yeeb yam, painting, architecture, paj huam thiab cov ntawv nyeem. Qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua Lavxias teb sab kos duab txog unprecedented heights.

General ntsuam xyuas

Lavxias teb sab kab lis kev cai nyob rau hauv lub 18th xyoo pua tau mus txog tseem ceeb kev hloov. Qhov no yog kom meej meej muaj tim khawv los ntawm lub fact tias rau cov thawj lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws ntawm lub secular (secular) music sawv ntawm lub tshav pob ntawm qhov ncauj lig kev cai. Nws tau los ua ib tug heev kev kos duab. Lavxias teb sab kab lis kev cai nyob rau hauv lub 18th xyoo pua (Rooj nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm muab cov lus qhia txog ib co ntawm cov feem ntau muaj yeeb yuj xwm txheej ntawm cov sij hawm) yog nyob rau hauv nws ncov vim loj transformations nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov spheres ntawm cov haiv neeg. Peb yuav tau tham txog lub kho uas tau nqa tawm nyob rau hauv lub era ntawm Peter I. Cov transformations tau radically hloov tag nrho kev coj thiab kev cai qauv ntawm lub teb chaws. "Domostroevskogo" kev lis kev cai hauv lub Koom Txoos ntawm kev kawm philosophy txij thaum lub Nrab Hnub nyoog pib mus crumble. Nws kov ntau qhov chaw ntawm lub loj hlob kab lis kev cai ntawm 18th-xyoo pua Russia. Lub neej ntawm cov neeg, kev cai, kev lis kev cai - txhua yam thiab txhua leej txhua tus yog hloov. Vim nom tswv uas nyob rau hauv lwm tus neeg txhawb qhov kev txiav txim ntawm lub teb chaws muaj nuj nqis, thiab nws txiav txim zoo ntawm lub hwj chim thiab greatness ntawm lub xeev. Lub cim 19, lub 18th xyoo pua? Culture ntawm Russia tau txais cov nuj nqis pab los ntawm Lavxias teb sab musicians. Nws yog ib qho opera singer, performer thiab composer, feem ntau ntawm cov uas tuaj los ntawm cov neeg. Lawv yuav tsum tau daws tau ib qho nyuaj heev ua hauj lwm. Lawv yuam kom sai sai tshawb dab tsi Western ntxias tau sau tshaj lub centuries.

Lub ntsiab lub sij hawm ntawm txoj kev loj hlob

Lavxias teb sab kab lis kev cai nyob rau hauv lub 18th xyoo pua luv luv faib mus rau hauv peb lub ntsiab theem:

1. Tus thawj peb lub hlis twg ntawm lub xyoo pua (qhov kho ntawm Peter).
2. 30-60-ies. Lawv cim los ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub teb chaws kab lis kev cai, raws li tau zoo raws li ib tug loj txhob nyob rau hauv lub tshav pob ntawm daim duab, ntaub ntawv thiab science. Txawm li cas los, ho nce Estates quab.
3. Qhov kawg peb ntawm lub xyoo pua. Nws yog tsiag ntawv los ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm tsoom fwv, ib tug tseem ceeb democratization ntawm Lavxias teb sab kab lis kev cai, lub aggravation ntawm kev contradictions thiab loj kev upheavals.

tshwj xeeb tshaj yog kev kawm ntawv

Qhov no lub sij hawm yog yus muaj los ntawm ib tug general nce nyob rau hauv kev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv Russia. Txawm li cas los, yog hais tias peb kos parallels nrog Western teb chaws Europe, cov theem ntawm kev kawm ntawv tau ho lagged qab. Nrog kev xav txog cov kev sib raug zoo muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov menyuam kawm ntawv, nws yog heev muaj yeeb yuj. Ib yam yuav hais tias ntawm lub hnub nyoog. Ib tug loj pab mus rau lub kev vam meej ntawm kev kawm ntawv ua lub tsev kawm ntawv rau cov tub rog.

