Decembrists nyob rau hauv Russia. Tus tua ntawm lub Decembrists. Qhov chaw nyob thiab hnub ntawm tua ntawm cov Decembrists

Rau ze li ntawm 200 xyoo, cov Decembrists revolt tau attracted tus mloog ntawm historians. Nws yog sau ib tug ntau ntawm scientific cov khoom thiab txawm dissertations rau hauv kev kawm. Yuav ua li cas tso nyiaj rau qhov no txaus siab? Qhov no yog hais tias, keeb kwm, lub Decembrists nyob rau hauv Russia yog cov thawj uas dared yuav txheem lub hwj chim ntawm tus huab tais. Interestingly, txoj kev tshawb ntawm no phenomenon pib mus koom lub rebels tau lawv tus kheej, lawv analyzed cov ua ntawm lub uprising ntawm Senate Square thiab nws swb. Vim lub tua ntawm lub Decembrists Lavxias teb sab haiv neeg tau poob nws cov xim lub feem ntau kawm ntawv tub ntxhais hluas, vim hais tias lawv twb Ameslikas los ntawm cov nom tswv cajceg tsev neeg, glorious koom nyob rau hauv lub ua tsov ua rog ntawm 1812. Sawv ntawm tej yam nyob rau txoj hmoo ntawm feemxyuam paj huam. Yog li, A. Pushkin, vim hais tias ntawm kev twb kev txuas nrog cov neeg koom ntawm daim card societies, twb raug xa mus rau hauv exile.

Leej twg yog cov Decembrists

Leej twg yog cov Decembrists? Luv luv lawv yuav tsum tau yus raws li nram no: lawv yog cov neeg ntawm ob peb nom tswv societies sib ntaus sib tua rau lub abolition ntawm serfdom thiab cov kev hloov ntawm lub tsoom fwv. Nyob rau hauv lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1825 lawv lub koom haum, lub uprising, uas twb brutally suppressed.
5 cov neeg (thawj coj) tau muab tso rau ib tug txaj muag rau txim rau tub ceev xwm. Decembrists, koom tau exiled Siberia, ib co koob tshuaj txhaj nyob rau hauv lub fortress.

Cov ua rau lub revolt

Yog vim li cas Decembrists revolted? Ob peb yog vim li cas rau qhov no. Chief ntawm lawv, hais tias lawv yog cov tag nrho ua ib tug, ua si thaum lub sij hawm lub interrogation nyob rau hauv lub fortress - tus ntsuj plig ntawm free kev xav, kev ntseeg nyob rau hauv lub hwj chim ntawm tus Lavxias teb sab neeg, nkees ntawm kev tsim txom - tag nrho cov yug tom qab ib tug ci ntsa iab yeej tiv thaiv Napoleon. Nws yog tsis muaj kev huam yuaj 115 cov neeg los ntawm cov Decembrists - neeg koom ntawm lub Patriotic ua tsov ua rog ntawm 1812. Tseeb, thaum lub sij hawm rau cov tub rog campaigns, freeing lub European lub teb chaws, lawv yeej tsis tau ntsib savagery ntawm serfdom. Qhov no coj lawv mus rau reconsider lawv tus yam ntxwv rau lub teb chaws, "qhev thiab masters."

Nws yog tseeb hais tias serfdom nws tus kheej tau outlived nws usefulness. Sib ntaus sib tua sab los ntawm sab nrog cov neeg, hais lus rau lawv, lub neej yav tom ntej Decembrists tuaj mus rau lub tswv yim hais tias cov neeg yuav tsum tau txais ib tug zoo dua txoj hmoo tshaj slavish hav zoov. Farmers, dhau lawm, tau vam hais tias tom qab tsov rog, lawv cov teeb meem yuav hloov mus rau qhov zoo, vim hais tias lawv los lawv cov ntshav rau lub hom phiaj ntawm lub teb chaws. Tab sis, Tu siab, lub huab tais thiab feem ntau ntawm cov nobles nrees tuav on mus rau lub tsev fuabtais. Uas yog vim li cas los ntawm 1814 mus 1820 xyoo, lub teb chaws Dentistry tshaj li ob puas pluag uprisings. Lub apotheosis yog ib tug revolt tiv thaiv Colonel Schwartz Semenovski tiv thaiv nyob rau hauv 1820. Nws phem rau tej yam yooj yim cov tub rog tshaj tag nrho ciam teb. Activists ntawm lub Decembrist zog, Sergey Muravev-Apostol thiab Mikhail Bestuzhev-Ryumin, pom cov txheej xwm, raws li tau txais kev pab nyob rau hauv no tso kom muaj kab muaj kev.

Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias ib tug ntsuj plig ntawm free xav instilled nyob rau hauv feem ntau ntawm cov neeg koom nyob rau hauv Tsarskoye selo Lyceum: piv txwv li, nws kawm tiav twb Leo I., V. Kiichelbecker, thiab txoj kev ywj pheej-hlub kwv huam los ntawm Pushkin siv raws li inspirational tswv yim.

Yav qab teb Society ntawm lub Decembrists

Nws yuav tsum tau to taub hais tias lub zog ntawm tus Decembrists tsis tshwm sim tawm ntawm tsis pom qhov twg: nws loj hlob tawm ntawm lub ntiaj teb no tus revolutionary lub tswv yim. Pavel Pestel sau hais tias xws li kev xav mus "los ntawm ib kawg ntawm cov teb chaws Europe rau Russia", yuav tsum vov txawm tias cov neeg pom zoo rau cov mentality Qaib ntxhw thiab hais. DVR los ntawm lub chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm cov Decembrist daim card societies. Cov Thawj zaug ntawm lawv - lub Union ntawm Salvation (St. Petersburg, 1816) thiab cov Union ntawm Welfare (1918). Qhov thib ob tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm cov thawj, yog tsawg secretive thiab muaj xws li ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm cov tswv cuab. Nyob rau hauv 1820 thiab disbanded nws vim hais tias ntawm lub divergence ntawm views.

Nyob rau hauv 1821, ib tug tshiab lub koom haum li ntawm ob lub sawm fem: lub North (nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg, yog nyob rau hauv lub taub hau ntawm Nikita Muravev) thiab sab qab teb (nyob rau hauv Kiev, yog nyob rau hauv lub taub hau ntawm Pavel Pestel). Yav qab teb haiv neeg ntawd ntau reactionary views: mus nrhiav kom tau ib tug koom pheej, lawv muaj tua tus huab tais. Yav qab teb Society qauv sawv cev peb ntawm lwm yam uas: thawj, nrog rau P. Pestel A. Yushnevsky qhia thiab, ob - S. ntsaum-Apostol, peb - Davydov thiab S. Volkonskiy.

Pavel Ivanovich Pestel

Cov thawj coj ntawm lub yav qab teb Society, Pavel Ivanovich Pestel, tau yug los nyob rau hauv 1793 nyob rau hauv Moscow. Nws tau txais ib qho zoo heev kawm ntawv nyob rau cov teb chaws Europe, thiab nyob rau nws rov qab mus rau Russia pib mus ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub Corps ntawm Pages - tshwj xeeb ntawm cov privileged nobles. Cov nplooj ntawv yog tus paub nrog tag nrho cov mej zeej ntawm lub imperial tsev neeg. Nws thawj manifested txoj kev ywj pheej-hlub glances tus hluas Pestel. Brilliantly kawm tiav los ntawm lub Corps, nws tseem mus ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub Lithuanian tso kom muaj kab muaj kev nrog rau cov nyob qib chij neej tiv thaiv.

Thaum lub sij hawm ua tsov ua rog ntawm 1812 Pestel heev raug mob. Kho, rov qab rau qhov kev pab, fights nco ntsoov. Los ntawm kawg ntawm tsov rog Pestel ntau sab saum toj khoom plig, xws li ib tug kub hwm riam phom. Tom qab lub ntiaj teb no ua tsov ua rog II, nws pauv mus rau pab nyob rau hauv lub hlau railings tso kom muaj kab muaj kev - thaum lub sij hawm lub feem ntau prestigious qhov chaw.

Thaum nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg, Pestel paub txog ib co tsis pub leejtwg paub haiv neeg (txoj kev cawm seej los ntawm lub Union) thiab tsis ntev los rau hauv nws. Povlauj pib ib tug revolutionary lub neej. Nyob rau hauv 1821 nws mus rau yav qab teb cov haiv neeg - nyob rau hauv no nws twb pab los ntawm ib tug splendid hais lus zoo, zoo kev txawj ntse thiab powers ntawm kev yaum. Vim hais tias ntawm cov qualities nyob rau hauv nws lub sij hawm nws achieves kev sib sau ntawm views ntawm lub yav qab teb thiab qaum teb societies.

