Tsim, Science

Cov tshuaj thaj chaw ntawm alkynes. Tus qauv, kev npaj, daim ntawv thov

Alkanes, alkenes, alkynes - yog organic chemicals. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv yog ua los ntawm tej tshuaj hais xws li carbon thiab Hydrogen. Alkanes, alkenes, alkynes - yog tshuaj tebchaw, cov uas nyob rau lub hydrocarbon pab pawg neeg.

Nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm peb yuav saib alkynes.

Yuav ua li cas yog nws?

Cov tshuaj no kuj hu ua acetylene hydrocarbons. Tus qauv ntawm lub alkyne muab cov muaj nyob rau hauv lawv cov molecules ntawm Hydrogen thiab cov pa roj carbon atoms. General mis acetylenic hydrocarbons xws li: C n H 2n-2. Qhov yooj yim alkyne yooj yim - ethyne (acetylene). Nws muaj nyob ntawm no ib tshuaj mis - C 2 H 2. Tsis tas li ntawd yog hais txog alkynes propyne ntawm cov mis C 3 N 4. Tsis tas li ntawd, rau acetylenic hydrocarbons yuav muaj xws li butyne (C 4 H 6), pentin (C 5 H 8) hexyne (C 6 H 10) heptyn (C 7 H 12), octyne (C 8 H 14), nonyne ( C 9 H 16) decyne (C 10 H 18), thiab hais txog. d. Tag nrho cov hom ntawm alkynes muaj zoo xws li cov yam ntxwv. Cia xyuas lawv nyob rau hauv kom meej.

Lub cev thaj chaw ntawm alkynes

Yam ntxwv lub cev ntawm acetylene hydrocarbons nco alkenes.

Nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob, alkynes, molecules uas muaj los ntawm ob mus rau plaub carbon atoms, muaj ib tug gaseous sau ua ib pawg xeev. Cov molecules uas yog tsib mus rau 16 carbon atoms, nyob rau hauv ib txwm tej yam kev mob ntawm cov kua. Cov nyob rau hauv lub lwg me me uas 17 los yog ntau tshaj atoms ntawm ib tug tshuaj caij, - cov khib nyiab.

Alkynes yaj thiab boil nyob rau hauv ib tug ntau dua kub tshaj lub alkanes thiab alkenes.

Solubility nyob rau hauv dej yog insignificant, tab sis me ntsis ntau tshaj li uas ntawm alkenes thiab alkanes.

Solubility nyob rau hauv cov organic solvents yog high school.

Cov feem ntau lug siv alkyne - acetylene - muaj xws lub zog:

  • Nws twb tsis muaj xim;
  • ntxhiab;
  • nyob rau hauv ib txwm tej yam kev mob, nws yog nyob rau hauv ib tug gaseous lub xeev ntawm aggregation;
  • Nws muaj ib tug tsawg dua ceev dua cov pa;
  • ib kub npau npau taw tes - rho tawm 83,6 degrees Celsius;

Cov tshuaj thaj chaw ntawm alkynes

Nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj, cov atoms yog sib raug zoo triple daim ntawv cog lus, uas piav txog lawv cov kev zog. Alkynes hnov mob li no:

  • hydrogenation;
  • gidrogalogenirovanie;
  • halogenation;
  • co;
  • hlawv.

Cia wb mus lawv nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim.

hydrogenation

Cov tshuaj thaj chaw ntawm alkynes tso cai rau lawv mus koom nyob rau hauv no hom ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Qhov no hom ntawm tshuaj cov kev sib tshuam, nyob rau lub substance molecule hniav nws tus kheej ntxiv hydrogen atoms. Ntawm no yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm xws li ib tug tshuaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm propyne:

2H 2 + C 3 H 4 = C 3 H 8

Qhov no cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ob ua sawv. Nyob rau hauv thawj propyne molecule hniav ob atoms ntawm Hydrogen, thiab lub thib ob - tus nqi qub.

halogenation

Qhov no yog lwm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, uas yog ib feem ntawm cov tshuaj thaj chaw ntawm alkynes. Nws tshwm sim acetylenic hydrocarbon molecule hniav halogen atoms. Cov yav tas muaj xws li cov ntsiab xws li chloro, bromo, iodo, etc.

Ntawm no yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm xws li ib tug tshuaj tiv thaiv nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm ethinyl:

C 2 H 2 + 2SІ 2 = C 2 H 2 s² 4

Cov tib cov txheej txheem yog tseem tau nrog lwm acetylenic hydrocarbons.

