Alloyed co: kev piav qhia thiab daim ntawv thov nta daim ntawv teev

Txoj kev loj hlob yog nrhiav tau nrog tag nrho. Paub possibilities uas muaj thiab tsev neeg siv los ntawm kev siv cov ntaub ntawv nrog hnyav yam ntxwv. Qhov no, nyob rau hauv particular doped hlau. Lawv muaj ntau haiv neeg yog txiav txim kho tuition ntau thiab zoo muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm lub alloying ntsiab.

Ntuj-hlau steel

Thawj nws molten hlau, uas muaj zog sib txawv los ntawm lub txheeb ze, nws yog tej yam ntuj-doped. Lub smelted prehistoric meteorite hlau muaj nce nqi ntawm npib tsib xee. Nws yog pom nyob rau hauv ancient Iyiv tombs 4-5 millennia BC. e., lub tsev ntawm lub tib lub architecture monument Qutab Minar nyob rau hauv Delhi (V c). Japanese damask swords ua los ntawm hlau, molybdenum nyeem thiab Damascus steel muaj tungsten, raug rau niaj hnub muaj kev kub ceev. Cov no yog cov co, lub hlau uas tau mined los ntawm tej qhov chaw.

Alloys ntawm niaj hnub ntau lawm tej zaum yuav muaj tej yam ntuj tso Cheebtsam ntawm nws yog xim hlau thiab nonmetallic keeb kwm, uas yog reflected nyob rau hauv lawv tus yam ntxwv thiab lub zog.

keeb kwm kev

Lub hauv paus rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm doping twb nrhiav tau txoj kev txaus cai crucible melting txoj kev steel nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe nyob rau hauv lub XVIII caug xyoo. Nyob rau hauv ib tug ntau txheej thaum ub version ntawm lub crucibles siv nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm, xws li cov smelting ntawm Damascus thiab Damascus hlau. Nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 18th caug xyoo, lub technology tau kev txhim kho nyob rau hauv ib tug muaj nplai, thiab tso cai rau kho cov muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab zoo tshaj ntawm cov starting khoom.

• Lub simultaneous qhib ntawm ntau thiab ntau tshiab tshuaj ntsiab, thawb soj ntsuam kev sim smelting thwmsim.
• Yam ntxwv tsis zoo ntawm tooj liab rau lub steel zoo.
• Qhib dag uas muaj 6% hlau.

Sim kawm tau ua nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm ntau thiab zoo cawv rau cov steel hlau ntawm tungsten, manganese, titanium, molybdenum, cobalt, chromium, platinum, npib tsib xee, txhuas, thiab lwm tus neeg.

Tus thawj muaj zus tau tej cov hlau alloyed nrog manganese, tsim thaum pib ntawm lub XIX caug xyoo. Nws kuj muaj tsim vim 1856 raws li ib feem ntawm lub Bessemer txheej txheem ntawm smelting.

doping nta

Niaj hnub nimno nta cia rau yaj alloyed co ntawm tej muaj pes tsawg leeg. Cov yooj yim hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm no technology:

1. Alloying Cheebtsam yog xam tau tias yog tsuas yog hais tias lawv yog tswvcuab thiab lawv cov ntsiab lus ntawm txhua tshaj 1%.
2. Sulfur, hydrogen, phosphorus xam tau tias yog impurities. Lub nonmetallic inclusions yog siv raws li boron, nitrogen, pob zeb ntais, tsis tshua muaj - phosphorus.
3. Volume doping - yog cov kev taw qhia ntawm lub Cheebtsam rau hauv lub molten tshuaj nyob rau hauv lub metallurgical kev lag luam. Lub nto yog ib tug txheej txheem ntawm qhov chaw txheej diffusion saturation tsim nyog tshuaj ntsiab sov siab.
4. Nyob rau hauv lub additive txheej txheem, hloov lub crystalline qauv ntawm "me nyuam" ntawm cov khoom. Lawv muaj peev xwm tsim los yog tshem tawm allergic ntawm kev daws thiab muab tso rau thaj tsam ntawm lub nws yog xim hlau thiab tsis-metallic lug, tsim ib cov neeg kho tshuab sib tov ntawm grain. Ib tug loj luag hauj lwm no ua si los ntawm cov neeg kawm ntawv ntawm solubility ntawm lub ntsiab nyob rau hauv txhua lwm yam.

alloying Cheebtsam

Raws li kev faib tawm, tag nrho cov co raug muab faib mus rau hauv cov xim dub thiab dawb lias. Yuav kom muaj xws li dub hlau, chrome thiab manganese. Dawb lias muab faib mus rau hauv khaub-ncaws nyias (txhuas, magnesium, poov tshuaj), hnyav (npib tsib xee, zinc, tooj liab), lub noble (platinum, nyiaj, kub), refractory co (tungsten, molybdenum, vanadium, titanium), lub ntsws, tsis tshua muaj lub ntiaj teb thiab tej. Los ntawm alloying co muaj xws li ib tug tseem ceeb ntau yam ntawm lub teeb, hnyav, noble thiab refractory uas tsis yog-ferrous thiab tag nrho cov dub.

