Tsim, Science
Biophysics - Lom sciences yog .... molecular biophysics
Ib qho ntawm feem ancient sciences yog, ntawm chav kawm, biology. Cov neeg txaus siab nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lawv thiab surrounding beings originated ob peb txhiab xyoo ua ntej peb era.
Soj ntawm cov tsiaj, nroj tsuag, tej yam ntuj tso dab yog ib qho tseem ceeb ib feem ntawm tib neeg lub neej. Thaum lub sij hawm, kuv sau ib tug ntau ntawm kev txawj ntse, zoo thiab tsim cov hau kev rau txoj kev tshawb no ntawm qhov thiab mechanisms uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv nws. Qhov no coj mus rau lub rov tshwm sim ntawm ntau seem uas ua tau ib tug tag nrho ntawm txoj kev kawm.
Lom kev tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam sib txawv ntawm lub neej ua rau nws tau mus nrhiav tau cov nqi ntaub ntawv tshiab yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau kev to taub biomass ntaus ntiaj teb no. Siv txoj kev paub no mus tswv yim tib neeg lub hom phiaj (qhov chaw tshawb kawm, cov tshuaj, ua liaj ua teb, tshuaj kev lag luam thiab thiaj li nyob).
niaj hnub kawm biology
Niaj hnub no, tsis tau raws li no multifaceted science peev xwm ua tau ntau yam zoo tau. Yog li ntawd, niaj hnub science muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov kev daws rau cov teeb meem ntawm tib neeg tus kab mob los ntawm cov teebmeem ntawm cov kab mob thiab cov kab mob. Nws los ua tau mus yuav nyob rau hauv lub qhov chaw tsis muaj kev raug mob txog 3 lub hlis, qhov kev siv ntawm oxygen raws li ib tug qhov chaw ntawm kab mob los yog unicellular nroj tsuag.
Muaj ntau discoveries coj mus rau lom tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm lub sab hauv qauv thiab ua tau hauj lwm ntawm tag nrho cov nyob systems. Kawm lub molecular muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm tus kab mob no, lawv microstructure, cais thiab kawm ntau yam ntawm cov noob ntawm cov tib neeg genome thiab tsiaj txhu, thiab nroj tsuag. Cov hauj lwm zoo ntawm biotechnology, cellular thiab kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic engineering pub kom tau ob peb harvests ib lub caij nroj tsuag thiab zaub tsiaj breeds uas muab ntau nqaij, mis nyuj thiab qe.
Kawm kab mob pub kom tau tshuaj tua kab mob thiab tsim kaum tawm los yog pua pua ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, uas yeej muaj ntau yam ntawm cov kab mob, txawm tias cov neeg uas yav tas los lawm kev mob kev nkeeg thov txhiab ntawm lub neej ntawm cov neeg thiab tej tsiaj txhu.
Yog li ntawd, niaj hnub science biology - nws yog limitless possibilities rau cov tib neeg nyob rau hauv ntau lub teb ntawm science, kev lag luam thiab lub preservation ntawm kev noj qab nyob.
Ib suam ntawm lom Sciences
Ib qho ntawm thawj tshooj twb private science ntawm biology. Xws li botany, kev kawm txog tsiaj txhu, lub cev thiab taxonomy. Tom qab ntawd lawv pib tsim ntau nyob rau kev khoom ntawm disciplines - microbiology, virology, physiology, thiab hais txog.
Muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov tub ntxhais thiab hnyav science, tsim xwb nyob rau hauv lub XX-XXI xyoo pua thiab plays ib tug loj luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub niaj hnub loj hlob ntawm biology.
Tsis muaj ib tug tab sis ob peb classifications, uas yuav tsum tau ranked lom sciences. Sau lawv heev impressive nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov mob, xav txog ib tug ntawm lawv.
