Conditioned reflexes - nws yog ... Hom conditioned reflexes. Inhibition ntawm conditioned reflexes

Conditioned reflexes - ib tug tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm lub tag nrho lub cev los yog tej feem ntawd mus rau sab nraud los yog sab hauv stimuli. Lawv manifest lawv tus kheej los ntawm disappearance, weakening los yog ntxiv dag zog rau ntawm ib tug tej yam kev ua si.

Conditioned reflexes - nws pab rau lub cev, ua rau nws hnov mob sai sai rau tej kev hloov thiab hloov mus rau lawv.

zaj dabneeg

Lub tswv yim ntawm cov conditioned reflex twb launched los ntawm qhov Fabkis philosopher thiab paub txog Descartes. Me ntsis tom qab, Lavxias teb sab physiologist Ivan Sechenov twb tsim thiab experimentally muaj pov thawj qhov tshiab kev tshawb xav txog lub tshua ntawm tus kab mob. Rau cov thawj lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm physiology, nws twb xaus lus tias tus conditioned reflexes - ib tug mechanism uas yog tsav los ntawm tsis tsuas cov leeg nrob qaum feem. Nyob rau hauv nws cov hauj lwm, tag nrho lub paj hlwb yog muab kev koom tes. Qhov no tso cai rau koj kom nyob rau hauv kov nrog lub cheeb tsam.

Kawm reflex Pavlov. Qhov no zoo ua luaj li Lavxias teb sab neeg kawm xaij muaj peev xwm los mus piav qhia cov mechanism ntawm qhov kev txiav txim ntawm lub cerebral cortex thiab cerebral hemispheres. Nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov XX xyoo pua, lawv tsim cov kev tshawb xav ntawm conditioned reflexes. Qhov no scientific ua hauj lwm yog ib tug tiag tiag kiv puag ncig nyob rau hauv tej hlab ntshav. Zaum tau muaj pov thawj hais tias conditioned reflexes - ib tug tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm lub cev uas yog kis tau thoob plaws hauv lawv lub neej, raws li nyob rau hauv lub unconditioned reflexes.

instincts

Tej yam hom unconditional reflexes yog cov yam ntxwv rau txhua hom uas muaj sia nyob. Lawv yog cov hu ua instincts. Ib txhia ntawm lawv yog cov heev. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm qhov no yuav pab raws li ib tug ntab, uas molded cell, los yog ib tug noog, curly zes. Vim muaj cov instincts lub cev muaj peev xwm kom pab tau optimally rau cov ib puag ncig tej yam kev mob.

Unconditioned reflexes yog innate. Lawv pub. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lawv raug xa mus rau lub hom qeb, txij li thaum lawv cov kev ua tag nrho cov neeg uas muaj tej hom. Instincts yog ruaj khov thiab mob thoob plaws hauv lub neej. Lawv tshwm sim los ua txaus stimuli, uas yog txuas mus rau ib lub nkaus xwb hos teb. Physiologically unconditioned reflexes raug kaw nyob rau hauv lub hlwb qia nyob rau theem ntawm lub tuam tsev thiab cov leeg nrob qaum. Lawv tshwm anatomically qhia los ntawm cov reflex arc.

Raws li rau lub liab thiab txiv neej, lawv muaj ntau ntau lub complex unconditioned reflexes yog tsis yooj yim sua yam uas tsis muaj kev koom tes ntawm lub cerebral cortex. Thaum ua txhaum ntawm lub sam xeeb ntawm nws pathological kev hloov tshwm sim unconditioned reflexes, thiab ib co ntawm lawv tsuas ploj.

kev faib instincts

Unconditioned reflexes yog muaj zog heev. Tsuas yog nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob, thaum lawv qhia yuav yeem, lawv yuav ploj. Piv txwv li, nyeg txog peb puas xyoo dhau los, Canary tam sim no twb tsis muaj lub peev xwm mus zes. Cov nram qab no hom ntawm unconditioned reflexes:

- Cov kev xav ntawm nws tus kheej-preservation, uas yog ib lub cev lo lus teb rau ib tug ntau yam ntawm lub cev los yog tshuaj stimuli. Tej reflections, nyob rau hauv lem, tej zaum yuav tshwm sim zos (ntsoos ntsoos caj npab) los yog mus yuav nyuab (khiav deb ntawm kev phem).
- Khoom noj khoom haus xav uas tshwm sim los kev tshaib kev nqhis thiab qab los noj mov. Qhov no unconditioned reflex muaj xws li ib tug tag nrho cov saw ntawm successive kev ua - los nrhiav prey mus tua nws thiab yeej noj.
- Niam Txiv Kev thiab kev sib deev instincts muaj feem xyuam rau tus txij nkawm thiab tu tub tu kiv ntawm lub hom.

