Classicism nyob rau hauv lub architecture ntawm Russia (duab)

Classicism nyob rau hauv lub architecture ntawm Russia nyob rau hauv lub lig XVIII thiab nquag tsim txog rau thaum ntxov XIX caug xyoo. Flourished ib tug tshiab era ntawm Lavxias teb sab architecture. Muaj kev hloov nyob rau hauv lub brightest architectural tsos ntawm lub capital, raws li zoo li ib co lwm lub zos. Tom ntej no xav txog cas yuav muab classicism architecture. Qhia rau cov kawm yuav tsuas ua siv tsab xov xwm submissions.

Txheej txheem cej luam

Classicism yog cov nyob sab Europe kev cai thiab kev zoo nkauj ntxhee. Nws twb coj los ntawm tus ancient kos duab, nyob rau hauv kev lub ancient Roman thiab Greek. Raws li cov kev loj hlob kev taw qhia tau zoo heev pawg thiab mythology ntawm cov sij hawm. Raws li rau Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv, nyob rau hauv nws pua classicism nws yog kuj neyarok thiab luv luv. Ib yam yuav hais txog suab paj nruag. Txawm li cas los, heev heev masterpieces ntawm classical architecture nyob rau hauv Russia twb tseem sab laug xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv.

Ximxoo chaw: hauj lwm

Classicism nyob rau hauv architecture (daim duab qhia hauv qab no) raws twj ywm thiab kom meej atherosclerosis, tshuav nyiaj li cas thiab clarity. Peb yuav tau tham txog lub tom proportions. Symmetry nruab nrab yog cov ntsiab cai ntawm muaj pes tsawg leeg. Nta ntawm classicism nyob rau hauv architecture yog nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov kev sib raug zoo thiab cov tag nrho. Nrog kev xav txog lub ntsiab nkag mus rau lub tsev, nws yuav tsum tau muab tso rau hauv qhov chaw thiab muaj ib tug saib ntawm lub portico. Nws meant projecting rau pem hauv ntej ib feem ntawm cov qauv nrog ib tug Gable thiab txhua. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub tom kawg yuav tsum tau sib txawv ntawm cov phab ntsa xim. Feem ntau, cov kem tau dawb xim. Cov phab ntsa twb daj. Cov no yog cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm classicism nyob rau hauv architecture.

Cov kev siv cov txheej txheem: ordering nroog center

Classicism nyob rau hauv lub architecture ntawm Russia pib los mam heev ntseeg nkaws. Lub ordering ntawm cov kev cai qhov chaw ntawm lub capital twb cim los ntawm qhov kev siv ntawm cov Admiralty lub tsev. Qhov project no yog tsim Andreianov Dmitrievich Zakharov. Cov loj loj tsev kws kes duab vajtse tau txiav txim siab los faib lub hauv paus pej thuam. Loj heev nyhav puag tau txais kev pab raws li cov impetus rau lub creation ntawm dynamic ntsug rau nws continuation. Tag nrho cov no siv yuav tsis tshua muaj qauv muaj ib lub teeb colonnade. Ntxiv muaj yog ib tug ceev ceev sawv gilt koob nrog ib lub nkoj. Lub suab nrov ntawm tag nrho cov architecture ntawm lub nroog ntawm lub Neva tau muab ib tug tseem ceeb thiab buoyant atherosclerosis ntawm cov Admiralty. Lub nkoj muab nyob rau hauv nws tus cwj pwm.

Classicism nyob rau hauv lub architecture ntawm St. Petersburg

Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub XVIII caug xyoo, lub capital nroog ntseg ib zaug xwb khaub ncaws ntau. Nws yog heev uas zoo sib xws rau cov laus Moscow thiab raug muab faus nyob rau hauv verdure heev heev Estates. Tom qab ntawd, nws pib siv ntawm nws kev txoj, uas, xws li cov rays diverge los ntawm lub Admiralty. Yuav ua li cas yog zoo tshaj plaws classicism nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg architecture? Qhov no, saum toj no tag nrho, tsis ib tug neeg vaj tse thiab tag nrho lossis thiab txoj. Classicism nyob rau hauv lub architecture ntawm St. Petersburg yog ciav nyob rau hauv nws cov kev sib raug zoo, kev sib sau thiab tshuav nyiaj li cas.