| txog biology | private science | botany | deals nrog txoj kev tshawb no ntawm lub sab nraud thiab sab hauv lub tsev, lub physiological kev ntawm phylogeny thiab tis nyob rau hauv lub qhov ntawm tag nrho cov uas twb muaj lawm cov nroj tsuag nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no (muaj) | Nws muaj xws li cov nram qab no:
|
| kev kawm txog tsiaj txhu | deals nrog txoj kev tshawb no ntawm lub sab nraud thiab sab hauv lub tsev, lub physiological kev ntawm phylogeny thiab tis nyob rau hauv qhov xwm ntawm cov tsiaj uas twb muaj lawm nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no (fauna) | Kev kawm uas ua tau:
| ||
| anthropotomy | Kawm tus duab, qauv, qhov chaw thiab muaj nuj nqi ntawm nruab nrog cev thiab tshuab nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub cev | disciplines:
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| anthropology | ib tug xov tooj ntawm disciplines nyob rau hauv ib tug complex txoj kev tshawb no ntawm tib neeg txoj kev loj hlob thiab tsim nyob rau hauv lub lom thiab kev puag ncig | Forums: philosophical, kev hais plaub ntug, kev cai dab qhuas, lub cev, kev sib raug zoo, kev cai, pom tau qhov sib. | ||
| microbiology | kawm tsawg tshaj plaws kab mob nyob rau hauv cov xwm, los ntawm ib-celled tsiaj rau cov kab mob thiab cov kab mob | Disciplines: virology, bacteriology, kev kho mob microbiology, mycology, muaj, kev, ua liaj ua teb, aerospace microbiology | ||
General science | taxonomy | Cov neeg ua hauj lwm muaj xws li cov kev loj hlob ntawm ib tug lub moj khaum rau lub kev faib ntawm tag nrho cov nyob yam rau peb ntiaj chaw rau lub hom phiaj ntawm nruj kev txiav txim thiab cov cim ntawm ib tus neeg twg ntawm lub biomass | ||
| morphology | Hauj lwm ntawm lwm yam tshwm sim, cov internal qauv thiab topography ntawm lub cev ntawm tag nrho cov nyob quavntsej | Pawg: nroj tsuag, tsiaj txhu, kab mob, fungi | ||
| physiology | kawm peculiarities ntawm no los yog tias system, hloov los yog ib feem ntawm lub cev, mechanisms dab uas tau muab nws cov tseem ceeb heev functions | Tsob nroj, tsiaj, tib neeg, kab mob | ||
| ecology | qhov kev kawm ntawm cov kev sib raug zoo ntawm nyob yam rau txhua tus lwm yam, ciaj thiab tib neeg puag ncig | Geoecology, general, kev sib raug zoo, muaj | ||
| noob caj noob ces | kawm genome ntawm nyob beings, lub mechanisms ntawm caj thiab variation cim nyob rau hauv tus ntawm txawv tej yam kev mob, raws li tau zoo raws li keeb kwm kev hloov nyob rau hauv lub genotype thaum lub sij hawm evolutionary transformations | |||
biogeography | xav resettlement thiab tis ntawm xaiv hom kev nyob beings rau lub ntiaj chaw | |||
evolutionary kev tshawb xav | Nws qhia lub mechanisms ntawm cov keeb kwm kev loj hlob ntawm tus txiv neej thiab lwm yam nyob systems ntawm cov ntiaj chaw. Lawv cov keeb kwm thiab kev loj hlob | |||
| Complex science, nej sawv ntawm lub hlws ris nrog txhua lwm yam | biochemistry | kawm cov txheej txheem uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub hlwb ntawm nyob quavntsej los ntawm ib tug tshuaj pom, | ||
biotechnology | Nws yog xav tias yuav tau siv cov kab mob no thiab lawv cov khoom thiab los yog qhov chaw rau tib neeg xav tau kev pab | |||
molecular biology uas | kawm mechanisms ntawm kis tau tus mob, cia thiab siv cov kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic ntaub ntawv los ntawm cov nyob quavntsej, raws li zoo raws li nta thiab nplua qauv ntawm cov nqaijrog, DNA thiab RNA. | Lwm yam kev tshawb fawb: kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic thiab cellular engineering, molecular noob caj noob ces, bioinformatics, proteomics, genomics | ||
biophysics | Nws yog txoj kev tshawb no ntawm tag nrho cov tau lub cev dab uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov uas muaj sia nyob, los ntawm cov kab mob rau cov txiv neej | Sections ntawm cov kev qhuab qhia yuav tau tham txog hauv qab |
Yog li, peb twb sim los npog lub ntsiab ntau yam, uas yog lom sciences. Daim ntawv yog txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev kawm thiab txoj kev ntawm txoj kev tshawb expands Iwj. Yog li ntawd, muaj ib zaug xwb kev faib biology tsis muaj nyob niaj hnub no.
Advanced Bioscience thiab lawv lub ntsiab lus
Rau tus yau tshaj, ib tug niaj hnub thiab hnyav science biology yog xws li:
- biotechnology;
- molecular biology uas;
- qhov chaw kawm biology;
- biophysics;
- biochemistry.
