Designs thiab hom ntawm cov txuas hniav

Txuas hniav - ib qho tseem ceeb attribute uas ze li ntawm txhua txhua dej, lawv pab rau overcome obstacles vim lawv deb yuav me me, thiab tau txais los ntawm tus taw tes "A" rau taw tes "B" yog swm thiab ceev. Nrog lub advent ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tshiab thiab yees complex designs hla ua muaj tiag.

Yuav ua li cas yog tus choj

Txuas hniav - ib tug continuation ntawm txoj kev tshaj lub chaw khuam siab. Feem ntau cov feem ntau, lawv yog routed los ntawm cov dej teeb meem, tab sis yuav tau txuas ntawm cov npoo ntawm cov gully los yog channel. Nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog cov kev loj hlob ntawm thauj infrastructure nyob rau hauv nroog loj cov chaw tsim ib tug choj rau lub zog ntawm txoj kev, txoj kev ua ib tug loj interchange. Cov yooj yim cov ntsiab lus ntawm lawv siv yog spans thiab kev txhawb zog.

Suam ntawm cov txuas hniav Siv

Hom ntawm choj yuav tsum txwv kom muab zais raws li ob peb no:

• nyob rau hauv cov hom phiaj tseem ceeb ntawm kev siv;
• constructive tshuaj;
• lub tsev ntaub ntawv;
• raws li qhov ntev;
• Kev khiav hauj lwm sijhawm;
• nyob ntawm seb lub operating hauv paus ntsiab lus.

Txij li thaum cov neeg tawg ntoo los ntawm ib tug bank ntawm tus dej mus rau lwm yam, nws coj ib tug ntev lub sij hawm thiab muab tso rau ib tug ntau ntawm kev rau siab nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho ntawm engineering lug. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, muaj ntau hom ntawm cov txuas hniav. Cia peb kawm lawv nyob rau hauv kom meej.

beam

Ntaub ntawv rau lawv siv muaj xws li hlau thiab nws alloys, ua kev reinforced, thiab cov thawj cov ntaub ntawv uas yog ib tsob ntoo. Lub ntsiab ntsiab nyob rau hauv kev coj tus kheej lug ntawm no hom yog cov kab teeb, trusses, uas hloov lub load rau ntawm cov nyiaj them yug hauv paus ntawm lub choj.

Kab teeb thiab trusses yog ib feem ntawm ib tug nyias muaj nyias ib tus qauv uas bears lub npe ntawm "ya". Spans yog cov split, console thiab tsis txiav, nyob ntawm seb lub kev twb kev txuas tswvyim nrog txhawb nqa. Cov Thawj zaug ntawm lawv muaj ob txhais ko taw rau txhua sab hmab yuav muaj ib tug ntau dua tus naj npawb ntawm tug, nyob ntawm seb cov kev xav tau, thaum cantilever choj spans tshaj cov kev siv taw tes, nws nyob qhov twg koom nrog rau tom ntej spans.

arched

Rau lawv raug steel, cam khwb cia hlau, pob zeb ua castings los yog blocks. Cov thawj heev cov ntaub ntawv rau lub tsev ntawm cov txuas hniav ntawm no hom tau lub pob zeb, boulders los yog muaj li ntawm cov tsev blocks.

Lub hauv paus yog lub koov qauv (koov). Tiabsis cov ntau arches txoj kev los yog kev tsheb nqaj hlau txaj arched choj. Txoj tej zaum yuav muaj ob qhov chaw: nyob rau hauv lub tsim los yog nyob rau hauv nws.