- Comfort xav pab kom muaj lub cev nyob rau hauv kev coj dawb huv (da dej, khawb, tuav, thiab lwm yam).
- Schedule xav thaum txoj siav mus rau cov stimulus ob lub qhov muag thiab lub taub hau. Qhov no reflex yog tsim nyog rau lub preservation ntawm lub neej.
- Cov kev xav ntawm txoj kev ywj pheej, uas yog feem ntau kom meej meej qhia nyob rau hauv tus cwj pwm ntawm cov tsiaj nyob rau hauv captivity. Lawv lossi xav mus ua txhaum, thiab feem ntau tuag los ntawm tsis kam cov zaub mov thiab dej.

Lub rov tshwm sim ntawm conditioned reflexes

Thaum lub sij hawm lub neej ntawm niam txiv instincts mus ntxiv rau mas yuav kis tau kev tig cev. Lawv hu ua conditioned reflexes. Lawv yog kawm tau los ntawm lub cev raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm ib tug neeg txoj kev loj hlob. Lub hauv paus rau lub conditioned reflexes yog ib lub neej kev. Tsis zoo li cov instincts ib tug neeg cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Tej zaum lawv yuav tsum tam sim no nyob rau hauv ib co mej zeej ntawm ib tug tsiaj thiab tsis tuaj kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv lwm tus neeg. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, lub conditioned reflex yog ib tug cov tshuaj tiv thaiv uas tsis tau pab dua ib lub neej. Nyob rau hauv tej yam tej yam kev mob nws yog ua, tsau, nws disappears. Lub conditioned reflexes - ib tug tshuaj tiv thaiv uas tej zaum yuav tshwm sim rau ntau yam stimuli, receptor txuas mus rau txawv teb. Nyob rau hauv no lawv txawv los ntawm ntxais ntawv.

Lub mechanism ntawm lub conditioned reflex yog kaw nyob rau theem ntawm cov cerebral cortex. Yog hais tias koj tshem tawm cov nws, tsuas xav yuav nyob twj ywm.

conditioned reflex tsim yuav siv sij hawm qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm unconditional. Mus nqa tawm no yog tsim nyog los siav tej yam kev mob. Yog li muaj kev hloov nyob rau hauv lub sab nraud puag ncig yuav tsum tau ua ke nrog rau lub sij hawm lub internal lub xeev ntawm lub cev thiab cerebral cortex ntaus nqi ib txhij nrog ib tug tshuaj tiv thaiv ua unconditional kab mob. Tsuas yog nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, ib tug conditioned stimulus los yog lub teeb liab uas muaj txhawb mus rau lub rov tshwm sim ntawm ib tug conditioned reflex.

piv txwv

Rau cov tsos ntawm ib lub cev cov tshuaj tiv thaiv raws li cov qaub ncaug thaum lub sij hawm ringing riam thiab tib rab diav rawg, thiab thaum twg khob khob rau tsiaj noj (nyob rau hauv tus txiv neej thiab aub, ntsig txog), ib tug prerequisite yog pheej rov qab ua coincidence ntawm lub suab ntaub ntawv nrog rau cov txheej txheem ntawm cov khoom noj.

Ib yam li ntawd, ntiv nplhaib laus los yog hloov lub noob yuav ua tau kom flexing dev paw, yog hais tias cov phenomena tshwm sim dua, nrog los ntawm hluav taws xob stimulation ntawm tus tsiaj lub ob txhais ceg, uas nyob li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm cov flexion reflex unconditional hom.