Txhua yam ntawm cov sciences twb tsim tsis ntxov XX caug xyoo, thiab yog li ntawd yog pom tias yuav tau ib tug hluas, sai tsim thiab feem ntau tseem ceeb rau cov tswv yim kev ua si ntawm tus txiv neej.
Cia peb nyob li ntawm lawv raws li biophysics. Nws yog ib tug science, uas nyob ib ncig ntawm 1945 thiab tau ua ib qho tseem ceeb ib feem ntawm tag nrho cov lom system.
Yuav ua li cas yog biophysics?
Yuav kom teb tau lo lus nug no, peb yuav tsum xub taw tes rau nws cov nyob sib ze nrog rau cov Science News for KIDS thiab biology. Nyob rau hauv ib co lus nug rau ib thaj tsam ntawm lub sciences yog li ntawd nyob ze hais tias nws yog yooj yim los mus ua kom tawm uas lawv hais kev koom tes nyob rau hauv ua ntej. Yog li ntawd xav txog biophysics sawv raws li ib tug complex science uas kawm cov no: lub cev thiab tshuaj dab tshwm sim nyob rau hauv nyob systems nyob rau theem ntawm molecules, hlwb, kabmob, thiab nyob rau theem ntawm cov biosphere raws li ib tug tag nrho.
Zoo li lwm yam kev, Biophysics - science nws muaj nws yam khoom ntawm txoj kev tshawb, aims thiab cov hom phiaj, raws li zoo raws li ib tug dlej thiab muaj nuj nqis tau. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, qhov kev qhuab qhia yog zoo correlated nrog ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov tshiab cov lus qhia.
kev tshawb fawb chaw
Lawv yog cov rau Biophysics biosystem txawv quas theem.
- Micro-kab (cov kab mob, kab mob, unicellular fungi thiab algae).
- Protozoa.
- Tib lub hlwb thiab lawv cov yam ntxwv qhov chaw (organelles).
- Nroj tsuag.
- Tsiaj txhu (xws li tus txiv neej).
- Conference zej zog.
Xws li Biophysics - txoj kev tshawb no ntawm lub nyob ntawm tus taw tes ntawm view ntawm lub cev dab tshwm sim nyob rau hauv nws.
science hom phiaj
Chiv, biophysicists paub tab twb los ua pov thawj rau hauv lub hav zoov ntawm lub cev muaj dab thiab phenomena nyob rau hauv lub neej ntawm nyob yam thiab kawm lawv, nrhiav tawm ntawm qhov xwm thiab tseem ceeb.
Niaj hnub nimno cov teeb meem ntawm no science yuav formulated raws li nram no:
- Yuav kom kawm cov qauv ntawm cov noob thiab mechanisms uas nrog lawv hloov lwm lub tsev thiab cia, kev hloov kho (hloov).
- Xav txog ntau yam ntawm cell biology ua (cell sis raug zoo nrog txhua lwm yam chromosomal thiab kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic kev sib tshuam thiab lwm yam dab).
- Yuav kom kawm complex molecular biology uas polymer molecules (cov nqaijrog, nucleic acids, polysaccharides).
- Cosmogeophysical qhia tus ntawm yam nyob rau hauv chav kawm ntawm tag nrho cov lub cev thiab tshuaj dab nyob rau hauv uas muaj sia nyob.
- Ntau heev los qhia cov mechanisms ntawm Photobiology (photosynthesis, photoperiodicity thiab thiaj li nyob).
- Siv thiab tsim txoj kev xyuam xim modeling.
- Yog xav thov nanotechnology rau txoj kev tshawb no ntawm nyob systems.
Los ntawm daim ntawv no nws yog ib qhov tseeb hais tias ib tug ntau ntawm biophysics kawm tus tseem ceeb thiab loj heev cov teeb meem ntawm lub neej niaj hnub, thiab cov kev tshwm sim ntawm no science yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau tus txiv neej thiab nws lub neej.
Lub keeb kwm ntawm lub
Biophysics raws li ib tug science originated kuj nyuam qhuav - nyob rau hauv 1945, thaum Erwin Schrödinger luam tawm nws ua hauj lwm "Yuav ua li cas yog lub neej los ntawm tus taw tes ntawm view ntawm physics." Nws yog nws leej twg ua ntej pom thiab qhia hais tias muaj ntau yam ntawm cov kev cai ntawm physics (thermodynamic cai ntawm quantum mechanics) yog qhov chaw yuav tsum tau yog nyob rau hauv lub neej thiab ua hauj lwm ntawm lub kab ntawm nyob quavntsej.