Ib tug ntau yam yog ib tug hybrid - koov-cantilever choj, qhov uas ob tug poluarki kev cob cog rua ntawm lub sab saum toj thiab zoo li tsab ntawv "T". Lub arched qauv yuav muaj xws li ib tug luv, thiab ces ntog rau ntawm lub ntsiab load kabmob extreme. Yog hais tias tus choj no yog muaj li ntawm ob peb kev cob cog rua lug, ces tus load yog muab faib rau txhua qib nrab thiab thaum xaus kev pab txhawb nqa.

ncua kev kawm ntawv cov txuas hniav

Main cov ntaub ntawv rau qhov kev siv nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no - lub steel kev reinforced. Siv tsa nyob rau hauv qhov chaw nyob qhov twg nws yog tsis yooj yim sua rau nruab nrab kev txhawb zog. Pylons txhawb neeg muaj kev cob cog los ntawm cables. Yuav kom tus choj nyob rau hauv ib tug ruaj khov kev mob, lub pylons yog mounted rau ob tog, nruab nrab ntawm lawv stretch cable ua kev twb kev txuas mus rau lub ntiaj teb, qhov twg nws yog securely txuas. By ncav us txog kab rov tav hlau tsau vertically, kuj tuaj koom lub saw uas yuav pab txhawb cov kev canvas ntawm tus choj. Tus nruj ntawm cov hniav uas txuas mus rau kab teeb thiab trusses.

Cable-nyob choj

Siv cov kev faib cov ntaub ntawv - steel, ua kev reinforced. Ib yam li cov cuav counterparts, lawv tsim yuav tsum tau pylons thiab cables. Qhov txawv yog hais tias lub cable-nyob compound yog tus tsuas yog ib tug uas uake tag nrho choj qauv, piv txwv li ropes yog fastened tsis mus rau lub horizontally ncav us txog muaj, tab sis ncaj qha mus rau thaum xaus kev txhawb, ua tus tsim yuav ntau txhav.

Pontoon

"Floating" hla tsis muaj ib tug nruj heev moj khaum thiab kev sib txuas lus nrog rau cov ntug dej. Lawv siv yog tau koom ua ke los ntawm cais seem mus rau lub rooj noj kev twb kev txuas. Ib tug variation ntawm no hom ntawm cov txuas hniav yog naplyvnye hla kev. Feem ntau cov feem ntau lawv yog ib ntus lug uas yog siv los tsim kom muaj lub sij hawm cov dej khov dej teeb meem. Lawv yog cov txaus ntshai nyob rau hauv ib lub sij hawm ntawm zoo siab nyob rau hauv dej, tsis yooj yim navigation thiab zog rau lawv yog tas rau multi-tuj tsheb thauj khoom.

hlau choj

Feem ntau cov niaj hnub choj yuav siv cov hlau nyob rau hauv cov cab kuj ntawm tus tsim. Rau ib tug heev lub sij hawm ntev, cov hlau choj tau suav hais tias yog feem ntau check zoo ntawm cov chaw. Rau hnub tim, qhov no cov ntaub ntawv uas yog ib qho tseem ceeb, tab sis tsis yog tib feem ntawm cov Bridging.

Hom hlau choj:

• Arched tsim.
• Viaducts nrog spans.
• Dai, txiv leej tub.
• Trestle nrog ua kev reinforced tug ncej, uas spans tau koom ua ke los ntawm hlau sib txuas.

hlau Siv muaj lub zoo dua ntawm cov yooj yim sau, yog li yuav luag tag nrho cov hom ntawm railway choj yog ua los ntawm cov khoom no. Cov hlau qhov chaw uas manufactured los ntawm industrial txoj kev ntawm ib lub Hoobkas, qhov luaj li cas yuav raug tom. Nyob ntawm seb lub peev xwm ntawm mechanisms uas yuav assembling, tsim preform yav tom ntej Hoobkas khoom compound.

Boil qauv ntawm qhov chaw yuav ua tau ncaj qha rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm zaum kawg los ua ke. Thiab yog hais tias koj yav tas los yuav tsum tau nqa tawm kev twb kev txuas ntawm lub teeb daim ntawm cov sib ntaus, tam sim no lub crane nrog ib tug lifting peev xwm ntawm 3600 tons, yuav zoo txav thiab teem on-hlau kabmob luv.

zoo ntawm steel lug

Raws li ib tug cov ntaub ntawv uas rau kev tsim kho ntawm cov txuas hniav hlau yog tsis tshua muaj siv vim hais tias ntawm nws cov pluag xeb kuj. Duab kuj nrov high-zog hlau thiab nws sib txuas. Nws zoo heev zoo yuav raug soj ntsuam rau tej yaam num xws li cable-nyob choj hom, nrog lossis loj spans. Ib qho piv txwv yog tus Moscow choj hla lub Dnieper River nyob rau hauv Kiev los yog Obukhov choj nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg.