Nta ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm science

Ntau tus txheej xwm enriched lub keeb kwm ntawm Russia (18th century). Culture pab mus rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm Lavxias teb sab zej zog. Science pib yuav tsum tau freed los ntawm lub shackles ntawm medieval scholasticism. Rau nws, nws yog ib yam ntawm cov rooj txhawb siab. Tagged cov yam ntxwv ces muab Engels. Nws ntseeg hais tias qhov no yog lub era uas yuav tsum tau Titans thiab tsim cov kev kawm, versatility, cim, mob siab rau thiab lub hwj chim ntawm kev xav. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, thiab science yuav tsum tau "creators". Yog li, lub foundations ntawm lub ntiaj teb tseem ceeb tau nqa tawm nyob rau Lavxias teb sab Academy ntawm Sciences mathematicians Bernoulli thiab Euler, raws li zoo raws li ib tug chemist thiab physicist Lomonosov.

Major pab

Kev tshawb fawb ua los ntawm zaum-txawv teb chaws, uas raug caw tuaj rau lub St. Petersburg Academy, kuj pab cov kev loj hlob ntawm lub ntiaj teb thiab Lavxias teb sab science. Txawm li cas los, lub tom kawg yog tsis tsim los ntawm lawv cov kev siv zog. Ib yam yuav hais tias ntawm lub "enlightened" monarchy. Domestic science yog tsim los ntawm Lavxias teb sab neeg. Nws yog hais txog cov neeg "sib txawv ntawm cov rank thiab title," cov uas yog cov nram qab no:

1. I. I. Polzunov (ib tug tub rog tus tub).
2. MI Serdyukov (Kalmyk kev tsim kho thiab hydraulics) - tau tsim ib tug "ognedeystvuyuschuyu" tshuab, nws yog tus thawj Lavxias teb sab cua kub engineer.
3. A. K. Nartov (Turner).
4. I. I. Lepehin, V. F. Zuev, SP Krashennikov (cov tub rog 'cov me nyuam) - nyob rau ntawm cov thawj Soviet academicians.
5. KUV Golovin (tub rog tus tub) - mathematician.

Qhov no yog qhov tseeb creator ntawm science nyob rau hauv feudal Russia.

University pab

Nws discoveries thiab ingenious conjecture heev sawv tawm ntawm tag nrho cov achievements ntawm Lavxias teb sab science. Nws tso siab rau kev kawm txawj, xyaum thiab nyob materialistically muaj nuj nqis nyob ib ncig ntawm lub ntiaj teb no. M. Lomonosov nrhiav kom sib sib zog nqus muaj tswv yim generalization. Nws xav paub seb lub secrets ntawm qhov. Qhov no kawm yog tus founder ntawm lub cev Science News for KIDS thiab atomic kev tshawb xav.

Yog xav paub ntxiv,

Fundamentals ntawm scientific txog biology tau pw nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm cov XVIII caug xyoo. Thaum lub sij hawm no, tawm hauv thawj Lavxias teb sab kev kho mob phau ntawv journal. Peb yuav tau tham txog "St.-Petersburg kho mob cov nqe lus".

Keeb kwm science: lub ntsiab nta

Lub quarter thib ob ntawm lub xyoo pua - lub sij hawm ntawm tsim ntawm keeb kwm raws li ib tug science. Sau thiab luam tawm ib co khoom. Muaj ntau ntawm cov nobles, historians tau sim mus koom nyob rau hauv tej kev ua no. Ntawm zoo txaus siab rau cov pej xeem niaj hnub no yog lub keeb kwm ntawm Russia (18th century). Faj tim teb chaws kab lis kev cai txuas ntxiv mus rau evolve sai heev. V. N. Tatischev yog cov coob explorer ntawm yav dhau los. Nws pib ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv "Lub keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab." Nws yog nws los ntawm ib tug coherent account ntawm cov txheej xwm los ntawm lub standpoint ntawm cov nom tswv cajceg. Nco ntsoov hais tias qhov no ua hauj lwm los ua lub hauv paus rau ntau zaum. Nyob rau hauv kev, qhov no siv rau cov M. V. Lomonosovu thiab nws cov "ancient Lavxias teb sab keeb kwm." Tsis tas li ntawd tsis txhob hnov qab M. M. Scherbatova thiab nws ua hauj lwm "Keeb kwm ntawm Russia los ntawm ancient sij hawm," uas twb tsis siv lub siab xav mus exalt cov nom tswv cajceg, pov thawj serfdom thiab cov cai ntawm lub "ntxiv" cov chav kawm ntawv. Tus sau yog terrified neeg pluag kev tsov kev rog coj los ntawm Emelyana Pugacheva. Nws to taub hais tias qhov nrov uprisings thiab taw yog inevitable, tab sis nyob rau tib lub sij hawm rau txim rau lawv. I. I. Boltin - lwm historian ntawm cov nom tswv cajceg. Critic, insightful, txawj xav kawm, nws kuj kawm cov keeb kwm ntawm tsis tsuas yog cov nom tswv cajceg, tab sis tseem muaj lwm cov nplais ntawm cov haiv neeg - lub artisans, txiv plig thiab tub txawj tub ntse. Tab sis nws tej hauj lwm qhuas cov autocratic hwj chim ntawm tus huab tais thiab lub feudal system.