Ua tsaug rau cov ua hauj lwm ntawm tib neeg science biophysics pib nws intensive kev loj hlob. Tab sis txawm ua ntej lawm, nyob rau hauv 1922, lub koom haum ntawm Biophysics, tsim nyob rau hauv Russia, uas yog mus ntawm P. P. Lazarev. Muaj rho ib tug yuav tsum muaj lub luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no ntawm qhov xwm ntawm excitation ntawm ntaub so ntswg thiab kabmob. Cov tshwm sim yog cov cim ntawm tus nqi ntawm cov ions nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem.
Ces ib tug series ntawm discoveries ntawm txawv zaum tso cai rau peb kom peb to taub hais tias lub biophysics - yog ua kom tiav, capacious thiab complex science yuav tsum tau to taub tag nrho cov txheej txheem tshwm sim nyob rau nyob systems.
- Galvani qhib hluav taws xob thiab nws tseem ceeb rau lub neej muaj ntaub so ntswg (bioelectricity).
- A. L. Chizhevsky - leej txiv ntawm ob peb disciplines kawm cosmos cawv rau cov biosphere, raws li zoo raws li ionization tawg thiab elektrogemodinamiku.
- Cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws qauv ntawm cov protein molecules tau raug kawm tsuas yog tom qab tus foundations ntawm X-hluav taws xob diffraction qauv (X-ray tsom xam). Qhov no yog ua los ntawm zaum Perutz thiab Kendrew (1962).
- Nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo, qhib peb-dimensional qauv ntawm DNA (Moris Uilkins).
- Neher thiab Zachman moj khaum nyob rau hauv 1991 tau los tsim ib tug qauv ntawm cov kho lub zos hluav taws xob peev xwm.
Ib tug xov tooj ntawm lwm discoveries enabled science biophysics embark rau ib tug mob siab heev thiab hnyav Modernization nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob thiab tsim.
Biophysics Forums
Muaj ib tug xov tooj ntawm kev kawm uas ua li no science. Xav txog cov yooj yim tshaj plaws ntawm lawv.
- Biophysics ntawm complex tshuab - xav tias tag nrho cov complex mechanisms ntawm nws tus kheej-kev cai ntawm multicellular kab mob (systemogenesis, morphogenesis, sinergogenez). Tsis tas li ntawd qhov kev qhuab qhia peb kawm lub cev tivthaiv ntawm lub ontogeny thiab evolutionary txoj kev loj hlob muaj dab, theem ntawm lub koom haum ntawm cov kab mob no.
- Bioacoustics thiab biophysics piav thoob hlo tshuab - kev tshawb fawb uas muaj sia nyob piav thoob hlo tshuab (tsis pom kev, lub rooj sib hais, txais tos, kev hais lus, thiab lwm yam), txoj kev broadcasting qhov sib txawv Pib ntsais koj teeb. Qhia cov mechanisms ntawm lub zog transformation nyob rau hauv lub xaav ntawm lub kab sab nraud influences (stimuli).
- Theoretical Biophysics - muaj xws li ib tug xov tooj ntawm podnauk koom nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no ntawm thermodynamics kev lom dab, kev siv ntawm zauv qauv ntawm cov yam ntxwv qhov chaw ntawm tus kab mob no. Tsis tas li ntawd xav tias yuav lub kinetic dab.
- Molecular biophysics - xaiv cov sib sib zog nqus mechanisms ntawm cov yam ntxwv lub koom haum thiab hauj lwm ntawm biopolymers xws li DNA, RNA, cov nqaijrog, polysaccharides. Yog lub tsev ua qauv thiab graphics ntawm cov molecules, thiab kwv yees tus cwj pwm ntawm lawv tsim hauv lub neej systems. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov kev qhuab qhia yog lub tsev supramolecular thiab submolecular system los mus txiav txim qhov kev siv ntawm lub mechanism thiab kev txiav txim ntawm biopolymers nyob rau hauv nyob systems.
- Cell Biophysics. Tshuaj xyuas qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws cellular dab: ntau yam zoo, division, ntxhov siab thiab lom potentials ntawm daim nyias nyias qauv. Kev mloog yog them mus rau lub mechanisms ntawm daim nyias nyias thauj ntawm tshuaj, tej zaum qhov sib txawv, cov khoom thiab cov qauv ntawm daim nyias nyias thiab nws cov surrounding chaw.
- Biophysics metabolism. Main tham dab: photosynthesis, solarization thiab adaptation ntawm cov kab mob no rau nws, hemodynamics, theem tshav kub metabolism, cov nyhuv ntawm ionizing tawg.
