Corrosion-resistant hlau. Steel qib: GOST. Stainless hlau - nqi

Txhua xyoo vim xeb poob lawm ntau ntawm cov hlau. Txawm li cas los, txawm ntau dua kev puas tsuaj yog ua li cas rau cov tsis ua hauj lwm ntawm cov hlau cov khoom raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm xeb nres. Cov nqi yuav tsum tau rau kev hloov qhov chaw los yog txij nkawm cov khoom, tsheb, cov hiav txwv thiab dej hlab ntsha, cov khoom siv nyob rau hauv lub tshuaj ua lag luam, muaj ntau lub sij hawm tshaj tus nqi ntawm cov ntaub ntawv uas tau mus rau lawv lawm.

Tseem muaj teeb meem loj indirect losses. Rau cov neeg muaj xws li, piv txwv li, to ntawm roj los ntawm ib tug corroded pipeline, khoom noj khoom haus ua rau zaubmov lwj, kev puas tsuaj ntawm tsev lug thiab tshaj. Yog li ntawd, kev tswj ntawm cov hlau xeb tseem ceeb heev.

Yog vim li cas yog kev puas tsuaj ntawm nws yog xim hlau ntaub ntawv?

Ua ntej xa mus rau lo lus nug ntawm yog dab tsi ib tug corrosion-resistant hlau, wb nrog lub tswvyim ntawm corrosion thiab lub essence ntawm tus txheej txheem.

Txhais los ntawm lub Latin corroder - corrosive. Maj txawj disintegration ntawm hlau thiab lawv cov alloys, uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv tus ntawm cov tshuaj ib puag ncig, hu ua corrosion. Yog vim li cas rau qhov no yog tsis yog cov tshuaj cov tshuaj tiv thaiv (redox cov tshuaj tiv thaiv) ntawm nws yog xim hlau cov ntaub ntawv uas nrog ib tug gaseous los yog kua nruab nrab nyob rau hauv uas lawv muaj nyob rau.

Yuav ua li cas yog corrosion-resistant steels thiab alloys?

Steel thiab tshav kub tsis kam steel los yog alloys npaj rau kev siv nyob rau hauv corrosive npuas nyob rau high school los yog ib txwm kub. Yog li ntawd, lub ntsiab yuav tsum tau yog hais tias cov ntaub ntawv ntawm no pab pawg neeg - lub tshav kub tsis kam (kam mus rau lub gaseous nruab nrab los yog siab kub vapor) los yog xeb kuj (muaj lub peev xwm los zoo thaum nws cov corrosive yam ntawm zoo tib yam kub).

Corrosion kuj cov yam ntxwv ntawm kho vajtse, uas yog tsim nyob rau saum npoo passivation zaj duab xis ruaj nyob rau hauv ib tug corrosive ib puag ncig, uas tiv thaiv lub nkag mus rau hauv lub tob khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg ntawm cov hlau thiab reacted nrog lawv txhoj puab heev tshuaj.

Nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, corrosion-resistant steel - ib tug hlau muaj kuj mus intergranular tshuaj, electrochemical thiab lwm yam corrosion.

tshuaj nyob tus yeees

Hlau zog yog txiav txim los ntawm nws cov tshuaj nyob tus yeees. Thaum cov ntsiab lus ntawm 12-13% chromium steel yuav stainless, uas yog ruaj khov nyob rau hauv cov cua thiab tshuaj tej kev kawm. Ua lub chromium ntsiab lus mus rau 28-30% yuav ua rau nws ruaj khov nyob rau hauv corrosive tej kev kawm.

Lwm yam ntsiab siv rau doping xws li manganese, txhuas, titanium, npib tsib xee. Feem ntau cov lug siv alloys, muaj pes tsawg leeg uas qhov nruab nrab npib tsib xee cov ntsiab lus ntawm 10% chromium - 18%, carbon - los yog nruab nrab 0.08 thiab 0,12% titanium - 1% (12X18H10T - corrosion-resistant hlau, GOST 5632).

