Cov khoom ntawm carbohydrates. Zog thiab khoom ntawm carbohydrates: rooj

Nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj qus muaj ntau, ntau yam, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm uas yuav tsis yog yuav overestimated. Piv txwv li, cov muaj xws li carbohydrates. Lawv yog cov tsis tshua tseem ceeb raws li ib tug lub zog qhov chaw rau tsiaj txhu thiab tib neeg, thiab ib co thaj chaw ntawm carbohydrates ua rau lawv ib tug indispensable raw khoom rau lub lag luam.

Yuav ua li cas yog nws?

Qhov no tag nrho cov tshuaj qauv uas yuav tau piav los lub mis CN _(H2O) m. Lawv yog cov zoo kawg thiab lom tseem ceeb, ua si ib tug tseem ceeb heev luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub neej ntawm ntau nyob beings.

Lub npe ntawm no pab pawg neeg ntawm zaum tau tuaj txog tom qab thawj zaug tsom xam ntawm cov tshuaj lawm hais tias nws muaj. Ces nws pom hais tias lawv cov ntsiab Cheebtsam yog cov pa roj carbon thiab dej. Tom qab ntawd nws twb pom hais tias lub title tau muab tawm yuav tsis tshua muaj leej, txij thaum lub thaj chaw ntawm carbohydrate xws li hais tias tus piv ntawm hydrogen thiab cov pa atoms nyob rau ntawd yog kiag li zoo tib yam rau tias nyob rau hauv cov dej. Cias teev, muaj ib tug pa, ob hydrogen atoms. Tus thawj lub sij hawm lub Lavxias teb sab version ntawm lub npe twb npaj siab nyob rau hauv 1844 los ntawm cov xibfwb K. Schmidt.

ib co add-ons

Yog hais tias ib tug me ntsis mus hloov lub saum toj no mis, pronouncing «n» ntawm lub nkhaus, cov kev qhia yuav tsum tau ib tug me ntsis txawv: Saib (H ₂ O) n. Tej zaum, nws yuav tsis tau zoo no qhia cov essence ntawm "thee - dej" lub npe.

Rau hnub tim, zaum tau nyob ruaj khov hais tias muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm tej yam uas muaj thaj chaw ntawm carbohydrates, tab sis tsis heev sib haum mus rau cov mis piav los ntawm peb. Thiab vim hais tias nyob rau hauv txawv teb chaws cov ntaub ntawv ib tug yuav feem ntau tuaj nyob lo lus "glycidyl", uas yog synonymous nrog niaj hnub, 1844, uas yog tsis heev muaj tseeb.

yooj yim kev faib

Tag nrho cov loj loj hauv chav kawm ntawv uas muaj ntaub ntawv yuav tsum tau muab faib ua ob pawg: yooj yim thiab complex glycidyl. Yuav ua li cas yog lub thaj chaw ntawm carbohydrates uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lawv? Ua tau, lawv kuj yog tsis heev tham:

• Tej yam yooj yim tshuaj yog cov uas cov pab pawg neeg uas tsis yog amenable mus hydrolysis nrog consequent tsim ntawm lwm yam carbohydrates. Lub ntsiab sib txawv yog hais tias lub xov tooj ntawm cov pa atoms nyob rau hauv lawv cov qauv tseem zoo xws li cov xov tooj ntawm cov pa roj carbon atoms. Lawv hu ua monosaccharides.
• Raws li, lub ntsiab txhais ntawm "complex" xws li muaj tag nrho cov glycidyl uas decompose los ntawm hydrolysis tsim tau ib plurality ntawm tej yam yooj yim carbohydrates. Ntawm cov hoob kawm, lawv muaj tus piv ntawm cov pa atoms thiab cov pa roj carbon variously. Lawv hu ua ib tug disaccharide. Ib tug heev ib qho tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv qhov kev ua si yog txoj carbohydrates, ib daim ntawv teev cov neeg uas peb cov tam sim no nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm.