- Applied Biophysics. Nws muaj ob peb disciplines: bioinformatics, biometrics, biomechanics, txoj kev tshawb ntawm evolutionary dab thiab ontogenesis, pathological (kev kho mob) biophysics. Khoom ntawm txoj kev tshawb Applied Biophysics - licas, txoj kev mus, cov neeg paub txog txoj kev ntawm lub cev nta. Tshwj xeeb mloog yuav tsum tau kev kho mob biophysics. Nws considers lub pathological dab nyob rau hauv lub cev, yuav ua li cas lub reconstruction ntawm lub puas qhov chaw ntawm lub lwg me me los yog lug los yog lawv cov nyiaj. Nws muab cov ntaub ntawv uas rau biotechnology. Nws yog ib yam uas tseem ceeb heev nyob rau hauv cov kev tiv thaiv ntawm cov kab mob, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog ntawm lub caj xwm ntawm lawv tshem tawm thiab piav txog cov mechanisms ntawm kev txiav txim.
- Biophysics vaj tse - kawm lub cev tej yam nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si rau hauv lub zos yeej tau creatures, thiab cov nyhuv ntawm nyob ze thiab nyob deb qhov chaw kawm. Xav txog cov biorhythms, tej yam uas cov huab cua puag thiab lom teb rau cov tshuaj yeeb dej caw. Tsim txoj kev ntsuas kom tiv thaiv cov tsis zoo los ntawm tej yam kev mob.
Tag nrho cov kev cai qhuab qhia ua ib lub loj loj pab mus rau qhov kev nkag siab ntawm qhov tseem ceeb heev kev ua si ntawm nyob systems, lub mechanisms ntawm lub hwj rau lawv ntawm lub biosphere thiab qhov sib txawv tej yam kev mob.
Tsis ntev los no kev kho
Koj muaj peev xwm hu rau ib co ntawm cov feem ntau tseem ceeb uas muaj feem rau qhov kev kawm ntawm biophysics:
- qhib cloning mechanisms kab mob;
- Cov yam ntxwv thiab transformations luag hauj lwm ntawm nitric oxide nyob rau hauv nyob systems;
- lub interrelation ntawm me me thiab cov tub txib RNA, uas nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej yuav pab tau koj nrhiav tau cov tshuaj rau ntau yam kev teeb meem (tshem tawm ntawm cov kab mob);
- qhib autowaves cev xwm;
- vim lub chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm Molecular Biophysics kawm yam ntawm lub synthesis thiab replication ntawm DNA, uas tau nyob rau hauv lub peev xwm los tsim ib tug ntau ntawm cov tshuaj tshiab los ntawm loj thiab complex cov kab mob;
- Lub computer qauv ntawm tag nrho cov tshuaj uas nrog tus txheej txheem ntawm photosynthesis;
- tsim cov hau kev rau ultrasound kev soj ntsuam ntawm lub cev;
- tsim ntawm cosmogeophysical thiab biochemical dab;
- kwv yees nyab xeeb kev hloov nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj chaw;
- qhib qhov tseem ceeb urokenazy enzyme nyob rau hauv cov kev tiv thaiv ntawm tus kab mob thrombosis thiab tshem tawm cov teebmeem tom qab mob stroke;
- kuj ua ib tug xov tooj ntawm discoveries ntawm cov protein qauv, lub circulatory system thiab lwm qhov chaw ntawm lub cev.
Lub koom haum ntawm Biophysics nyob rau hauv Russia
Nyob rau hauv peb lub teb chaws muaj yog lub Moscow State University. M. V. Lomonosova. Nyob rau lub hauv paus ntawm no tsev kawm ntawv ua hauj lwm Biophysics Department. Nws yog nws leej twg npaj tsim nyog cov tub txawg mus ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam no.
Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau muab ib tug zoo pib yav tom ntej cov tub txawg. Lawv tos rau ib tug yooj yim txoj hauj lwm. Biophysicist yuam ua hauj lwm kom to taub tag nrho cov intricacies ntawm cov txheej txheem uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv nyob beings. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, cov tub ntxhais kawm yuav tsum to taub nyob rau hauv physics. Nws yog ib tug complex science - biophysics. Qhuab qhia yog ua lub tsev nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug txoj kev raws li rau encompass tag nrho cov kev cai qhuab qhia muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv biophysics thiab Cheebtsam, thiab los npog kev saib xyuas ntawm tag nrho ob qho lom thiab lub cev ua cim.
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