Gidrogalogenirovanie

Nws kuj yog ib tug ntawm lub ntsiab tshua, uas yog ib feem ntawm cov tshuaj thaj chaw ntawm alkynes. Nws cov lus dag nyob rau hauv lub fact tias cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw yog reacted nrog tebchaw xws li NSІ, ni, HBr, thiab lwm leej lwm tus. Qhov no tshuaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ob ua sawv. Cia saib cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm no hom ntawm cov piv txwv ntawm ethinyl:

C 2 H 2 + NSІ = C 2 H 3 s²

C 2 H 2 + s² NSІ = C 2 H 4 s² 2

co

Qhov no yog ib yam tshuaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv uas yog nyob rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog dej. Nws kuj tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ob ua sawv. Cia saib nws rau cov piv txwv ntawm ethinyl:

H 2 O + C 2 H 2 = C 2 H 3 OH

Ib tug yeeb tshuaj uas yog tsim tom qab tus thawj theem cov tshuaj tiv thaiv hu ua yas haus dej haus cawv.

Vim lub fact tias raws li txoj cai Eltekova OH functional ib pawg tsis tau nyob ib sab mus rau lub ob daim ntawv cog lus, rearrangement ntawm atoms, raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm uas tus yas haus dej haus cawv yog tsim acetaldehyde.

Tus txheej txheem ntawm co tshuaj tiv thaiv kuj hu ua alkyne Kucherova.

burning

No sis txheej txheem ntawm alkynes nrog rau oxygen hauv high school kub. Xav txog hlawv tshuaj ntawm no pab pawg neeg nrog acetylene piv txwv li:

2C 2 H 2 + 2O 2 = 2H 2 O + CO 2 + 3 c

Thaum ib tug dhau heev lawm ntawm cov pa, acetylene, thiab lwm yam alkynes hlawv yam uas tsis tsim cov pa roj carbon. Yog li faib xwb carbon monoxide thiab dej. Ntawm no yog cov kab zauv ntawm tshuaj tiv thaiv no nrog rau Piv txwv li propyne:

4O 2 + C 3 H 4 = 2H 2 O + 3SO 2

Hlawv lwm acetylenic hydrocarbons kuj tshwm sim zoo li ntawd. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, dej yog tso tawm thiab carbon dioxide.

lwm yam tshua

Tsis tas li ntawd acetylenes muaj peev xwm ntawm reacting nrog lub ntsev ntawm hlau xws li nyiaj, tooj liab thiab calcium. Yog li muaj ib tug hloov ntawm Hydrogen hlau atoms. Xav txog qhov no piv txwv nyob rau hauv view ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog acetylene thiab nyiaj nitrate:

C 2 H 2 + 2AgNO3 = Ag 2 C 2 + 2NH 4 TSIS 3 + 2H 2 O

Lwm nthuav cov txheej txheem uas muaj alkynes - Zelinsky cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Qhov no tsim ntawm benzene los ntawm acetylene thaum nws yog rhuab mus 600 degrees Celsius nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm tshuab txais carbon. Cov kab zauv rau no cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav tsum qhia raws li nram no:

3 c 2 H 2 = C 6 H 6

polymerization ntawm alkynes li sai tau - tus txheej txheem ntawm lub koom haum ntawm ob peb molecules ntawm lub substance nyob rau hauv ib tug polymer.

txais tos

Alkyne cov tshuaj tiv thaiv uas peb tau sib tham txog saum toj no, yog npaj nyob rau hauv txoj kev kuaj nyob rau hauv ob peb txoj kev.

Tus thawj - ib tug dehydrohalogenation. Nws zoo tshuaj tiv thaiv kab zauv li no:

C 2 H 4 Br 2 + 2KOH = C 2 H 2 + 2H 2 O + 2KBr

Rau nqa tawm no yog kom sov lub reactants, thiab ntxiv ethanol li catalyst.

Tsis tas li ntawd muaj yog tau alkynes los ntawm inorganic tebchaw. Ntawm no yog ib qho piv txwv:

CAC 2 + H 2 O = C 2 H 2 + 2CA (OH) 2

Cov tom ntej no txoj kev ua alkyne - dehydrogenation. Ntawm no yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm xws li ib tug tshuaj tiv thaiv:

= 3H 2 CH 4 + 2 C 2 H 2

Nrog rau qhov no hom ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav tsum tau tsis tsuas ethyne, tab sis lwm yam acetylenic hydrocarbons.