Major tau

Lavxias teb sab science tau hloov zuj zuj raws li ib feem ntawm lub ntiaj teb no. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm Lavxias teb sab zaum ntaus nqi tau ntawm lawv cov Western lug txhawb cov miv los ntawm ib tug muaj tswv yim standpoint. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lawv tau tsim ib yam teeb meem loj rau lub ntiaj teb no kev xav. Nrog kev xav txog tag nrho cov theem ntawm nws txoj kev loj hlob, nws yog ib nyuag nram qab no lub Western European. Nyob rau hauv no hais txog, txhua tshiab tau zoo yuav ntau npaum li cas ib qho tseem ceeb. Zaum ntawm lwm lub teb chaws twb paub zoo ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntawm Lavxias teb sab Academy ntawm Sciences. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias cov kev kho tsis ua vaj tse ntawm lub khwv masses. Lawv raug txiav tawm los ntawm nws. kev txaus siab ntawm lub masses nyob deb ntawm science thiab kev kawm ntawv. Nrog kev xav txog cov autocracy, cov powers uas ntshai ntawm kev txawj ntse. Cov tib neeg hais lawv artistic views thiab kev nom kev tswv views lawm. Nws yog hais txog arts and crafts, thiab lub qhov ncauj ua hauj lwm.

architecture nta

Innovation pib ua nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho sector yog tseem nyob rau hauv lub Petrine era. Zoo li tag nrho cov Lavxias teb sab kab lis kev cai nyob rau hauv lub 18th caug xyoo, lub architecture yog niaj tseem ceeb kev hloov. Architectural lug yog tsim los qhia cov greatness thiab lub hwj chim ntawm lub teb chaws Ottoman. Vim nom tswv thiab nyiaj txiag txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub teb chaws yuav hloov thiab civil engineering. Arsenal nyob rau hauv Kremlin, Big Pob zeb Choj - nto moo tshaj plaws vaj tse ntawm lub sij hawm.

txoj kev loj hlob ntawm architecture

Tus thawj tsev kawm ntawv ntawm architecture tau raug tsa nyob rau hauv Moscow Ukhtomskiy. MF Kazakov VP Bazhenov kawm nyob rau hauv nws cov kev taw qhia. Petrine era qhab nia rau cov kev siv ntawm tus tshiab capital. Yuav kom qhov no kawg, caw architects victuals. Nws yog hais txog Rastrelli thiab Trezzini. Tus tshiab capital xeeb raws li ib tug tsis tu ncua rau hauv lub zos. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm nws yuav tsum tau muaj ib tug ntev radial hom thiab ntaus uake quarters, squares thiab txoj kev. Trezzini yog tus sau ntawm thaj vaj tse rau ob peb pawg neeg:

1. "Ordinary" cov neeg.
2. "Vam meej" cov pej xeem.
3. "Eminent" cov neeg.

Cov pej xeem tej hauj lwm tsis yog yooj yim style. Rau loj cov khoom yuav raug xam tias yog Peter thiab Paul Cathedral. Ntawm cov pej xeem vaj tse yog cov nram qab no:

1. Admiralty.
2. Txauv.
3. Gostiny Dvor.

Nrog rau St. Petersburg tau ua ntau lwm yam khoom. Nyob rau hauv kev, qhov no yog hais txog lub teb chaws palace tus naas ej tiaj ua si-cov rooj sib txoos. Nws yog, thawj thiab foremost, hais txog Peterhof. Raws li rau lub Lavxias teb sab Baroque style, yog ib tug zoo pab rau nws cov kev ua hauj lwm tau coj leej txiv thiab tus tub Rastrelli. Tus thawj yog ib tug Italian sculptor. Nws twb muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv lub hniav elaboration ntawm Peterhof. Nws tus tub yog ib tug twb tau Lavxias teb sab kws kes duab vajtse. Nws - tus neeg sau ntawm ntau yam tseem ceeb tej hauj lwm, cov uas yog cov nram qab no:

