Carbon hlau. Classification, GOST, daim ntawv thov

Steel - lub steel khoom, lub ntsiab siv khoom. Los ntawm nws tsim kev tsim kho rebar, hlau ntawm txawv profiles, hlab, qhov chaw, machinery thiab cov cuab yeej.

zus tau tej cov hlau

Hlau thiab steel kev lag luam yog koom nyob rau hauv zus tau tej cov hlau thiab hlau. Hlau - ib qho nyuaj, tab sis check cov ntaub ntawv uas. Steel - check, txhim khu kev qha, yas, nws doping hlau yog siv nyob rau hauv foundries, dov, forging thiab stamping.

Muaj ob peb txoj kev ntawm steel ntau lawm:

1. Converter. Khoom: oxygen converter. Tus nqi (basic): dawb cam khwb cia hlau, steel seem, limestone. Ua tsuas carbon steels.
2. Qhib-hearth. Khoom: qhib-hearth rauv. Charge: kua cam khwb cia hlau, steel seem, hlau ore. Ntau yam rau ob leeg carbon thiab hlau steels rau.
3. Arc. Khoom: hluav taws xob arc rauv. Charge: steel seem, npua hlau, coke, limestone. Ib tug universal txoj kev.
4. Induction. Khoom: Induction rauv. Charge: steel thiab cam khwb cia hlau seem, Ferro-alloys.

Lub essence ntawm lub steel lawm txheej txheem - txo tus naj npawb ntawm tsis zoo tshuaj inclusions kom muab tau cov hlau, uas yog ncha xa mus rau raws li "hlau" - los yog es, ntawm cov hlau hlau muaj ib tug carbon cov ntsiab lus nyob rau ntawd yog tsis ntau tshaj 2,14%.

deacidification dab

Rau steel, qhov kawg theem ntawm smelting raug ib kub npau npau, uas yog cuam tshuam los ntawm xam qhovkev therein nitrogen, hydrogen, carbon monoxide. Xws li ib tug hlau nyob rau hauv lub hardened lub xeev yeej muaj ib tug ntxeem tau qauv, uas yog muab tshem tawm los ntawm dov. Nws yog mos mos thiab compressible, tab sis tsis txaus check.

Deacidification txheej txheem yog deactivated los ntawm uas nkag mus rau ib tug boiling impurities nyob rau hauv lub ferromanganese hlau ntawm ferrosilicon, txhuas. Nyob ntawm seb tus nqi ntawm cov residual gases thiab deoxidizing hais, lub steel tej zaum yuav so los yog semi-tua.

Lub tiav lawm steel yam degree ntawm deoxidation yog dispensed rau hauv pwm rau crystallization thiab siv nyob rau hauv tom ntej cov txheej txheem cov kauj ruam ntawm kev siv thiab ua ntawm tiav lawm steel khoom.

Suam ntawm cov hlau

Tag nrho cov steel uas tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no kev ua lag luam yuav tsum tau muab faib mus rau hauv cov pa roj carbon thiab hlau. Tag nrho cov hom ntawm cov hlau raug muab faib ua ntau pab pawg thiab nta ntawm lub classifier cim.

Raws li lub ntsiab kev faib nta cais:

1. Carbon ntxwv hlau. Lawv cov pa roj carbon tsawg tshaj li 0.8%. Lawv yog siv rau qhov siv thiab li qub, dov khoom thiab castings.
2. Carbon cuab tam steel uas sodrezhat carbon nyob rau hauv ib tug npaum li ntawm los ntawm 0.7% mus rau 1.3%. Lawv yog siv rau cov cuab yeej, pab kiag li lawm cov khoom.

Raws li txoj kev ntawm deoxidation:

• boiling - deoxidizing ntsiab (RE) nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg yog tsawg tshaj li 0.05%;
• semikilled - 0.05% ≤RE≤0,15%;
• nqig - 0.15% ≤RE≤0,3%.