Thaum lub sij hawm tsim kho ntawm railway choj lug siv hlau lug nrog trusses. Lub ntsiab kom zoo dua ntawm cov kev daws yog zoo nyob rau hauv lub lag luam, kev ceev ntawm kev tsim kho thiab dismantling ntawm ib tug neeg qhov chaw, lub kuj tsis tshua muaj nqi ntawm ntau lawm, tau siv ntawm chaw ua sai li sai tau nyob rau hauv lub muaj chaw thiab nyob rau hauv tej thaj chaw.

ntoo choj

Tus thawj choj nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm tib neeg twb ua tau ntawm ntoo. Ntev cov chaw yuav siv tsis tau tsis muaj txij nkawm, kev txij nkawm ua hauj lwm thiab kev hloov ntawm qhov chaw thiab fasteners. Nws yog tsis yooj yim los tsim kom tau, thiab cov fragility ntawm cov khoom. Tam sim no nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho lub nram qab no ntawm cov ntoo choj:

1. Nyob rau hauv lub system - beam, strut.
2. Nyob rau hauv lub tsim - pob qauv nrog spans, truss choj.

Ntoo qauv ntawm cov feem ntau yooj yim, thiab yog li ntawd ceev mountable qauv. Cov kev pab txhawb nqa beams yog hammered mus rau hauv lub hauv av mus rau ib tug tob ntawm 4 m. Nyob rau Upper xaus ntawm lub pawg nrog steel pins haum rau hauv lub nozzle, tag nrho cov pawg muaj ua txhua yam rau hauv ib tug, nws yog pw nyob rau hauv sab saum toj ntawm qhov Web site no. Thaum lub sij hawm tsim kho ntawm ib tug ntoo choj nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb los mus tsim ib tug muaj zog pairing qauv nrog lub ib thooj ntawm cov av nyob rau ob hnub, nws yuav ua li cas kom paub meej tias tus choj yog ruaj khov.

Tam sim no muaj ib tug ib txwm lub rooj txhawb siab ntawm kev tsim kho ntawm cov ntoo choj, uas yog txuam nrog lub advent ntawm technology siv thiab ua cov laminated veneer lumber, ntau resistant rau kev txhoj puab heev tej kev kawm, lwm cov rog thiab Torsion yog check ntau nyob rau hauv lub lag luam, lo nws ntev tsis nyob ntawm seb lub ntuj txoj kev loj hlob ntawm tsob ntoo.

Poetics thiab kev xyaum

Nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg muaj 93 waterways, ntawm no nrog rau cov dej ntws, ntws, canals thiab ze li ntawm 100 reservoirs. Unhindered kev sib txuas lus nruab nrab ntawm cov Islands tuaj thiab qhov chaw ntawm lub nroog muab cov txuas hniav, uas muaj txog 800, ntawm uas 218 yog rau cov neeg taug kev. Txij thaum pib ntawm kev tsim kho ntawm lub nroog tau tsim muaj ib tug kev lig kev cai ntawm lub tsev txuas hniav, tsis muaj uas St. Petersburg yog twb unthinkable. Lawv yog ib feem ntawm nws cov architecture, keeb kwm, kev cai thiab kab lis kev cai.

Tej zaum, nyob rau hauv tej lub nroog ntawm Russia thiaj li nquag siv razvodnogo hla, ob qho tib si nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg.