Pestel tus Constitution

Nyob rau hauv 1923, nws tau txais ib tug pab cuam ntawm lub yav qab teb Society, tso ua ke los ntawm Pavlom Pestelem. Nws zoo li ntawd thiab tau txais tag nrho cov mej zeej ntawm lub koom haum - rau yav tom ntej Decembrists. Luv luv nws muaj cov nram qab no cov khoom:

1. Zog ntawm Guj kuj yuav tsum los ua ib tug koom pheej, ib tug thiab indivisible, muaj raws ntawm 10 lub districts. Public koom haum saib xyuas yuav tsum nqa tawm los ntawm cov neeg Council (PatientsÕ) thiab reigning Duma (tus thawj).
2. Nyob rau hauv qhov teeb meem ntawm serfdom Pestel npaj mus tam sim ntawd rho nws, faib lub teb chaws mus rau hauv ob qhov chaw: lub peasants thiab cov tswv tsev. Nws twb assumed tias rau tom kawg yuav daim ntawv xauj tsev rau ua liaj ua teb. Soj ntsuam ntawm ntseeg hais tias yog cov kho kom zoo ntawm 1861 nyob rau hauv abolition ntawm serfdom los ntawm Pestel mus los mus npaj, lub teb chaws yuav sai sai no pib nyob rau hauv ib tug bourgeois, kev lag kev luam hnyav txoj kev ntawm txoj kev loj hlob.
3. Lub abolition ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv. Tag nrho cov neeg ntawm lub teb chaws yog raug xa mus rau raws li cov pej xeem, lawv muaj tib lub sib npaug zos ua ntej txoj cai. Tshaj tawm hais tias tus kheej txoj kev ywj pheej thiab inviolability ntawm tus neeg thiab domicile.
4. Tsarist tsoom fwv categorically tsis coj Pestel, li ntawd, nws demanded tias lub cev puas tsuaj rau lub tag nrho muaj koob muaj npe tsev neeg.

Nws twb assumed tias "Lavxias teb sab tseeb" yuav nkag mus rau hauv dag zog yuam kom sai li sai raws li lub uprising. Nws yog qhov yooj yim kev cai lij choj ntawm lub teb chaws.

Northern Society ntawm lub Decembrists

Northern Society los rau hauv hav zoov nyob rau hauv 1821, nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav. Keeb xeeb ib feem ntawm nws muaj ob pawg, koom tom qab. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias thawj pab pawg neeg yog ntau radical, cov neeg koom qhia cov views ntawm Pestel thiab tag nrho txais nws "Lavxias teb sab tseeb."

Activists ntawm lub sab qaum teb Society twb Nikita Muravev (lub taub hau), Kondraty Ryleev (deputy), None Obolensky thiab Trubetskoy. Tsis kawg luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv cov haiv neeg plays Ivan Puschin.

Northern Society ua mas nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg, tab sis nws muaj ib tug ceg nyob rau hauv Moscow.

Txoj kev sib sau ua ke rau hauv lub qaum teb thiab yav qab teb societies tau ib tug ntev thiab heev heev. Lawv muaj ib tug yuav tsum muaj kev tsis sib haum nyob rau hauv tej teeb meem. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau Congress nyob rau hauv 1824, nws tau txiav txim siab los pib cov txheej txheem ntawm kev koom ua ke nyob rau hauv 1826. Lub uprising nyob rau hauv lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1825 puam tsuaj cov kev pab them nqi.

Nikita Mihaylovich Muravev

Nikita Mihaylovich Muravev - los ntawm ib tug noble tsev neeg. Yug nyob rau hauv 1795 nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg. Kuv tau txais ib txoj kev kawm zoo nyob rau hauv Moscow. Tsov rog ntawm 1812 pom nws nyob rau hauv lub nyob qib collegiate sau npe ntawm tus Ministry of Justice. Cov tsov ua rog, nws sau tseg los ntawm lub tsev, ua ib tug ci ntsa iab hauj lwm thaum lub sij hawm battles.

Tom qab ob ntiaj teb rog pib ua hauj lwm raws li ib feem ntawm daim card societies: lub Union ntawm Salvation thiab lub Union ntawm Welfare. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nws sau tau cov charter rau lub caij nyoog kawg no. Ntseeg hais tias muaj yuav tsum tau tsim ib tug Republican daim ntawv ntawm tsoom fwv, nws tsuas pab cov tub rog coup. Thaum lub sij hawm ib tug mus txawv tebchaws los rau sab qab teb raws li P. Pestel. Cuaj kaum npaaj nws cov qauv - sab qaum teb Society, tiam sis ib tug adherent tsis rhuav, tab sis nyob rau hauv tsis tooj, yog nquag koom tes.