Nyob rau hauv tshuaj nyob tus yeees:

• cov uas tsis muaj (0.3% ≤S);
• sredneuglerodistoj (0,3≤S≤0,65%);
• high-carbon (0,65≤S≤1,3%).

Steel muaj carbon nyob rau hauv ib tug npaum li siab tshaj 1.3%, tsis yog siv nyob rau hauv kev lag luam.

Nyob rau hauv lub microstructure:

• hypoeutectoid - nyob rau hauv ib tug carbon steel nyob rau hauv muaj pes tsawg leeg yog tsawg tshaj li 0.8%;
• eutectoid - ib tug hlau nrog ib tug carbon cov ntsiab lus ntawm 0.8%;
• hypereutectoid cov chav kawm ntawv - steel nrog ib tug carbon cov ntsiab lus tau siab tshaj 0.8%.

Nyob rau zoo:

1. Nruab nrab zoo. Sulfur nws muaj tsawg tshaj li 0,06% phosphorus - tsis ntau tshaj 0,07%.
2. Zoo hlau. Lawv tsis muaj leej faj thiab phosphorus 0,04% ntau dua.
3. High-zoo. Ces tus nqi ntawm cov leej faj yog tsawg tshaj li 0,025% thiab phosphorus - tsis ntau tshaj li 0,018%.

Raws li qhov yooj yim txheej txheem qib carbon steel mus faib:

• yam ntxwv qub zoo;
• siv zoo;
• zoo cov cuab yeej;
• instrumental zoo.

Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog labeling ntxwv steel zoo tib yam zoo

Steel ntawm zoo tib yam zoo comprise: los ntawm - mus 0,6%, S - rau 0,06%, P - 0,07%. Cia peb kawm saib yuav ua li cas no yog sau lo rau cov hlau. Standard 380 lub sij lub nram qab no cim nuances:

• A, B, C - pab pawg neeg; A - yog tsis qhia nyob rau hauv lub Acknowledgements;
• 0-6 tom qab cov tsiaj ntawv "ST" - ib tug naj npawb, uas yog encrypted nyob rau hauv lub tshuaj nyob tus yeees thiab (los yog) txhua yam khoom;
• T - Mangan xub ntiag ntawm Mn (manganese);
• KP, ps, c - cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm deoxidation (kub, semi-tua, twj ywm).

Cov zauv los ntawm 1 mus rau 6 tom qab txoj kev xaiv cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm deoxidation los ntawm ib tug khiav ceev - no. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, tus thawj qeb yog tsis cim nyob rau hauv txhua txoj kev.

Cov ntawv M, K kos tus cim rau thaum pib yuav txhais li cas metallurgical raug txoj kev: hearth los yog cov pa-converter. Incidentally, cov pa roj carbon steel zoo tib yam zoo hais ntau pes tsawg leeg tias, hais txog 47 daim.

Suam ntawm cov yam ntxwv steels ntawm zoo tib yam zoo

Carbon steel zoo tib yam zoo raug muab faib ua tej pawg neeg.

• Group A: steel, uas yuav tsum tau raws nraim phim lub teev txhua yam khoom. Tau txais kev pab yog feem ntau nkag rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib daim ntawv thiab multi-Kuav los tiag (los xij, tees, H seem, fittings, rivets thiab lub vaj tse). Nyiaj Muas: St0 St1 - St6 (KP, ps, sp), pawg 1-3, xws li St3Gps, St5Gps.
• Group B: steel, uas yuav tsum tau tswj los ntawm qhov tsim nyog tshuaj nyob tus yeees thiab zog. Manufactured casting thiab dov, uas yuav tsum tau raug ntxiv machining siab nyob rau hauv lub kub mob (forging, stamping). Nyiaj Muas: BSt0, BSt1 (KN-cn) BSt2 (KP, ps) BSt3 (KN-cn, xws li BSt3Gps) BSt4 (KP, ps), BLS 6 (ps, cn), pawg 1 thiab 2.
• Group B: steel, uas yuav tsum ua raws li cov tshuaj, lub cev, neeg kho tshuab thiab hauj zog. Qhov no pab pawg neeg yog xam qhovkev muaj ntau haiv neeg ntawm cov qhab nia, uas yog ua los ntawm yas ntawv cov khoom, check qhov cuab lub zog rau tej qhov chaw nyob rau hauv huab kub, tseem ceeb heev qhov chaw (bolts, screws, axles, pistons ntiv tes). Tag nrho cov khoom sib txawv ntawm cov muaj pes tsawg leeg, lub zog thiab hom ntawm cov pab pawg neeg combines zoo hauj weldability. Nyiaj Muas: VSt1-VSt6 (KP, ps, sp), VSt5 (ps, sp), xws li VSt3Gps, qeb 1-6.