Cov kev siv ntawm lub Tshuag txauv

Thaum pib ntawm lub XIX xyoo pua classicism nyob rau hauv lub architecture ntawm St. Petersburg pib loj hlob nyob rau hauv qhov tseem ceeb. Txauv rau cov nto qaub ncaug ntawm Vasilyevsky Island yog mus ua si ib tug tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm. Nws yuav tsum sib sau ua ke rau hauv lub bands uas tau tsim nyob ib ncig ntawm lub widest seem ntawm tus dej txaj. Thomas de Thomon, yog ib tug Fabkis kes duab vajtse uas yog vim lub Exchange thiab xub tsim. A. D. Zaharov koom nyob rau hauv lub kho nqi lus ntawm cov cua ntsawj ntshab. Tag nrho cov teeb meem tau solved thanks rau qhov ci ntsa iab muaj tswv yim kev koom tes ntawm architects. Lub system muaj teamed Neva daim iav. Nrog hais txog qhov ntim ntawm lub tsev los ntawm cov kev pauv nws tus kheej, nws yog tus me me. Tab sis nws confidently txwv mus rau loj nto ntawm cov dej. Qhov no yog kev lom zem ntau tiav los ntawm lub rostral kem thiab xyov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev tsim kho. Topic kav lub haib caij tau zoo tsim. Nyob rau hauv kev, qhov no yog hais txog mus rau lub monumental tej hauj lwm uas Nkij los txuam rau cov khaub ncaws ntau. Lavxias teb sab classicism nyob rau hauv architecture, sculpture txuas ntxiv mus ntxiv dag zog. Pom yog nyob rau hauv qhov kawg ntawm lub mighty cov nuj nqis uas adorned lub quays ntawm lub niam dej loj ntawm lub teb chaws. Lawv creation ua hauj lwm ntau masters: V. I. Demut-Malinosky, II Terebenev thiab SS Pimenov. No thiab lwm yam masterpieces ntawm classical Lavxias teb sab architecture nyob rau txoj cai yog ntiaj teb no tseem ceeb.

Ua hauj lwm rau lub Nevsky Prospect

Peb yuav tsom rau ntawm lub ntsiab thoroughfare ntawm cov kev cai capital. Nrog kev tsim kho ntawm lub Kazan Cathedral prospect pib mus nrhiav raws li ib tug tib architectural khaub ncaws ntau. Peb tes num tsim Andreem Nikiforovichem Voronihinym. Los ntawm txoj kev, nws txiv yog ib tug serf. Ib tug qauv raug coj lub creation ntawm Michelangelo. Nws yog ib lub Cathedral ntawm St. Peter (Rome). Voronikhin siv nws motives. Yog li ib tug tshwj xeeb architectural ua hauj lwm twb tsim. Lub cheeb tsam, nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm lub Kazan Cathedral, nrog ob tog them los ntawm nws cov colonnade. Nws los ua ib tug qhov chaw ntawm lub neej kev ntawm lub nroog. Tom qab ntawd, muaj twb muaj demonstrations thiab rallies. Lub tsev teev ntuj twb pauv hmoov av M. I. Kutuzova.

St. Ixaj tus Cathedral

Nws ua tau rau plaub caug xyoo. Peb yuav tau tham txog qhov loj tshaj plaws, uas ua tau nyob rau hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm cov XIX xyoo pua nyob rau hauv Russia. Hauv tej zaum nws yuav tsum tam sim no nyob rau tib lub sij hawm 13 txhiab tus neeg tuaj xyuas. Peb tes num tsim Ogyust Monferran. Raws li rau tus tsim ntawm sab hauv kho kom zoo nkauj thiab zoo li, hais tias nws twb tau mus kawm los ntawm KP Bryullov thiab P. K. Klodt - neeg pleev kob thiab sculptor, ntsig txog. Xeeb thiaj li hais tias lub tsev teev ntuj yuav embody lub firmness thiab lub zog ntawm cov autocracy. Nws kuj hais txog cov nyob ze pab neeg nrog lub Koom Txoos Orthodox. Lub tsev ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj yog tiag tiag majestic. Nws ua rau ib tug indelible tswv yim. Cuaj kaum, ib tug yuav tsis thuam cov neeg thiab sponsors ib tug tej yam megalomania. Qhov no qhia hais tias lub Lavxias teb sab classicism nyob rau hauv architecture pib muaj ib tug teebmeem lub sij hawm.