Tus thawj tsab ntawm nws version ntawm cov kevcai tswj wrote nyob rau hauv 1821, tab sis nws nrhiav tsis tau cov lus teb los ntawm lwm cov neeg hauv zej zog. Ib me ntsis tom qab, nws yuav rov nws views thiab tau tso ib tug tshiab kev pab cuam uas muab los ntawm lub sab qaum teb Society.

Muraveva Constitution

Cov kevcai tswj Murav'ev muaj cov nram no:

1. Zog ntawm Guj kuj yuav tsum ua ib tug kev cai monarchy: lub koom haum nom tswv - cov Supreme Duma, muaj raws ntawm ob lag; executive - huab tais (nyob rau hauv ua ke nrog - lub zoo tshaj plaws commander). Nyias, nws stipulated hais tias nws tsis muaj txoj cai pib thiab xaus tsov rog nyob rau hauv lawv tus kheej. Tom qab ib tug tshaj plaws ntawm peb nyeem ntawm huab tais yuav tsum tau kos npe rau hauv txoj cai. Tsis pom zoo nws twb tsis muaj txoj cai, yuav tsuas ncua lub kos npe nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm.
2. Thaum lub abolition ntawm serfdom av txoj cai ntawm cov tswv av tawm tswv thiab teb - lawv qhov chaw, ntxiv rau ntxiv 2 daim av rau txhua txhua lub tsev.
3. Muaj txoj cai mus xaiv tsa - tsuas yog rau cov tswv av. Cov poj niam, nomads thiab uas tsis yog-tswv ntawm nws yog tshem tawm.
4. Abolish lub tsev kawm ntawv, mus rau theem tag nrho los ntawm ib tug lub npe: tus pej xeem. Cov kev hais plaub ntug system yog ib tug rau tag nrho cov.

Ntsaum paub hais tias nws version ntawm cov kevcai tswj yuav ntsib tsiv kuj, ces nws tau muab cov kev taw qhia rau kev siv ntawm caj npab.

Npaj rau ib tug uprising

Secret societies, raws li tau piav saum toj no, ntawd kub ntev li 10 xyoo ua ntej lub uprising pib. Nws yuav tsum tau hais tias qhov kev txiav txim ntawm lub rebellion sawv heev nthawv.

Thaum nyob rau hauv Taganrog, tuag Alexander I. Nyob rau hauv lub qhaj ntawv ntawm qub txeeg qub teg ntawm lub tom ntej no huab tais twb yuav tsum tau Constantine, tus kwv tij ntawm Alexander. Qhov teeb meem yog hais tias nws tau ib zaug nyiag abdicated. Raws li, lub Rooj Tswjhwm Saib kis mus rau cov kwv ntxawg, Nicholas. Cov neeg tsis meej pem, tsis paub txog renunciation. Tab sis Nicholas txiav txim siab rau Hlis ntuj nqeg 14, 1925 los coj cov lus cog tseg.

Cov kev tuag ntawm Alexander los ua tus pib taw tes rau lub rebels. Lawv to taub hais tias nws yog lub sij hawm mus ua, txawm muaj siv txawv ntawm rau yav qab teb thiab qaum teb societies. Lawv paub zoo tias lub sij hawm los npaj tau zoo rau cov uprising lawv muaj heev me ntsis, tab sis xav tias yuav nco no point - criminal. Nws sau Ivan Puschin rau nws tus phooj ywg Aleksandru Pushkinu lyceum.

Thaum tau ntsib hmo ua ntej lub Kaum Ob Hlis 14, lub rebels npaj ib lub hom phiaj ntawm kev txiav txim. Nws boils down rau cov nram no cov ntsiab lus:

1. Taw commander ntawm tub huabtais Trubetskoy.
2. Siv lub caij ntuj no Palace thiab lub Peter thiab Paul Fortress. Lub luag hauj lwm rau qhov kev taw Yakubovich thiab Bulatov.
3. Nicholas tau mus tua Lieutenant P. Kakhovsky. Qhov kev ua yuav tsum lub teeb liab rau kev txiav txim rau rebels.
4. Kev dag ua hauj lwm ntawm cov tub rog thiab yaum tau lawv nyob rau sab ntawm lub rebels.
5. Yuav kom koj yaum tau cov Senate mus cog lus siab rau huab tais entrusted rau Kondrati Ryleeva thiab Ivan Pushin.