Lub Khoos Loos Tsev steel zoo tib yam zoo - alloys muaj ntau mog sab siv nyob rau hauv qhov kev lag luam.

Npav zoo carbon steel

Cov pa roj carbon cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov hlau ntawm hais tias zoo los ntawm 0.05% mus rau 0.6%. Melting ntawm cov hlau ntawm pab pawg neeg kev faib tshwm sim qhib hearth los yog hluav taws xob arc txoj kev. Ib tug ntau ntawm cov pa roj carbon muaj diversifies txhua yam khoom: tsawg-carbon - yas, ntawm medium - muaj zog.

Zoo carbon steel yog muaj li ntawm P thiab S tsis ntau tshaj 0,04%, ntsig txog.

Labeling (GOST 1050-88):

• Cov nuj nqis 05-60 - xub ntiag ntawm ib encrypted carbon (min - 0.05% max - 0.6%);
• KP, ps, c - cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm deoxidation ( "cn" yog tsis qhia);
• T, U, F - muaj manganese, txhuas, vanadium.

Tsis suav rau hauv labeling

Zoo carbon steel nyob rau hauv nws cov labeling zam:

• 15K, 20 K, 22K - zoo steel, siv nyob rau hauv boiler siv;
• MF-20 - Carbon - 0.2%, lub steel yog muaj feem xyuam rau qhov siv thiab ua cov kav dej kub dov nyob rau hauv lub boiler siv thiab installation ntawm cua kub systems, muaj tooj liab thiab chromium;
• SALT - Steel rau qhov siv thiab ua tsheb axles, muaj npib tsib xee, chromium, thiab tooj liab.

Rau tag nrho cov hom ntawm high-zoo steel tsiag ntawv los ntawm tau yuav tsum tau siv thermal (e.g., normalizing) thiab cov thermochemical kev kho mob (piv txwv li, cementation).

Suam ntawm cov pa roj carbon zoo steel

Qhov no hom ntawm cov hlau yuav tsum tau muab faib mus rau hauv 4 pawg:

1. Ductility khoom haum rau txias ua hauj lwm (dov), dov daim ntawv thiab lub raj. Hom - 08ps steel, steel 08, steel 08kp.
2. Cov hlau siv nyob rau hauv lub kub dov thiab forging, uas yuav khiav lag luam nyob rau hauv ib tug thermally txhoj puab heev tej kev kawm. Hom - Steel ntawm 10 mus rau 25 steel.
3. Steel, tau pom daim ntawv thov nyob rau hauv qhov siv thiab ua ib qho tseem ceeb qhov chaw, xws li springs, nplooj springs, couplings, bolts, shafts. Hom - Steel ntawm 60 mus rau 85 steel.
4. Steel tau txhim khu kev qha cov lag luam nyob rau hauv hostile ib puag ncig (e.g., lub kab ntsig saw). Nyiaj Muas steel 30, steel 50, steel 30G, 50g hlau.

Nws yog tseem tau mus rau faib mus rau hauv 2 pab pawg tag nrho cov nto moo hom carbon steel ntawm qhov zoo tshaj hauv chav kawm ntawv: zoo tib yam yam ntxwv thiab cov yam ntxwv manganese.