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, muaj lwm kev faib tawm, nyob rau hauv uas carbohydrates raug muab faib ua peb hom. Ntawm no lawv muaj li no:

• Monosaccharides.
• Oligosaccharides.
• Polysaccharides.

Cov nram qab no cov lus carbohydrates yuav pab koj nrog lawv loj sib txawv.

mono- (Molecule 1)	oligo (<10 molecules)	poly- (> 10 molecules)
Aldose, ketose	Nws cia li muaj xws li disaccharides, trisaccharides, thiab hais txog. D.	Nws muaj ob hom: Gomopolisaharidy. Heteropolysaccharides. Los ntawm cov npe uas koj muaj peev xwm to taub hais tias lub internal molecular qauv ntawm cov ob hom yog heev txawv

Ntawm cov hoob kawm, peb muaj ib tug luv luv lub rooj ntawm carbohydrates muaj tau pom tias, tab sis nws tau txais tsuas yog tsis yooj yim sua kom haum tag nrho cov kev nta uas yog peculiar rau ib co mej zeej ntawm lub sab hauv chav kawm ntawv. Yog li ntawd peb tsom xam lub ntsiab pawg txhua nyias mus piav ntau zog ntxiv rau ib co ntawm cov thaj chaw ntawm tus neeg, feem ntau yam. Yog li ntawd, dab tsi yog carbohydrates kawm?

monosaccharides

Nco ntsoov hais tias tag nrho cov ntawm lawv yuav mus rau hauv qeb ntawm cov khib nyiab, yooj yim tau dhau mus rau hauv lub crystalline lub xeev. Lawv yog cov tsis tshua hygroscopic, zoo soluble nyob rau hauv dej rau ib tug phoov. Xaiv lawv nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm muaju, muaj yog heev yooj yim. Lawv lub ntsiab muaj ib tug nruab nrab ras txog, feem ntau sweetish saj. Saj siv yog sib txawv: piv txwv li, fructose kwv yees li 3-3.5 lub sij hawm sweeter feem ntau heev qabzib.

Nyob rau hauv cov yam ntxwv daim ntawv

Tag nrho cov ntawm cov tshuaj - ib tug compound ntawm bifunctional qauv, muaj pes tsawg leeg uas tas muaj xws li cov pa roj carbon lub cev pob txha, ib tug carbonyl pab pawg neeg thiab ob peb hydroxyl. Yog hais tias lub luag hauj lwm ntawm lub carbonyl pab pawg neeg ua aldehyde pab pawg neeg, ib yam khoom uas hu ua aldose. Raws li, nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm ketone "Tsov tus tw" yog hu ua ketose.

Txij li thaum qhov xwm ntawm cov tshuaj yog cov tsis tshua muaj heev heev lawv yuav tsum tau pom ob nyob rau hauv lawv dawb lub xeev, thiab nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov anhydrite cov ntaub ntawv. Nyob rau hauv Feem ntau, yuav luag tag nrho cov complex carbohydrates nyob rau hauv cov zaubmov, yog anhydrides ntawm tej yam yooj yim suab thaj, uas yog heev tsuas tau los ntawm kev noj tam sim ntawd ib ob peb (los yog ib tug) ntawm dej lwg me me (tus prefix "en" - tsis muaj).

Qabzib yog lub feem ntau raug tus neeg sawv cev

Cov mis ntawm cov feem ntau raug tus neeg sawv cev ntawm cov pab pawg neeg - C ₆ H ₁₂ O _6. Heev feem ntau muaj cov carbohydrates nyob rau hauv cog hlwb. Nws muaj tsis tau tsuas yog thoob plaws, tab sis kuj tseem ceeb heev rau lub cev vim hais tias nws yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub zog rau nws (hais lus txog cov tsiaj thiab tus txiv neej, ntawm chav kawm). Nyob rau hauv hauv paus ntsiab lus, cov no yog cov general thaj chaw ntawm cov nqaijrog, carbohydrates thiab nqaijrog rau tag nrho cov uas muaj sia nyob. Nws kuj tau lug siv nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj, kev kho tsiaj, kev lag luam (xws li khoom noj khoom haus).

lub zog

Yuav ua li cas yog cov general lub cev thaj chaw ntawm carbohydrates nyob rau hauv pab pawg neeg no? Tsos - dawb zoo muaju, sweetish saj, nkag soluble nyob rau hauv cov dej. Solubility nce dramatically yog Rov rhaub tshuaj: nyob rau hauv no yav tas lub qab zib phoov.