Tu siab, tsis yog txhua txhua xav tawm yav tom ntej Decembrists. Keeb kwm hais tias lub traitors ntawm lawv ib ncig tau ua ib tug denunciation ntawm cov tab tom yuav mutiny Nicholas uas thaum kawg ntxias nws mus rau xaiv tus Senate cog ntawm chaw ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov thaum sawv ntxov nyob rau hauv 14 lub hlis ntuj nqeg.

Lub revolt: nws twb muaj nyob rau

Lub uprising tsis mus raws li tsab ntawv, uas yog npaj rebels. Senate lub sij hawm mus cog lus siab rau huab tais ua ntej tus ntxhov siab.

Txawm li cas los, lub rhawv ntawm cov tub rog hlua li nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim ntawm sib ntaus sib tua nyob rau hauv lub Senate Square, txhua leej txhua tus yog tos rau decisive kev txiav txim nyob rau ib feem ntawm kev tswj.
Ivan Puschin thiab Kondraty Ryleev rov qab los thiab hais tias nyob rau hauv lub imminent sij hawm tuaj txog ntawm qhov hais kom ua, tub huabtais Trubetskoy. Cov yav tas, los hloov tus rebels holed li nyob hauv vajntxwv lub General neeg ua hauj lwm. Nws ua tsis tau tejyam kom paub tias drastic txiav txim uas yuav tsum tau ntawm nws.

Nyob rau hauv lub kawg, lub uprising twb suppressed.

Lub arrests thiab lub tsev hais plaub

Nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg, pib kom dhau lub thawj arrests thiab cov tua ntawm lub Decembrists. Ib tug interesting tseeb yog hais tias lub sim ntawm lub detainees muab kev koom tes tsis yog tus Senate, raws li tau leej twg, thiab tus Supreme Court hais ogranizovanny Nicholas kuv rau lub sij hawm. Cov thawj heev, ua ntej lub rebellion, Hlis ntuj nqeg 13, twb puas tau raug ntes Pavel Pestel. Qhov tseeb hais tias ua ntej lub rebellion, nws coj ib tug tswv cuab ntawm lub yav qab teb Society A. Mayboroda, leej twg muab neeg ntxeev siab. Pestel nyob rau hauv Tulchin puas tau raug ntes thiab coj mus rau St. Petersburg Peter thiab Paul Fortress.

Mayboroda sau tau ib denunciation thiab N. Muraviev, uas twb puas tau raug ntes nyob rau hauv nws qub txeeg qub tes.

Nyob rau hauv kev tshawb nrhiav tau 579 cov neeg. 120 ntawm lawv twb exiled nyuaj zog nyob rau hauv Siberia (ntawm lawv, Nikita Muravev), tag nrho cov tau ignominiously demoted nyob rau hauv qib. Tsib rebels twb raug txim kom tuag.

tiav

Hais lub tsev hais plaub nyob rau hauv ib tug ua tau txoj kev tua ntawm cov Decembrists, Nicholas hais tias cov ntshav yuav tsum tsis txhob tau los. Yog li, lawv, lub heroes ntawm lub ntiaj teb no ua tsov ua rog II, yog raug txim mus rau cov muaj npe phem gallows.

Leej twg tau tua Decembrists? Lawv cov npe muaj raws li nram no: Pavel Pestel, Peter Kakhovsky, Kondraty Ryleev, Sergey Muravev-Apostol, Mikhail Bestuzhev-Ryumin. Qhov kev txiav txim tau nyeem nyob rau hauv Lub Xya hli ntuj 12 thiab dai lawv Xya hli ntuj 25, 1926. Tus tua ntawm lub Decembrists ntev nruab los ua ib tug gallows nrog ib tug tshwj xeeb mechanism. Txawm li cas los, tsis yog tsis muaj los: peb cov txiv neej poob tawm lawv cov hinges, lawv yuav tsum tau muab dai dua.

Qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub Peter thiab Paul Fortress, qhov twg Decembrists tau tua - nws crownwork. Muaj yog ib tug monument sawv cev obelisk thiab granite muaj pes tsawg leeg. Nws ua ib lub cim kev ua siab loj uas tiv thaiv rau lawv hom phiaj tseg Decembrists. Lawv cov npe yog engraved rau lub monument.