Nyob ntawm seb tus piv ntawm cov ntsiab thiab puag hlau Massey kawg muab faib mus rau hauv uas tsis muaj-hlau (3%), srednelegirovannye (3-10%) thiab siab (ntau tshaj 10%).

alloyed steels

Technologically, cov txheej txheem yog straightforward. Qhov ntau yog dav heev. Lub ntsiab hom phiaj rau cov nram qab steels:

• Kom nyob rau hauv lub dag lub zog.
• Paub thermal ua tau.
• Qhov nce nyob rau hauv xeb kuj, Thaum tshav kub kub kuj, Thaum tshav kub kub kuj, Thaum tshav kub kub kuj, ua hauj txhoj puab heev kev khiav hauj lwm tej yam kev mob, kev pab cuam lub neej.

Lub ntsiab Cheebtsam - ferrous hlau thiab refractory co, uas muaj xws li Cr, Mn, W, V, Ti, Mo, thiab kob Al, Ni, Cu.

Chromium thiab npib tsib xee - lub ntsiab Cheebtsam defining stainless steel (X18H9T) thiab refractory, uas ua hauj lwm tej yam kev mob yus siab kub thiab poob siab loads (15H5). Nyob rau hauv ib tug npaum li mus txog 1.5% yog siv rau bearings thiab txhuam qhov chaw (15HF, SHH15SG)

Manganese - ib tug tseem ceeb ntawm kev coj-resistant steels (110G13L). Me me txhawb deoxidation, txo concentration ntawm phosphorus thiab sulfur.

Silicon thiab vanadium - hais tias ib tug ntau npaum li cas uas muaj zog elasticity thiab siv rau qhov siv thiab springs (55S2, 50HFA).

Aluminium yog haum rau hlau nrog ib tug loj hluav taws xob kuj (H13YU4).

Ib tug tseem ceeb cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov tungsten cov ntsiab lus ntawm ruaj high-ceev cuab tam steels (P9 R18K5F2). Alloyed laum rau hlau ntawm ib cov khoom ntau npaum li cas tsim thiab resistant mus lag luam tshaj tib carbon steel cuab tam.

Alloyed steel nyob rau hauv lub niaj hnub siv. Ib txhij paub thiaj li hu ua alloys uas tsimnyog zog tau raws li doping txoj kev. Yog li "ntoo steel" muaj 1% chromium thiab 35% npib tsib xee, uas txiav txim rau nws cov high thermal conductivity, ib tug yam ntxwv rau cov ntoo. Pob zeb diamond kuj muaj 1.5% carbon, 0.5% chromium thiab 5% ntawm tungsten, uas characterizes nws raws li ib tug tshwj xeeb ruaj, akin rau pob zeb diamond.

hlau doping

Cam khwb cia irons steels txawv los ntawm tseem ceeb carbon cov ntsiab lus (los ntawm 2,14 mus 6,67%), siab hardness thiab corrosion kuj, tab sis tsis tshua muaj zog. Nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav nthuav hauv lub chav khoom thiab ua qauv qhia kev siv, nws yog doped nrog chromium, manganese, txhuas, pob zeb ntais, npib tsib xee, tooj liab, tungsten, vanadium.

Vim qhov tshwj xeeb cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov hlau ntawv thiab nws cov doping - ib tug ntau nyuab txheej txheem tshaj rau hlau. Txhua lub Cheebtsam muaj feem xyuam rau cov hloov dua siab tshiab ntawm cov pa roj carbon ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv nws. Txij li thaum manganese muaj txhawb rau tsim ntawm "txoj cai" ntawm graphite, uas pab txoj kev durability. Introduction ntawm lwm carbon kuj muaj cov nyhuv ntawm txoj kev hloov mus rau lub kaw lub xeev, tshuaj dawb hlau thiab txo nws txhua yam khoom.

Cov cuab yeej no yog nyuab tsawg melting kub (nyob rau nruab nrab mus txog 1000? C), whereas rau feem ntau ntawm cov alloying ntsiab yog tshuam ntau tshaj li rau theem no.

Feem ntau cov zoo rau hlau complex alloying. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, koj yuav tsum xav txog kom yuav ntawm segregation ntawm castings, ntes kev pheej hmoo ntawm casting tsis xws luag. Mus nqa tawm cov txheej txheem ntau npaum nyob rau hauv electromagnetic thiab induction furnaces. Yuav Tsum ib theem zuj zus ntawm cov kauj ruam yog ib tug high-zoo thaum tshav kub kub kev kho mob.

Chromium cam khwb cia irons yog yus muaj los ntawm lub siab coj kuj, lub dag lub zog, Thaum tshav kub kub kuj, kuj rau cov laus thiab corrosion (CHH3, CHH16). Lawv yog siv nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj engineering thiab nyob rau hauv qhuav ntawm metallurgical khoom.