Moscow vaj tse

Nws yog feem ntau yus tsis ntaus uake thiab ib tug neeg vaj tse. Nrog kev xav txog cov creation ntawm lub thawj, nws yog qhov nyuaj heev rau cov me nyuam lawv nyob rau ib nkhaus txoj kev uas tau cia crammed nrog cov vaj tse uas txawv eras. Qhov hluav taws kub, uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv 1812, yog tsis mus ua txhaum lawv cov tsoos variance ntawm yeej. Txawm li cas los, cov architecture ntawm Lavxias teb sab classicism nyob rau hauv no txawm tau coj qhov kaj lug xim. Tom qab ib tug tua hluav taws tsoo tawm nyob rau hauv Moscow, nws ua tau ntau yam zoo nkauj vaj tse. Peb yuav tau tham txog lub rooj tsavxwm ntawm trustees rau Solyanka, Arena, Bolshoi Theatre, thiab hais txog. Monument rau Minin thiab Pozharsky tau tsa rau liab Square. Tus sau ntawm no ua hauj lwm yog Ivan Petrovich Marsov. Sculptor honored sawv ntawm classicism. Vim li no, lub cim hnav khaub ncaws nyob rau hauv antique khaub ncaws. Moscow classicism yuav tsis khav tib stately monumentality li St. Petersburg. Nws twb yus muaj los ntawm me me tsev farmsteads. Nws yuav tau hais tias lub Moscow classicism ntev ze rau ib tug neeg, nws yog heev naive thiab dawb. Tsev Lopukhins - qhov zoo tshaj plaws Moscow tsev loj, tsim nyob rau hauv no style. Peb tes num yog tsim los ntawm kws kes duab vajtse A. G. Grigorevym. Nws los ntawm cov serfs.

Kev loj hlob ntawm lub xeev lub zos

Nws twb nqa tawm piv rau Moscow. Lub xeev yuav khav txog ib tug xov tooj ntawm loj ntxias. Baroque thiab Classicism nyob rau hauv lub architecture ntawm vaj tse nyob rau hauv Siberia tau twb tsis siv los ntawm thaum pib ntawm lub XIX caug xyoo. Cov sijhawm yog thaws rov los qhov txhia chaw. Piv txwv li, ib tug Cathedral Voskresenskoye Tomsk los yog Moscow rooj vag Irkutsk. Tom qab ntawd classicism thaum kawg strengthened nyob rau hauv Siberia. "Tus Dawb lub tsev" - ib qho ntawm qhov zoo tshaj plaws tsim yaam tshab ntawm tus thawj, uas tau ua nyob rau hauv no style. Nws ua tau Sibiryakovs tub txawj tub ntse. Nws tom qab ua ib tug tswv xeev-general lub chaw nyob. Cossack Nikolsky Cathedral twb tsa nyob rau hauv Omsk, nyob rau hauv raws li peb tes num ntawm tus naas ej vajtse. Nws yog hais txog Vasily Petrovich Stasov. Banner ntawm Ermak twb khaws cia nyob rau hauv no lub tsev teev ntuj.

ntsoog lub sij hawm

Nws pib nyob rau hauv lub 30s ntawm XIX caug xyoo. Contemporaries nres los qhuas cov depressing monotony ntawm vaj tse nrog txhua. Qhov no twb tseem hais N. V. Gogol. Nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm, St. Petersburg twb them los ntawm kev tsim kho ntawm cov tuam tsev apartment. Lawv yuav tsum tau muaj ntau yam qhov rooj nkag. Txawm li cas los, raws li cov canons ntawm classicism, tsuas yog ib lub ntsiab kawg yuav tau ua, uas yog yuav tsum tau nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm lub chaw. Lub sab plag tsev ntawm cov tsev apartment tsev yog tseem hloov. Lawv tau pib mus rau qhov chaw khw muag khoom noj. Txawm nyob ntawm no, lub classical qauv yuav tsis tau. Qhov no yog vim muaj cov dav qhov rais. Yog li, nyob rau hauv lub siab uas niaj hnub tseeb ntawm classicism kuv yuav tsum tau tawm.

tshiab qhia

Creative tswv yim ntawm architects pib yuav tsum tau raws li nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm "ntse xaiv". Lawv ntseeg hais tias lub tsev yuav tsum tau tua nyob rau hauv ib tug style uas zoo tshaj plaws suits nws lub hom phiaj. Tsis tau zaum kawg tshwm sim depended rau ntawm lub saj ntawm cov kws kes duab vajtse thiab cov qhua tuaj noj mov cov kev xav. Manor tswv tsev pib yuav tsum tau ua nyob rau hauv cov style ntawm medieval Gothic. Nyob rau hauv lub zos muaj aristocratic mansions, coj mus rau tag nrho cov canons ntawm tus tshiab Baroque. Tej zaum cov neeg muas zaub mus da dej architects uas tsis yog-tus qauv uas yuav tsum tau. Yog li, lub chav tsev yuav tshwm sim daim duab qhov rais. Lub sij hawm ntawm nws yeej.