Lub cim ntawm lub sab qaum teb capital yog pom tias yuav tau ib yam ntawm cov hiob choj - Palace. Nws twb ua los ntawm cov engineer Pshenitskogo A. P. thiab txuas Admiralty Island xub ntawm Vasilyevsky Island. Niaj hnub nimno nqa mechanisms 700-tuj central saib ntsoov txog cov qauv rau tso cai ntawm lub nkoj qab thus.

Cov coos drawbridge nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg muaj npe tom qab Alexander Nevsky. Nws ntev yog 905,7 m, ib tug adjustable central zaj uas ua los ntawm cov hlau, thaum lub qauv dilution tsuas yog 2 feeb.

Hom ntawm St. Petersburg choj xws li cov keeb kwm tag nrho ntawm choj kev tsim kho - los ntawm tus thawj ntoo mus rau lub niaj hnub multi-kab cable-nyob lug. Big Obukhov Choj, piv txwv li, muaj ib tug ntev ntawm 2824 m, thiab niaj hnub no nws yog ib tug ntawm cov feem ntau uas nws kim heev engineering chaw nyob rau hauv Russia. Nws yog li ntawm ob mus tib seem tib yam qhov chaw, uas tau tsa ib plaub -way tsheb.

St. Petersburg legends

Nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg, nyob rau hauv lub nplua mais ntawm ntau yam ntawm cov txuas hniav yog hais, muaj laus, tau ua cov cim ntawm ib tug bygone era, tab sis lawv lub hom phiaj tsis tau hloov, tab sis yog overgrown nrog flair thiab romance dab neeg. Yog li ntawd, hnia choj hla tus Moika dej attracts tourists nrog nws lub npe, tab sis nws tshwm sim los ntawm lub npe ntawm tus neeg ua lag luam Potselueva uas nws potatory tsev "Lub hnia" twb nyob tom ntej no mus rau lub ferry thiab mus rau lub romantic impulse, lub npe muaj tsis muaj dab tsi ua li cas.

Nthuav legends tau zus Foundry Choj, qhov twg txaus ntshai zaj dabneeg sawv tam sim ntawd thaum lub tab. Nws yog ntseeg hais tias ib tug ntawm lub hauv paus pob zeb tug ncej los ua tus sacrificial pob zeb Atakan. Tam sim no nws depressing rau passers-by thiab ntxias yus tua yus. Yuav kom ntxias cov "ntshav" pob tsuas, muaj ib co pej xeem ces muab pov tseg los ntawm tus choj mus rau hauv tus dej Neva npib thiab ncuav liab cawu cub. Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj ntau yam yuav cam hais tias nyob rau Foundry yuav pom Lenin tus dab.

Lub tsib feem ntau Lavxias teb sab ntev choj

Thaum tsis tau tsim ib tug choj hla tus Kerch Strait, tsib loj-scale hla yog raws li nram no:

• Lavxias teb sab choj nyob rau hauv Vladivostok. siv ntev ntawm 3100 m, qhib nyob rau hauv 2012 rau cov thawj lub sij hawm txog nws yuav tsum tau xav hais tias nyob rau hauv 1939, tab sis pom tau hais tam sim no theem.
• Bridge nyob rau hauv Khabarovsk. Nws ntev yog 3891 m. Nws muaj ob theem. Lub sab qhib ntawm lub railway tsheb, thiab nyob rau sab saum toj - ib lub tsheb. Nws daim duab adorns lub tsib txhiab duas nqi.
• Bridge hauv tus dej Yuribey. Nws yog nyob rau saum lub Arctic vajvoog nyob rau hauv lub Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District. Length ntawm kev tsim kho - 2893 m.
• Bridge hla Amur Bay muaj ib tug ntev ntawm 5331 m. Nws twb qhib nyob rau hauv 2012. Nws yog nthuav teeb pom kev zoo system, uas yuav pab tau txuag tau li 50% ntawm cov hluav taws xob.
• Thawj Tswj Hwm Choj hla lub Volga dej nyob rau hauv Ulyanovsk. Nws ntev -. 5825 m siv tau nqa tawm rau 23 xyoo.