Luv luv cov lus qhia txog cov tshuaj qauv

Yog hais tias koj saib nyob rau ib linear mis, cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm no carbohydrate yog kom meej meej pom ib tug aldehyde thiab tsib hydroxyl pawg. Thaum lub tshuaj yog nyob rau hauv lub crystalline lub xeev, nws molecules yuav ua tau nyob rau hauv ib tug ntawm ob tug tau ntaub ntawv (α- los yog β-glucose). Lub fact tias cov hydroxyl pab pawg neeg yog ua ke mus rau ib tug thib tsib carbon atom, tej zaum yuav reacted nrog ib tug carbonyl moiety.

Lub loj heev nyob rau hauv cov qus

Txij li thaum nws zoo heev npaum li cas nyob rau hauv txiv hmab kua txiv, qabzib yog feem ntau xa mus rau raws li "txiv hmab qab zib". Nyob rau hauv no lub npe nws yog tseem paub peb pog koob yawg koob. Txawm li cas los, nws yog tau mus nrhiav nyob rau hauv lwm yam qab zib txiv hmab txiv ntoo los yog zaub, nyob rau hauv cov nqaij mos mos ntawm cov nroj tsuag. Nyob rau hauv tus tsiaj ntiaj teb no, nws loj heev yog tsis qis: txog 0.1% ntawm peb cov ntshav - qhov no yog qabzib. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, koj yuav nrhiav tau cov carbohydrates nyob rau hauv lub cell yuav luag txhua hauv nruab nrog cev. Tab sis tshwj xeeb tshaj yog ib tug ntau ntawm lawv nyob rau hauv lub siab, vim tias yog qhov twg ua yog nqa tawm zib mus rau hauv glycogen.

Nws (raws li peb twb hais tias) yog ib tug tseem ceeb qhov chaw ntawm lub zog rau peb lub cev, yog ib feem ntawm yuav luag tag nrho cov complex carbohydrates. Raws li zoo li lwm yam yooj yim carbohydrates, nyob rau hauv qhov nws tshwm sim tom qab photosynthesis cov tshuaj tiv thaiv uas yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw heev dua lwm yam nyob rau hauv lub hlwb ntawm tsob nroj kab mob:

6SO ₂ + 6H ₂ O chlorophyll C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆ + 6D ₂ - Q

Nroj tsuag yog li ua ib tug heev kawg tseem ceeb heev rau cov kev ua ntawm lub biosphere, accumulating zog, uas yog tau los ntawm lawv los ntawm lub hnub. Nrog kev xav txog muaj tej yam kev mob, txiv hmab qab zib txij ancient sij hawm tau los ntawm cov hmoov txhuv nplej hydrolysis ua nws, nyob rau ib cov tshuaj tiv thaiv catalyst yog feeb meej sulfuric acid:

(C ₆ H ₁₀ O ₅₎ n + NH ₂ O H ₂ li _4, t NC ₆ H ₁₂ O ₆

tshuaj zog

Yuav ua li cas yog cov tshuaj thaj chaw ntawm carbohydrates ntawm no hom? Nws muaj tag nrho cov yam ntxwv tib hais tias yog xam qhovkev nyob rau hauv ib tug txhob txwm alcohols thiab aldehydes. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, muaj muaj ib co kev nta. Thawj synthesis ntawm tej yam yooj yim carbohydrates (xws li zib) tau tsim los ntawm feem ntau feemxyuam chemist A. M. Butlerovym nyob rau hauv 1861 xyoo, thiab raws li ib tug raw khoom nws yog siv formaldehyde, splitting nws nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm calcium hydroxide. Ntawm no yog cov mis ntawm tus txheej txheem no:

6NSON -------> S6N ₁₂ O ₆

Thiab tam sim no saib ib co ntawm cov thaj chaw ntawm lub lwm yam ob tug mej zeej ntawm lub pab pawg neeg, lub ntuj lub ntsiab lus uas tsis yog tsawg kawg thiab, thiab vim hais tias lawv txoj kev tshawb no biology. Carbohydrates cov tsiaj ua si ib qho tseem ceeb heev luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv peb lub neej txhua hnub.

fructose

Cov mis ntawm no isomer ntawm zib - Sep _12, O _v. Ib yam li cov "progenitor" yuav muaj nyob rau hauv linear thiab cyclic daim ntawv. Los txog rau hauv tag nrho cov tshuaj uas yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov polyhydric alcohols, tab sis, yog li differing ntawm qabzib, nws tsis hnov mob nrog ib tug ammoniacal tshuaj ntawm nyiaj oxide.

ribose

Tsis tshua muaj neeg siab paj ribose thiab deoxyribose. Yog hais tias koj nco ntsoov ib tug me ntsis txog biology kev pab cuam, thiab paub zoo heev hais tias cov carbohydrates nyob rau hauv lub cev yog ib feem ntawm DNA thiab RNA, tsis muaj uas cov heev hav zoov ntawm lub neej nyob rau hauv no ntiaj chaw tau. Lub npe "deoxyribose" txhais tau tias nws molecule tsawg kawg yog ib cov pa atom (thaum piv rau nws cov qub ribose). Yog zoo xws li cov nyob rau hauv no hwm rau piam thaj, kuj muaj ib tug linear thiab ib tug cyclic qauv.

disaccharides

Nyob rau hauv hauv paus ntsiab lus, cov tshuaj nyob rau hauv lawv cov qauv thiab kev khiav dej num kev lom zem ntau dua yav dhau los hauv chav kawm ntawv, tab sis vim hais tias nws ua rau tsis muaj kev nkag siab rau nyob rau hauv no rau ntau yam. Yuav ua li cas yog cov tshuaj thaj chaw ntawm carbohydrates nyob rau hauv pab pawg neeg no? Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj cov neeg sawv cev ntawm tsev neeg yog sucrose, maltose thiab lactose. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv muaj peev xwm tau piav los ntawm cov mis C ₁₂ H ₂₂ O _11, raws li yog lub isomers, tab sis qhov no tsis negate lub loj sib txawv nyob rau hauv lawv cov qauv. Yog li ntawd yog dab tsi raug complex carbohydrates, ib daim ntawv teev thiab cov hauj lwm uas koj yuav saib tau hauv qab no?

saccharose

Nws molecule yog muaj li ntawm ob mus sai li sai tau: ib tug yog ib tug rau-membered (α-glucose residue) thiab lwm yam - ib tug tsib-membered (β-fructose residue). Nws txuas tag nrho cov no kev tsim kho ntawm glycoside hydroxyl qabzib.

Kev npaj thiab tag nrho tus nqi

Raws li cov fwm ntaub ntawv keeb kwm, txawm peb centuries ua ntej Tswv Yexus qab zib los ntawm kab tsib kawm tau li cas kom tau nyob rau hauv Ancient Is Nrias teb. Tsuas yog nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-xyoo pua puv 19 nws muab tawm hais tias ib tug ntau ntau ntawm sucrose tsawg rau qhov no dag zog yuav tau muab rho tawm los ntawm qab zib beets. Nyob rau hauv ib co ntau ntau yam nws muaj mus txog rau 22% ntawm cov carbohydrate, thaum tus kav tauj los cov ntsiab lus tej zaum yuav tsis pub dhau 26%, tab sis qhov no yog tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv zoo tagnrho txoj kev loj hlob tej yam kev mob thiab paaj kev nyab xeeb.