Classification los ntawm hom ntawm microstructure: austenitic stainless steel

cov hoob kawm no kuj corrosive txiav txim no yog nce los ntawm alloying ntsiab npib tsib xee (ntawm 5 mus rau 15%) thiab chromium (15 mus rau 20%). Austenitic alloys insensitive rau intercrystalline xeb, muab hais tias cov pa roj carbon cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv lawv yuav yuav me dua cov kev txwv ntawm nws solubility nyob rau hauv austenite (0.02-0.03% thiab tsawg dua). Nonmagnetic, zoo raug welding, txias thiab kub deformation. Muaj zoo heev processability. Nws yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws rau qhov siv thiab ua steel ntsiab fasteners, welded lug thiab daim ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv ntau yam industries.

martensitic qib

Steel steels yog muaj nyob rau hauv lub martensitic chav kawm ntawv tej zaum yuav sib nqus thiab muaj siab - raws li muab piv nrog austenitic - ntsuas ntawm lub siab tshaj plaws hardness. Hardening yog tiav los ntawm quenching thiab tempering. Zoo suited rau zus tau tej cov khoom npaj rau kev siv nyob rau hauv kev kawm ntawm nruab nrab thiab tsis muaj zog khov (e.g., ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov khoom ntawm cov zaub mov kev lag luam los yog rau manufacturing rab chais tuaj pab kiag li lawm).

ferritic qib

Thaum siab xeb kuj thaj chaw ntawm cov qib zoo sib xws rau cov uas tsis-carbon hlau. Qhov nruab nrab chromium cov ntsiab lus yog 11-17%. Siv nyob rau hauv zus tau tej cov khoom vaj khoom tsev, ntsiab ntawm architectural décor, chav ua noj lauj kaub tais diav.

Austenitic-ferritic chav kawm ntawv

Corrosion stainless steel ntawm no hauv chav kawm ntawv yog txawv txo npib tsib xee cov ntsiab lus thiab chromium ntsiab lus siab npaum li cas (21 rau 28%) ,. Raws li ntxiv alloying ntsiab protrude niobium, titanium, thiab tooj liab. Tom qab lub thaum tshav kub kub kho mob tus piv ntawm ferrite thiab austenite - txog ib tug rau ib.

Nyob rau lub zog ntawm austenitic-ferritic steels, austenitic tshaj ob zaug. Yog li lawv yog zas, zoo mas poob siab loads muaj ib tug tsawg theem ntawm kev nyuaj siab corrosion cracking thiab siab kuj mus intergranular corrosion. Pom zoo rau kev siv nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho, raug, rau manufacturing khoom uas hais tias tuaj mus rau hauv kev sib cuag nrog seawater.

Austenitic, martensitic qib

Lub chromium cov ntsiab lus ntawm 12 mus rau 18% npib tsib xee, - los ntawm 3.7 mus 7.5%. Ntxiv cov ntsiab - chromium thiab txhuas. Hardening ntawm quenching (t> 975 ° C) thiab tom ntej tempering (t = 450-500 ° C). Austenitic-martensitic stainless steel welded zoo thiab muaj kev txhua yam khoom.

Stainless hlau: tus nqi (cov yam tseem ceeb rau lub tsim)

Muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm xeb resistant co yog kim alloying hais xws li chromium, npib tsib xee, titanium, molybdenum. Lawv tus nqi yog decisive nyob rau hauv qhov chaw kawm ib tug nqi. Txij li thaum lwm hom (carbon, yam ntxwv, pob tau cov kabmob, cuab tam, thiab lwm yam .. D.) muaj lub ntsiab uas tau teev tseg nyob rau hauv ntau me me qhov ntau, piv nrog lawv nqi corrosion resistant steels yeej ib txwm siab dua. Txawm li cas los, tus nqi tej zaum yuav txawv nyob ntawm seb kev ua lag luam tej yam kev mob thiab cov nqi yuav tsum tau rau zus tau tej cov stainless hlau.

txhua yam khoom

Hom stainless steels yuav tsum muaj txhua yam khoom uas hais tias tau tsim cov qauv rau kev tsim. Cov muaj xws li:

• nyiaj pab ntau tshaj hardness ntawm Brinell (HB);
• elongation (%);
• paib zog (H / hli ^2);
• Kua muag Kuj (H / hli ^2).

Tom qab ntau lawm ntawm txhua batch (melting) ntawm khoom yog yam khoom soj ntsuam tiv thaiv tus neeg kho tshuab zog thiab microstructure ntawm lub steel qib GOST. Tau ntawm laboratory kev soj ntsuam ntawm kuaj teev nyob rau hauv cov ntawv pov thawj rau raug.

Cim steel qib

ib tug loj assortment ntawm alloys thiab steels yog muaj nyob rau hauv ntau lub teb chaws. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm tseem muaj tsis muaj thoob ntiaj teb system ntawm npav.

Nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws United States, nws ua hauj lwm ob peb cim systems. Qhov no qhov teeb meem no vim yog lub loj tus naj npawb ntawm cov qauv lub koom haum (AJS, ANSI, ACJ, SAE, AWS, ASTM, ASME), tsim ib co teeb meem rau cov neeg koom tes, lwm tus neeg thiab cov neeg muas zaub ntawm steel khoom ntawm US manufacturers los ntawm lwm lub teb chaws.

Nyob rau hauv Nyiv steel cim nrog cov tsiaj ntawv thiab ua zauv cim tias seb thaum lawv band (tsawg-hlau, high-hlau, tshwj xeeb lub hom phiaj alloys, srednelegirovannye, high-zoo, high-zoo thiab al.), Cov kab xov tooj nyob rau ntawd thiab lub zog ntawm cov hlau.

Nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws ntawm cov European Union los regulates lub txheem EN 27 100, uas txiav txim qhov kev txiav txim nyob rau hauv uas lub muab lub npe thiab naj npawb.

Lavxias teb sab Federation tau tsim ib tug alphanumeric system nyob rau hauv lub Soviet Union, raws li uas tus xaiv steels. Standard prescribes qhia kom meej txhua alloying caij, ib feem ntawm cov hlau Lavxias teb sab capital tsab ntawv.

Rau manganese yog H, Si - C, chromium - X, Ni - H, molybdenum - M tungsten - B vanadium - F, titanium - T, txhuas - Yu, niobium - B, Co - K, zirconium - C, boron - R.

Cov zauv nram qab no tsab ntawv qhia cov ntsiab lus ntawm alloying ntsiab raws li ib feem pua. Yog hais tias lub steel muaj pes tsawg leeg muaj tsawg tshaj li 1% ntawm cov alloying caij, tus xov tooj yog tsis lo, ntawm ib cov ntsiab lus ntawm 1 mus rau 2% tom qab tsab ntawv muab 1. Hais kos tus cim rau pib lej tsim nyog los xaiv qhov nruab nrab carbon cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv hundredths ntawm ib tug feem pua hauv qib pes tsawg leeg.

Cov kab kev los ntawm cov khoom manufactured los ntawm stainless steel

Corrosion-resistant steel yog siv rau zus tau tej cov nram qab no cov khoom:

• kho thermally etched thiab polished los xij;
• netravlenyh thermally kho los xij;
• thiab thermally tsis kho netravlenyh los xij;
• heat-, cold- thiab kub-dov seamless kav ;
• kub-kuav los tiag steel ib daim hlab cov hom phiaj kev;
• kom hexagons;
• Voj ntawm stainless steel;
• stainless hlau (kub-kho thiab txias twv);
• castings nrog tshwj xeeb;
• Forgings;
• lwm hom, uas tsim lub xeev cov qauv thiab kev cob qhia (TU).

kheej ntawm daim ntawv thov

Raws li ib tug ntawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws lub dag lub zog mus kuaj, zoo nkauj, kam mus rau lub puas hwj chim ntawm corrosion thiab sov siab, tus ntsuam rau ub thiab durability ntawm lub lag luam, muaj tau ntsib tag nrho cov kab mob uas yuav tsum tau zoo yav tom ntej nto kev kho mob, corrosion-resistant steel yog dav siv nyob rau hauv yuav luag tag nrho cov teb ntawm tsev neeg thiab cov nyiaj txiag kev ua si.

Stainless hlau yog nyob rau hauv siab thov nyob rau hauv lub petrochemical, tshuaj, sis plawv hniav thiab cov ntawv, khoom noj khoom haus kev lag luam, kev tsim kho kev lag luam, lub hwj chim ua lag luam, lub nkoj lub tsev thiab thauj engineering, ntsuas siab thiab cov cheeb tsam ntawm ib puag ncig tiv thaiv.

Efficiency thiab durability ntawm cov khoom ua los ntawm steel hlau, nws yog txiav txim tau los ua li no hauv chav kawm ntawv thiab hom tshuaj, kev totaub txog cov physicochemical zog thiab cov qauv ntawm cov microstructure. Siv co uas yog resistant mus rau lub ua los ntawm xeb, nyob rau hauv nruj raws li lawv lub zog, peb muaj peev xwm coj kom zoo dua ntawm tag nrho cov undeniable zoo ntawm niaj hnub siv tshuab.