Cam khwb cia hlau alloyed nrog pob zeb ntais, yog yus muaj los ntawm high xeb kuj thiab kuj rau cov teebmeem ntawm kev txhoj puab heev tshuaj tebchaw, txawm hais tias txaus siab txhua yam khoom (CHS13, CHS17). Daim ntawv qhov chaw ntawm tshuaj apparatus, piping thiab cov twj.

Ib qho piv txwv ntawm mas complex alloying yog thaum tshav kub kub-resistant cam khwb cia irons. Lawv muaj nyob rau hauv lawv cov muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab dub alloying co xws li chromium, manganese, npib tsib xee. Lawv tsiag ntawv los ntawm high xeb kuj, hnav kuj thiab kuj rau siab txhawj xeeb nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob ntawm siab tej yam - qhov chaw ntawm turbines, twj, motors, tshuaj lag luam khoom (CHN15D3SH, CHN19H3SH).

Ib qho tseem ceeb tivthaiv yog cov tooj liab, uas yog muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv ib tug complex nrog rau lwm cov co, lub casting cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov hlau nce.

tooj liab hlau

Nws yog siv nyob rau hauv nws cov ntshiab daim ntawv thiab muaj li ntawm tooj liab alloys uas muaj ib tug ntau yam nyob rau lub ratio ntawm lub ntsiab thiab alloying hais, dag, bronze, npib tsib xee nyiaj, thiab lwm yam nelziybery.

Ntxuav dag - zinc hlau - tsis doped. Yog hais tias nws muaj xws li nyob tus yeees ntawm alloying uas tsis yog-ferrous co nyob rau hauv ib qhov nqi - nws yog pom tias yuav tau multicomponent. Bronze - nws alloys nrog lwm nws yog xim hlau Cheebtsam, yuav ua tau tin los yog tin-muaj, doped nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov mob. Paub zoo los ntawm kev siv Mn, Fe, ZN, Ni, sn, Pb, Yuav tsum, Al, P, Si.

Lub pob zeb ntais cov ntsiab lus ntawm tooj liab tebchaw pab lawv xeb kuj, lub zog thiab elasticity; tin, thiab txhuas, - txiav txim zoo thiab antifriction yam ntxwv txheeb ze machinability; npib tsib xee thiab manganese - Cheebtsam, thiaj li hu ua deformable alloys uas tseem muaj ib tug zoo ntxim rau cov xeb kuj; hlau pab txoj kev txhua yam khoom thiab zinc - technology.

Lawv yog siv nyob rau hauv hluav taws xob engineering raws li ib tug yooj yim raw khoom rau qhov siv thiab ua ib tug ntau yam nyob ntawm tej, ib cov khoom rau manufacturing tseem ceeb heev yam rau tshuaj cov khoom, nyob rau hauv mechanical engineering thiab apparatus siv, nyob rau hauv cov kav dej thiab tshav kub exchangers.

txhuas doping

Siv raws li ib tug casting los yog wrought alloys. Doped Co nws cov hauv paus yog lub tebchaw ntawm tooj liab, manganese, los yog magnesium (duralumin, etc.), rau tom kawg - ib tug compound nrog pob zeb ntais, yog li ntawd-hu ua silumins, nrog rau tag nrho cov tau xaiv doped siv Cr, Mg, ZN, Co, Cu, Si.

Tooj tsub kom nws plasticity; Silicon - lub fluidity thiab zoo casting zog; chromium, manganese, magnesium - txhim kho lub dag lub zog, ua zog thiab siab machinability xeb kuj. Tsis tas li ntawd raws li alloying Cheebtsam pab rau kuj rau cov laus thiab rau txhoj puab heev kev khiav hauj lwm tej yam kev mob tej zaum yuav tau txais B, Pb, Zr, Ti, ob.

Hlau - ib undesirable tivthaiv, tab sis nyob rau hauv me me qhov ntau siv rau zus tau tej cov txhuas ntawv ci. Silumin siv rau cam khwb cia ib qho tseem ceeb qhov chaw thiab housings nyob rau hauv mechanical engineering. Duralumin thiab xuas nrig ntaus ib tug txhuas raws li alloys - ib tug tseem ceeb raw khoom rau qhov siv thiab ua hull hais, xws li quab yuam lug nyob rau hauv aircraft siv, shipbuilding thiab tshuab.

Alloyed co yog muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov qhov chaw ntawm lub lag luam xws li cov neeg uas tau kev zoo dua txhua yam thiab kev siv technology tshiab yam ntxwv, raws li muab piv rau tus pib cov ntaub ntawv uas. Cov kab kev los ntawm alloying ntsiab thiab lub possibilities uas niaj hnub technologies cia los mus ua kom ntau kev hloov kho uas cuag lub peevxwm nyob rau hauv science thiab technology.