Conditioned reflex yog ib tug flick ntawm tus me nyuam tuam haujlwm txais cov qhov hluav taws kub thiab tom ntej quaj. Txawm li cas los, cov txheej xwm yuav muab qhov chaw tsuas yog lub hom ntawm hluav taws, txawm ib zaug, coincided nrog kub yus.

Cheebtsam ntawm tshua

Lub cev lus teb rau ib tug stimulus yog ib tug kev hloov nyob rau hauv ua tsis taus pa, pa, lub zog thiab thiaj li nyob. D. Raws li ib tug txoj cai, unconditioned reflexes yog heev tshua. Uas yog vim li cas ob peb yam muaj nyob rau hauv lawv cov muaj pes tsawg leeg. Piv txwv li, ib tug defensive reflex yog nrog los ntawm tsis tsuas yog ib lub defensive txav, tab sis kuj sai ua tsis taus pa, ceev ua si ntawm lub plawv mob, kev hloov nyob rau hauv cov ntshav muaj pes tsawg leeg. Qhov no tej zaum yuav tshwm sim thiab lub suab lo lus teb. Raws li rau cov zaub mov reflex, tseem muaj pa, secretory, thiab kab Cheebtsam.

Conditional cov tshuaj tiv thaiv feem ntau muaj me tub qauv unconditioned. Qhov no yog vim lub excitation ntawm cov stimuli ntawm tib paj chaw zov me nyuam.

Ib suam ntawm conditioned reflexes

Nrhiav lub cev cov lus teb mus rau ntau yam stimuli muab faib los ntawm hom. Ib co ntawm cov uas twb muaj lawm classifications no tseem ceeb heev nyob rau hauv kev daws tsis tau tsuas yog theoretical tab sis kuj cov tswv yim muaj teeb meem. Ib daim ntawv thov cov ntaub ntawv kev txawj ntse yog kev ua si ua si.

Ntuj thiab dag lub cev cov tshuaj tiv thaiv

Muaj conditioned reflexes uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm Pib ntsais koj teeb cov yam ntxwv ntawm qhov chaw unconditioned stimuli. Ib qho piv txwv yog tus pom thiab tsis hnov tsw ntawm khoom noj khoom haus. Tej conditioned cov lus teb yog tej yam ntuj tso. Lawv tsiag ntawv los ntawm cov kev ceev thiab generating ib tug loj kuj. Ntuj reflexes, txawm nyob rau hauv lub qhaj ntawv ntawm ntxiv reinforcements tej zaum yuav muab khaws cia tseg thoob plaws lub neej. Tus nqi ntawm cov conditioned reflex nrog ib tug tshwj xeeb loj nyob rau hauv qhov ntxov tshaj plaws theem ntawm lub neej ntawm tus kab mob, thaum nws adapts rau nws ib puag ncig.
Txawm li cas los, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav tsum tau ua hauj lwm tawm thiab varied indifferent Pib ntsais koj teeb xws li tsis hnov tsw, lub suab, kub hloov, lub teeb, thiab li ntawm. E. Lawv yog cov tsis stimuli nyob rau hauv vivo. Hais tias xws li kev tshua yog hu ua dag. Lawv yog tsim maj mam, thiab nyob rau hauv lub qhaj ntawv ntawm reinforcements sai sai ploj. Piv txwv li, dag conditioned reflexes ntawm tus txiv neej - ib ras txog rau tswb suab, ib tug kov cov tawv nqaij, weakening los yog strengthening ntawm lub teeb pom kev zoo, etc ...

Cov thawj thiab dua thiaj

Muaj ib co hom conditioned reflexes, uas yog tsim nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm unconditional. Qhov no ua ntej kev txiav txim cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Muaj ntau dua pawg. Yog li, tshua uas ua rau lub hauv paus ntawm cov uas twb nyob ntawm reflexes, hais txog ib tug cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntawm lub siab tshaj plaws kev txiav txim. Yuav ua li cas yog lawv tsis tshwm sim? Nyob rau hauv ua li zwj ceeb reflexes tshwm sim qhov cuab lub zog tsis muaj ab tsi teeb liab conditioned stimuli zoo assimilated.

Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov voos hu lossi tam los ntawm khoom noj khoom haus. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, muaj ib tug kev loj hlob ntawm lub conditioned reflex ntawm thawj thiaj li. Nyob rau nws cov hauv paus cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yuav tsum yuav ruaj thiab nyob rau lwm yam stimulus, piv txwv li, mus rau lub teeb. Qhov no yuav ua tau ib tug conditioned reflex ntawm lub thib ob kev txiav txim.

Zoo thiab tsis zoo tshua

Conditioned reflexes yuav cuam tshuam rau cov kev ua ntawm tus kab mob. Tej tshua zoo. Manifestation ntawm conditioned reflexes ntawm cov ntaub ntawv yuav ua tau secretory los yog lub cev muaj zog zog. Yog hais tias cov kev ua ntawm lub cev yog tsis tam sim no, ces cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tau dej num raws li tsis zoo. Rau adaptation rau lub lossi hloov tej yam kev mob ntawm cov ib puag ncig thiab ib qho, thiab lub thib ob hom yog ntawm kuj zoo kawg tseem ceeb.

Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, muaj yog lawv nyob ze kev sib raug zoo, raws li muaj tseeb oppress lwm tus raws li qhov tshwm sim ib hom ntawm kev ua si. Piv txwv li, thaum lub suab hais kom ua "Attention!", Cov leeg yog nyob rau hauv ib tug tej yam txoj hauj lwm. Yog li braked lub cev muaj zog tshuaj (khiav, taug kev, thiab thiaj li nyob. D.).

Lub mechanism ntawm tsim

Conditioned reflexes tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub simultaneous kev txiav txim ntawm lub conditioned stimulus thiab cov unconditioned reflex. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, koj yuav tsum tau ua kom tiav tej yam tej yam kev mob:

- unconditioned reflex biologically muaj zog;
- ib tug manifestation ntawm cov conditioned stimulus, me ntsis ua ntej ntawm qhov kev txiav txim ntawm lub xav;
- lub conditioned stimulus tas kev txhawb los ntawm cov kev txiav txim ntawm lub unconditioned;
- lub cev yuav tsum tau tsaug zog thiab noj qab nyob zoo;
- Soj ntsuam cov mob uas qhaj ntawv ntawm extraneous stimuli, ua kev txheeb teb chaws kev txiav txim.

Lub chaw zov me nyuam ntawm cov conditioned reflexes yog nyob rau hauv lub cerebral cortex, tsim kom muaj ib ntus kev twb kev txuas (luv luv-circuiting) nruab nrab ntawm lawv. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub voos yog ntaus nqi los ntawm cortical neurons, uas yog ib feem ntawm lub arc ntawm lub unconditioned reflex.

Inhibition ntawm conditioned cov lus teb

Nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav xyuas kom meej txaus tus cwj pwm ntawm tus kab mob, thiab kom zoo dua hloov mus rau cov ib puag ncig ntawm ib qho ntawm txias yuav tsis txaus. Xav tau cov lus rov chav kawm ntawm kev txiav txim. Lawv yog inhibition ntawm cov conditioned reflexes. Qhov no yog tus txheej txheem ntawm xa lub tshua ntawm tus kab mob nyob rau hauv uas nws yog tsis tsim nyog. Raws li cov kev tshawb xav tsim los ntawm Pavlov, paub qhov txawv tej yam hom cortical inhibition. Cov Thawj zaug ntawm lawv hais txog unconditional. Nws los ua ib lo lus teb rau qhov kev txiav txim ntawm tej txawv teb chaws stimulus. Muaj kuj yog ib tug nrog braking. Nws yog hu ua ib tug xav.

lwm inhibition

Qhov no lub npe, lub teb tau txais nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog lub fact tias nws txoj kev loj hlob kev pab rau cov txheej txheem noj qhov chaw nyob rau hauv cov qhov chaw hauv lub cortex, uas tsis coj ib feem nyob rau hauv qhov kev siv ntawm reflex kev ua si. Piv txwv li, ib tug coj txawv txawv tsis hnov tsw, lub suab los yog teeb pom kev zoo hloov ua ntej pib ntawm cov zaub mov reflex tej zaum yuav txo nws los yog ua rau kom extinction. Tshiab stimulus yog ib tug hindrance rau lub conditioned teb.