Peb twb hais tias carbohydrates nkag soluble nyob rau hauv cov dej. Nws yog raws li nyob rau hauv no txoj ntsiab cai rau tau sucrose thaum siv rau lub hom phiaj no pab kiag li lawm, diffusers. Tau impurities rau precipitate, cov tshuaj twb lim los ntawm cov ntxaij lim dej uas muaj xws li txiv qaub. Yuav kom tshem tawm los ntawm lub resulting tov ntawm calcium hydroxide, yog dhau los ntawm ib tug pa carbon dioxide. Lub precipitate yog lim, thiab lub qab zib phoov yog evaporated nyob rau hauv tshwj xeeb rauv taws nte, yielding twb paub qab zib.

lactose

Qhov no carbohydrate yog tso tawm nyob rau hauv ib tug muaj ib puag ncig ntawm zoo tib yam mis nyuj, nyob rau hauv uas muaj nyob rau hauv excess cov rog thiab carbohydrates. Nws muaj tshuaj uas heev heev: piv txwv li, nyuj cov kua mis muaj txog 4-5.5% ntawm cov lactose hauv cov mis nyuj ntawm cov poj niam thiab nws cov ntim feem nce mus txog 5,5-8,4%.

Txhua molecule ntawm glycidol muaj residues 3 thiab ib tug galactose-glucose pyranose daim ntawv no, uas tsim ib tug kev twb kev txuas los ntawm tus thawj thiab tus plaub carbon atom.

Tsis zoo li lwm yam suab thaj nyob rau hauv lactose muaj ib tug exceptional khoom. Nws yog hais txog lub teb tsis tuaj kawm ntawv ntawm cov dej haum, yog li ntawd txawm nyob rau hauv ib tug noo ib puag ncig uas tus glycine tsis dampen. Qhov no tej khoom vaj tse yog dav siv nyob rau hauv tus kws kev lag luam: Yog hais tias ib feem ntawm cov tshuaj nyob rau hauv cov hmoov daim ntawv ib feem ntawm ib tug pa sucrose, yog nws tsim nyog los ntxiv lactose. Nws yog kiag li tej yam ntuj tso thiab txawm rau tus tib neeg lub cev, tsis zoo li ntau dag additives uas tiv thaiv caking thiab ntub dej. Yuav ua li cas yog cov kev khiav dej num thiab cov khoom ntawm carbohydrates ntawm no hom?

Lom lactose tsis tshua muaj neeg tseem ceeb heev, vim lactose yog lub tseem ceeb tshaj plaws kev noj haus tivthaiv ntawm cov mis nyuj cov tsiaj thiab tib neeg. Raws li rau maltose, nws cov khoom yog sib txawv dog dig.

maltose

Nws yog ib nrab cov khoom uas yog tau ua los ntawm hydrolysis ntawm cov hmoov txhuv nplej. Lub npe "maltose" yog vim lub fact tias, nyob rau hauv ntau nyob rau hauv tus ntawm malt (malt nyob rau hauv Latin - maltum). Yog coob leej ntau tus tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj. Nyob rau hauv loj qhov ntau, ua nyob rau hauv cov hnyuv ntawm ruminants.

Cov tshuaj qauv thiab cov khoom

Qhov no carbohydrate molecule li ntawm ob α-glucose units nyob rau hauv lub pyranose daim ntawv, uas sib thooj los ntawm tus thawj thiab thib plaub carbon atoms. Nyob rau hauv zoo li yog tsis muaj kob, dawb muaju. Lub saj - sweetish, zoo soluble nyob rau hauv cov dej.

polysaccharides

Nws yuav tsum tau nco ntsoov hais tias tias tag nrho cov polysaccharides yuav suav hais tias los ntawm tus taw tes ntawm view hais tias lawv yog cov khoom ntawm hws ntawm monosaccharides. Lawv kev tshuaj mis - (C _b H ₁₀ O ₅₎ n. Nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm peb yuav saib cov hmoov txhuv nplej raws li nws yog lub feem ntau raug tus neeg sawv cev ntawm tsev neeg.