1. Smolny Convent.
2. Palaces: Catherine, Great, lub caij ntuj no.

Cov kev loj hlob ntawm architecture nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua

Lub architecture ntawm Lavxias teb sab classicism twb hloov los ntawm Baroque. Thaum lub lem ntawm 19-18 xyoo pua Lavxias teb sab kab lis kev cai pom cov flowering ntawm no sib. Muaj kuj cov neeg sawv cev ntawm classicism. Cov no muaj xws architects I. E. Starova, M. F. Kazakova thiab V. P. Bazhenova. Tsis ntev los no ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg thiab Moscow. Lawv tau ua ib tug tseem ceeb pab rau qhov kev siv ntawm tej vaj tse xws li:

1. Mikhailovsky tsev fuabtais.
2. Noble los ua ke.
3. Lub Senate nyob rau hauv lub Moscow Kremlin.
4. Lub palace thiab chaw ua si khaub ncaws ntau (lub ntsiab lus Tsaritsyno).

Hiob yog tus sau ntawm lub Alexander Nevsky Monastery thiab Trinity Cathedral. Los ntawm lub ntsiab tseem ceeb ntawm classicism hais txog cov khaub ncaws ntau. Ntawm cov nta ntawm nws lub koom haum yuav tsum tau qhia:

1. Ncaj kab ntawm txhua.
2. Raws li nruj symmetry.
3. Ncaj kab.

Palace Square (kes duab vajtse K. I. Rossi) yog ib tug prime piv txwv ntawm no. Cov tseem muaj sia nyob tsev ntawm uas lub sij hawm yog tam sim no tsis tsuas lub zos ntawm kho kom zoo nkauj - yog masterpieces uas muaj lub ntiaj teb no tseem ceeb.

Visual Arts: nta ntawm kev loj hlob

Art kab lis kev cai ntawm Russia ntawm lub 18th xyoo pua kuj underwent hloov. Qhov no lub sij hawm cim heyday ntawm portrait painting. Lub nto moo tshaj plaws painters ntawm lub sij hawm ntawm Peter yuav muaj xws li cov nram qab no:

1. Ivan Nikitin.
2. Andrey Matveev.

Lawv suav hais tias yog founders ntawm Lavxias teb sab secular painting. Lub raws taw tes rau tau teev tseg nyob rau thaum kawg ntawm lub 20s. Nws pib yeej ntawm lub tsev hais plaub txoj kev ntawm painting. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws portrait painters ntawm lub sij hawm yog:

1. V. L. Borovikovsky.
2. DT Levitsky.
3. F. S. Rokotov.
4. AP Antropov.

Classical duab puab nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia qhia los ntawm cov nram qab no cov nuj nqis:

1. Mihailom Kozlovskim.
2. Fedorom Shubinym.

Hermitage (lub richest kos duab collections nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no) tau kuj tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub XVIII caug xyoo. Nws cov hauv paus yog ib tug private sau los ntawm paintings ntawm lub Empress Elizabeth.

Nta txoj kev ua neej tsam cov neeg nyob

Nyob rau hauv nws muaj txoj kev hloov. Qhov no yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog ib qho yooj yim mus saib nyob rau hauv Moscow thiab St. Petersburg. Tsis tas li ntawd tseem ceeb ib co ntawm cov lwm yam zoo kawg lub zos lub teb chaws. Ua nom ua tswv pib ua palaces rau lawv tus kheej. Nrov qhov chaw rau qhov no yog qhov Nevsky Prospekt thiab Palace Embankment. Chaw tau ua ncaj qha raws canals ntws mus rau hauv tus dej. Nyob rau ntawm ntug dej ntawm lub Neva pib qhia tawm cov granite embankments. Tag nrho cov no ua hauj lwm yog nyob rau hauv tag nrho viav vias tom qab txoj cai ntawm lub empress. Tsis tas li ntawd muaj nqis ntsoov teev yog hais tias lub hais tsis zoo grille ntawm lub caij ntuj sov vaj vim hais tias ntawm nws. Los ntawm kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua zam nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg tau hloov. Ntawm no, muaj ntau yam zoo siab cov ntsiab lus aristocratic cov khw txiav. Ntawm no koj yuav hnov cov lus Fab Kis, los yog siv ib feem nyob rau hauv kev sib tham txog daim duab, ntaub ntawv los yog kev nom kev tswv. Nyob rau hauv cov khw txiav tuaj ci ntsa iab nrog ib tug ntau ntawm cwm pwm. Nyob rau hauv kev, qhov no siv rau Lavxias teb sab txawj celebrities. Nifty crews dhau lub luxurious mansions nyob rau Nevsky Prospekt. Muaj feem ntau yog mus taug kev zoo-hnav khaub ncaws txiv neej nyob rau hauv txoj kev thiab cov tub ceev xwm ntawm lub tiv thaiv.