Kev siv cov alkyne

Cov feem ntau lug siv nyob rau hauv qhov kev lag luam yog qhov nyuaj alkyne - ethyne. Nws yog dav siv nyob rau hauv lub tshuaj ua lag luam.

  • Yuav Tsum Tau acetylene los yog lwm yam alkynes rau ua ib lwm organic tebchaw xws li ketones, aldehydes, thiab lwm yam kuab tshuaj.
  • Tsis tas li ntawd los ntawm alkynes yuav tau cov tshuaj uas yog siv nyob rau hauv qhov siv thiab ua rubbers, polyvinyl tshuaj dawb thiab lwm tus neeg.
  • Los ntawm propyne yuav tau raws li ib tug tshwm sim acetone RAKTs Kucherova.
  • Ntxiv mus, acetylene yog siv nyob rau hauv qhov kev npaj ntawm cov tshuaj xws li acetic acid, uas muaj ntxhiab hydrocarbons, ethyl cawv.
  • Ntau acetylene yog siv raws li ib tug roj nrog ib tug heev thaum tshav kub kub ntawm combustion.
  • Tsis tas li ntawd ethynyl combustion cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no yog siv rau Vuam hlau.
  • Tsis tas li ntawd, siv ib tug acetylene yuav tsum npaj kom txhij Kev carbon.
  • Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov no tshuaj yog siv nyob rau hauv stand-alone fixtures.
  • Acetylene thiab lwm yam hydrocarbons tooj ntawm no pab pawg neeg yog siv raws li propellants vim nws cov high tshav kub ntawm combustion.

Nyob rau hauv daim ntawv thov no alkynes xaus.

xaus

Raws li qhov kawg ib feem ntawm lub rooj yog ib txoj kev ntawm lub thaj chaw ntawm acetylene hydrocarbons thiab lawv npaj.

Cov tshuaj thaj chaw ntawm alkynes: rooj
Lub npe tshuaj kev piav qhia Piv txwv li kab zauv
halogenation Tsis tas li ntawd cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ib tug qauv ntawm cov acetylenic hydrocarbon halogen atoms (bromine, iodine, tshuaj chlorine ua, thiab lwm yam). C 4 H 6 + 2I 2 = C 4 H 6 ntawm kuv 2
hydrogenation Tsis tas li ntawd cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm ib tug alkyne molecule hydrogen atoms. Nws tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ob ua sawv.

C 3 H 4 + H 2 = C 3 H 6

C 3 H 6 + H 2 = C 3 H 8

Gidrogalogenirovanie Tsis tas li ntawd cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm lub acetylene molecule hydrocarbon gidrogalogenov (ni, NSІ, HBr). Nws tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ob ua sawv.

C 2 H 2 + ni = C 2 H 3 ntawm kuv

C 2 H 3 + ni ntawm kuv = C 2 H 4 Kuv 2

co Tshua, uas yog raws li nyob rau hauv kev sis raug zoo nrog cov dej. Nws tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ob ua sawv.

C 2 H 2 + H 2 O = C 2 H 3 OH

C 2 H 3 OH = CH 3 -CHO

Lub tiav oxidation (combustion) Atsetilenovgo reacting hydrocarbon nrog rau oxygen nyob rau ntawm ib kom kub. Qhov no ua carbon monoxide thiab dej.

2C 2 H 5 + 5O 2 = 2H 2 O + 4CO 2

2C 2 H 2 + 2O 2 = H 2 O + CO 2 + 3 c

Tshua nrog hlau salts Nws muaj nyob rau hauv lub fact tias cov hlau atoms yog pawg nrog atoms nyob rau hauv lub lwg me me ntawm Hydrogen acetylenic hydrocarbons.

C 2 H 2 + AgNO3 = C 2 Ag 2 + 2NH 4 TSIS 3 + 2H 2 O

Tau alkynes yuav ua tau nyob rau hauv lub laboratory siv peb txoj kev:

  • inorganic tebchaw;
  • los ntawm dehydrogenation ntawm organic tebchaw;
  • dehydrohalogenation txoj kev ntawm cov organic tshuaj.

Yog li ntawd peb ntsia tag nrho lub cev thiab tshuaj cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov alkyne, lawv txoj kev ntawm kev npaj, kev siv nyob rau hauv qhov kev lag luam.

Similar articles

 

 

 

 

Trending Now

 

 

 

 

Newest

Copyright © 2018 hmn.birmiss.com. Theme powered by WordPress.