cov hmoov txhuv nplej

Nws tsim nyob rau raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm photosynthesis, nyob rau hauv loj qhov ntau tso rau hauv cov keeb kwm thiab noob ntawm nroj tsuag kab mob. Yuav ua li cas yog lub cev thaj chaw ntawm lub carbohydrates ntawm no hom? Nyob rau hauv zoo li yog ib tug dawb hmoov nrog ib tug tsis zoo pronounced crystallinity, insoluble nyob rau hauv dej txias. Lub kub kua tas ib colloidal qauv (muab tshuaj txhuam, jelly). Nyob rau hauv cov hnyuv ntawm cov tsiaj, muaj ntau ntau yam enzymes uas ua rau kom nws cov hydrolyzed rau piam thaj.

Yog lub feem ntau tej yam ntuj tso polymer, uas yog tsim nyob rau ntawm ib tug plurality ntawm ib tug-glucose residues. Nyob rau hauv cov xwm, nyob rau tib lub sij hawm no muaj ob hom: amylose thiab amshopektin. Amylose, yog ib tug linear polymer tej zaum yuav yaj nyob rau hauv dej. Lub molecule muaj alpha-glucose residues uas yog txuas los ntawm tus thawj thiab cov plaub carbon atom.

Nws yuav tsum tau nco ntsoov hais tias hais tias qhov no hmoov txhuv nplej yog thawj pom cov khoom ntawm photosynthesis nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag. Nyob rau hauv nplej thiab lwm cov cereals nws muaj txog li 60-80%, whereas nyob rau hauv qos yaj ywm - tsuas yog 15-20%. Los ntawm txoj kev hais lus, txhais tau hais tias cov hmoov txhuv nplej nplej nyob rau hauv lub tshuab kuaj kab mob muaj peev xwm kom meej seb puas lub hom ntawm cov nroj tsuag, vim hais tias lawv yog cov sib txawv.

Yog hais tias carbohydrate yog sai rhuab, nws yog ib tug lossis loj molecule yuav sai thuam rau me polysaccharides uas yog lub npe hu ua dextrins. Lawv nrog cov hmoov txhuv nplej ib leeg general tshuaj mis (C ₆ H ₁₂ O ₅₎ x, tab sis muaj ib tug txawv nyob rau hauv tus nqi ntawm cov kuj tsis paub meej "x" yog tsawg tshaj li tus nqi «n» nyob rau hauv lub hmoov txhuv nplej.

Thaum kawg peb tuaj ib lub rooj, uas qhia tsis tau tsuas yog lub ntsiab chav kawm ntawm carbohydrates, tab sis kuj lawv lub zog.

Lub ntsiab pawg	Nta ntawm molecular qauv	Yus thaj chaw ntawm carbohydrates
monosaccharides	Lawv txawv nyob rau hauv lub xov tooj ntawm cov pa roj carbon atoms: Triose (C 3) Tetroses (C4) Pentoses (C5) Hexose (C6)	Tsis muaj kob los yog dawb muaju, txig soluble nyob rau hauv dej, Sweet saj
oligosaccharides	Lub complex qauv. Nyob ntawm seb lub hom, muaj 2-10 seem ntawm tej yam yooj yim suab thaj	Cov tsos ntawm tib yam, ib tug me ntsis tsawg soluble nyob rau hauv dej, tsawg Sweet saj
polysaccharides	Lawv muaj xws li ib tug heev loj tus naj npawb ntawm monosaccharide residues	Dawb hmoov, crystalline qauv yog tsis muaj zog, tsis yaj nyob rau hauv dej, tab sis muaj nyob rau hauv nws muaj peev xwm mus swell. Lub saj-nruab nrab

Hais tias yog dab tsi lub zog thiab thaj chaw ntawm lub ntsiab chav kawm ntawm carbohydrates.