Moscow, dhau lawm, tau undergone tseem ceeb cov kev hloov. Nws yog ib nqi sau cia hais tias lub Petersburg brilliance thiab wealth yog tsis muaj. Cuaj kaum, Moscow paub txog kom mus nrog cov tshiab tiam sis lub sij hawm. Chaotic nroog siv nres, txoj kev pib mus rau theem tawm. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias cov nrhav tsis ntes tus tag nrho lub xeev. Es, heev qhov tsis tooj. Lawv txawm ntau ntxiv hais txog qhov kev txom nyem ntawm Lavxias teb sab lub neej, kev lig kev cai thiab cov kev stagnation. Ib tug lossis loj cheeb tsam ntawm lub teb chaws lub neej tseem nyob sab nraum ntawm nroog civilization. Qhov no feem ntau yog hais txog mus rau lub zos thiab lub zos. Raws li zoo raws li nyob rau hauv lub zos, muaj yog kom meej meej muaj qhov sib txawv nyob rau hauv txoj kev ntawm cov nta thiab tej yam kev mob ntawm lub neej. Cov nom tswv cajceg txuas ntxiv mus rau nyob twj ywm ib feem ntawm tus nyob deb nroog pejxeem. Tom qab qhov kev tso tawm ntawm cov sib (Lyrics Patent thiab kev ywj pheej) cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov hoob kawm no freed los ntawm nrauv cov tub rog thiab pej xeem cov kev pab. Yog li, ib tug loj ib feem ntawm cov nom tswv cajceg pib npaj ua liaj ua teb lub neej, tsawm nyob rau hauv lawv cov av thiab pib ua tsev. Raws li rau qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov kev kawm no, nws tau qhia rau cov tswv tsev "middling" thiab cov tswv uas nyob deb nroog Estates. Nyob rau hauv no hais txog, peb yuav xyuam xim xaus hais tias cov nobles twb tsis sib cais los ntawm lub neeg pluag neej ib yam dab tsi irresistible. Lawv Estates nyob rau hauv lub tub qhe thiab cov tub qhe yog cov neeg twg uas lawv yuav sib txuas lus. Cov neeg sawv cev ntawm ob tug sib txawv kawm ntawv rau ntau xyoo twb sab ntawm sab. Yog li, muaj ib kev sib cuag nrog tib nrov kab lis kev cai, kev ntseeg, kev cai thiab kev lig kev cai. Ua nom ua tswv yuav tau kho los ntawm cov tshuaj kho neeg lub siab, chav da dej thiab haus cov tib Txoj kev lis ntshav raws li lub peasants. Nws tseem yog nqi sau cia hais tias ib tug loj ib feem ntawm qhov no yog ib tug uas tsis muaj-class los yog tsis paub ntawv tag nrho. Muaj yog heev tsim nyog yuav tau nco qab poj niam Prostakova Fonvizin. Manor nobles yog ib tug heev ib feem ntawm Lavxias teb sab neej nyob deb nroog. Raws li rau lub peasants, qhov tseeb nrhav tsis kov txhua. Tsuas yog ib tug me me feem ntawm lawv yuav ua txhaum tawm nyob rau hauv lub "neeg". Nyob rau hauv lub zos lawv pib ua zoo thiab huv si linen nyob rau hauv pej xeem. teb tau kuj siv tsev neeg tshiab yam khoom (cov rooj tog thiab cov tais diav). Lawv muaj peev xwm mus diversify lawv cov khoom noj khoom haus thiab tau zoo nkawm khau thiab khaub ncaws.

Nyob rau hauv xaus

Cov nram qab no qhia tau hais tias qhov tseem ceeb cov txheej xwm thiab phenomena uas yog cov yam ntxwv rau hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm lub 18th caug xyoo.