Alimentary reflexes yuav muab tshem tawm thiab mob stimuli. Braking lub cev yeej txhawb cov tshuaj tiv thaiv phwj zais zis, emesis, inflammatory dab thiab sab hauv t. D. Lawv tag nrho cov inhibit zaub mov reflexes.

nrog inhibition

Nws tshwm sim thaum uas tus tau txais lub teeb liab yog tsis txaus siab los ntawm lub unconditioned stimulus. Internal inhibition ntawm conditioned reflexes tshwm sim yog tias, piv txwv li, tus tsiaj thaum lub sij hawm ib hnub ua ntej lub ob lub qhov muag tseg xws li ib tug hluav taws xob noob, tsis muaj nqa cov zaub mov. Nws yog experimentally muaj pov thawj hais tias txhua txhua lub sij hawm qaub ncaug ntau lawm yuav tsis kam. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv quenched kiag li. Txawm li cas los, cov reflex disappears tsis muaj ib txoj lw. Nws tsuas falters. Nws tau kuj tau pov thawj experimentally.

Conditioned inhibition ntawm cov conditioned reflexes yuav raug tshem tawm ib hnub tom ntej. Txawm li cas los, Yog hais tias qhov no yog tsis ua li cas, lub cev cov tshuaj tiv thaiv mus rau lub stimulus, ces ploj mus ib txhis.

Hom nrog inhibition

Cais ntau hom kev ntaus tshua rau stimuli. Yog li ntawd, raws li nyob rau hauv lub disappearance ntawm conditioned reflexes uas tsuas yog tsis xav tau, nws yog ib yam uas extinction nyob rau hauv qhov muab tej yam kev mob. Yog lwm ntau yam ntawm no phenomenon. Qhov no txawv los yog differential braking. Piv txwv li, tus tsiaj yuav paub qhov txawv ntawm tus xov tooj ntawm yeej ntawm lub metronome, nyob rau hauv uas nws yuav coj cov zaub mov. Qhov no tshwm sim thaum lub conditioned reflex yav tas los tsim. Tsiaj txawv stimuli. Lub hauv paus ntawm tshuaj tiv thaiv no, thiab muab cia rau hauv inhibition.

Tus nqi ntawm xa kev tshua

Conditioned inhibition plays ib tug tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub neej ntawm tus kab mob. Ua tsaug rau nws, tus txheej txheem ntawm adaptation rau lub cheeb tsam yog zoo npaum li cas. Tseem orientation nyob rau hauv ib tug ntau yam ntawm nyuaj muab ib tug ua ke ntawm stimulation thiab inhibition uas yog ob yam ntaub ntawv ntawm ib tug tib neural txheej txheem.

xaus

Conditioned reflexes, muaj infinitely ntau. Lawv yog cov zoo tshaj uas yuav txiav txim tus cwj pwm ntawm ib tug sia. Nrog kev pab los ntawm conditioned reflexes ntawm cov tsiaj thiab tib neeg los hloov mus rau lawv lub chaw.

Muaj ntau ntau indirect tej yam tshwm sim txoj kev tshua, uas muaj ib lub teeb liab muaj nqis. Piv txwv li, ib tug tsiaj, paub txog qhov mus kom ze ntawm kev txaus ntshai, nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev ua nws tus cwj pwm.

Tus txheej txheem ntawm tsim ntawm conditioned reflexes, uas yuav mus rau ib tug ntau dua kev txiav txim, yog ib tug synthesis ntawm ib ntus kev sib txuas.

Basic ntsiab cai thiab kev cai lij choj manifested nyob rau hauv lub tsim ntawm tsis tsuas yog complex, tab sis kuj ntawm elementary tshua, yog tib yam rau tag nrho cov uas muaj sia nyob. Nws ua raws ib qho tseem ceeb xaus ntawm lub philosophy thiab science uas tus tib neeg lub hlwb tsis tau ua raws li cov kev cai lij choj ntawm biology. Nyob rau hauv no hais txog, nws muaj peev xwm yuav objectively kawm. Txawm li cas los, nws yuav tsum tau borne nyob rau hauv lub siab hais tias tus tib neeg lub hlwb muaj lub zoo yam ntxwv thiab siv qhov sib txawv ntawm lub lag luam ntawm cov tsiaj lub hlwb.