Tom qab ntawd nto moo vaj tse

Tus Tshiab Hermitage ua tau nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg rau peb tes num, tsim los ntawm German kes duab vajtse Leo Klenze. Haib Atlanta granite rawv tus nkag, zoo nkauj tsim (niaj hnub Greek style), thiab qhov nqi koj tshuav qhov chaw - vim hais tias ntawm tag nrho cov no tsim ib tug impressive duab ntawm lub tsev cia puav pheej. Tom qab ntawd, Nicholas Palace tau tsa. Nws motifs ntawm Italian Renaissance yog kom meej meej twb tsis siv. Cov kev loj hlob ntawm no peb tes num los ntawm cov kws kes duab vajtse Andreyu Ivanovichu Shtakenshneyderu. Sab hauv views ntawm lub palace tsim ib tug tshwj xeeb muaj zog lub tswv yim. Tsaus grille qhia txog cov railing khiav marches grand staircase. Txhua txawv tshwj xeeb txoj kev tshav ntuj. Nws nkawd hais tias lub tsev ceev nyiaj yog heev yooj yim mus cia siab rau lawv. Nws nkawd hais tias lub architecture yog tag nrho ntawm Internal zog. Nrog kev xav txog rau qhov chaw ntaiv, nws yog txhab upward thiab tob.

Pab Konstantin Tuj

Nws artistic lub hom phiaj yog lub rooj txhawb siab ntawm kab lig kev cai ntawm ancient architecture. Rau tej yaam num Tones tau ua tsib-domed tsev teev ntuj nrog nqaim arched qhov rais. Nws siv lub Byzantine thiab Lavxias teb sab décor. Tag nrho cov ntsiab ua ke nrog rau cov symmetry thiab proportions ntawm nruj classicism. Nrog nws Tuj yuav tsis tau tawm. Muaj ntau ntawm no ua ke style ciali heev dag. Txawm li cas los, nyob rau hauv kev muaj tiag nws yog lwm tus. Lub ntsiab yog vim li cas - tsis txaus tob kev tshawb kawm txog ancient architectural cuab yeej cuab tam. Nicholas kuv menyuam lub chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm Tuj. Kes duab lub vajtse twb muab ob peb loj txiav txim rau Moscow. Big Kremlin Palace ua tau nyob rau hauv nws coj noj coj ua. Tom qab ntawd, lub tso ntawm lub tuam tsev ntawm Khetos tus Cawm Seej. Nws erection ncav us txog sij hawm ntev heev. Nws yog ib nqi sau cia hais tias lub tuam tsev yog xeeb raws li ib tug koobtsheej uas nco txog qhov kev cawm dim ntawm lub teb chaws los ntawm Napoleon tus ntxeem tau. Nyob rau hauv 1883, nws tau solemnly tsa. Lub tsev twb tau mus kawm los ntawm ntau feemxyuam Lavxias teb sab masters, ntawm lawv:

1. Stonemasons.
2. Casters.
3. Engineers.
4. Ntxias.
5. Sculptors.

Tsis tas li ntawd nyob rau hauv lub tsev teev ntuj tsim ib tug marble quav hniav nyob rau uas cov npe ntawm cov neeg tuag thiab raug mob tub ceev xwm tau immortalized. Nws muaj cov lus qhia txog yuav ua li cas muaj ntau yam cov tub rog raug tua nyob rau hauv ib qho kev sib ntaus sib tua. Nyob rau hauv cov marble plaques thiab immortalized lub npe ntawm cov neeg uas pub lawv cov nyiaj khaws tseg nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav ua tau yeej. Raws li rau lub silhouette ntawm Moscow, puas-meter ib thooj ntawm lub tuam tsev zoo kawg nkaus zoo rau nws.