Cov kev siv ntawm cov pa roj carbon ntxwv steel

Steel zoo hauv chav kawm ntawv	cim	daim ntawv thov
ib txwm zoo	A0	fittings, siding
	St1	hom, I-beams, raws
	St3Gsp	tsev xauj tsev
	St5sp	bushings, ceev, bolts,
	St6ps	siv crowbars
	VSt4kp	zoo li tus, daim ntawv, dov seem steel rau check lug
zoo	Stal10	kav rau boilers, stamping
	Stal15	Paub meej siab ductility, cams, bolts, ceev
	Stal18kp	weldments
	steel 20ps	axes, tib rab diav rawg, ntiv tes, fittings, kav
	Stal50	zog, clutches
	Stal60	ntxaiv, txuas, caij nplooj ntoos hlav txuas

Carbon cuab tam steel yus siab zog thiab toughness. Lawv yuav tsum raug mus rau ib tug multi-theem thaum tshav kub kub kev kho mob.

Cov pa roj carbon cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv lub steel: 0.7 - 1.3%. Rau zoo - mus txog rau 0.03% phosphorus - txog li 0,035%. Ib lub cuab tam rau high-zoo: leej faj - mus txog rau 0,02% phosphorus - mus txog rau 0.03%.

Vintage cim (GOST 1435-74):

• U - carbon cuab tam;
• 7 -13 - carbon cov ntsiab lus nyob rau ntawd 0.7-1.3%, feem;
• D - Lub xub ntiag ntawm manganese;
• A - siab zoo.

Tsis suav rau hauv yooj yim hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm cov npav carbon cuab tam steels - cov khoom rau qhov chaw A75 dav hlau mechanisms ASU10E, AU10E.

Yuav tsum muaj rau lub cuab tam steel

Nyob rau hauv raws li cov GOST, cuab tam steels yuav tsum tau raws li ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov yam ntxwv.

Tsim nyog physicochemical thiab txhua yam khoom: hardness zoo indicators, As, toughness, lub dag lub zog, kuj kub hloov lub sij hawm kev lag luam (thaum lub sij hawm txiav, drilling, tej yam loads), corrosion kuj.

Txhais hauj zog:

• kuj kom zoo tej technology dab (sticking ntawm tej daim, hardening);
• zoo machinability txoj siav thiab sib tsoo;
• nyhav rau thaum tshav kub kub kho mob;
• kuj mus overheating.

Yuav kom nce lub zoo ntawm cov neeg kho tshuab thiab hauj tsis cuab tam steel raug mus rau ib tug multistage tshav kub kev kho mob:

• Annealing lub pib cov ntaub ntawv uas ua ntej raug cov cuab yeej;
• quenching (txias nyob rau hauv ntsev dlaws) thiab tom ntej tempering tiav lawm cov khoom (mas tsis tshua muaj tempering).

Cov tau khoom no txiav txim los ntawm cov tshuaj muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab microstructure tau: cementite thiab martensite rau austenite inclusions.

Cov kev siv ntawm cov pa roj carbon cuab tam steel

Siv piav steel rau ntau yam cuab yeej: txiav, percussion, koom haum pab.

• Steel U7, U7A - hammers, Chisels, axes, Chisels, sledgehammers, Chisels, nuv ntses hooks.
• U8 steel, U8A, U8G - saws, screwdrivers, punches, counter bores, cutters, pliers.
• Steel U9, U9A - raug tshem tawm cov cuab yeej, cov cuab yeej rau tej ntoo.
• Steel U10, U10A steel, U11, U11A - rasps, ub, twist hnyiab, cov koom haum pab lub cuab tam rau xuas nrig ntaus thiab calibration.
• Thaum 12, U12A - reamers, ub, xab cov cuab yeej.
• Y13, U13A - ntsia thawv ntaub ntawv, chais thiab phais cov cuab yeej, stamping punches.

Meej pem xaiv qib carbon steel, nws cov tshav kub kev kho mob technology, kev nkag siab txog nws cov khoom thiab cov yam ntxwv - ib tug cog ntawm lub neej ntev ua, ua los yog siv lug los yog seev.