TsimZaj dabneeg

Belovezhskoe daim ntawv cog lus nyob rau hauv 1991. Bialowieza daim ntawv cog lus nyob rau hauv lub tshem tawm ntawm lub USSR thiab cov creation ntawm lub CIS

1991, lub Soviet Union. Nrhiav rov qab thiab ua kom muab ib tug keeb kwm kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm cov txheej xwm ntawm xyoo 1991 los lawm, peb yuav xyuam xim hais tias peb lub teb chaws puas yog tib lub scenarios uas tau siv nyob rau hauv Libya, Syria, Iraq, Egypt, thiab tam sim no nyob rau hauv Ukraine. Qhov zoo ces, muaj ntau yam ntawm cov neeg koom nyob rau hauv lub cev qhuav dej ntawm lub USSR, nws puas sau nyob rau hauv nws memoirs. Nws yog zoo dua lub npe hu hais tias lub keeb kwm sau los ntawm tus victors. Nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm, peb yuav ua tiag mus ntsib cov txawv cov ntsiab lus ntawm view rau cov txheej xwm uas coj mus rau lub rov tshwm sim ntawm xws li ib tug daim ntawv raws li Belovezhskoe daim ntawv cog lus nyob rau hauv 1991.

kev tshwm sim Tom qab

Nyob rau hauv 1985, nws tuaj rau lub hwj chim ib tug hluas, kaj siab lug politician Mikhail Gorbachev. Tom qab tag nrho cov yav tas los secretaries-general ntawm cov neeg laus cov neeg kho nws heev favorably. Tab sis tom qab nws kho tsav lub teb chaws mus rau hauv ib qho nyiaj txiag, kev nom kev tswv thiab txawm kev cai kev kub ntxhov. Yog ua nce khees stratification ntawm cov pejxeem nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws, lub rov tshwm sim ntawm ib tug tshiab hauv chav kawm ntawv zej zog - lub oligarchy. Nyob rau hauv muaj ntau yam republics nce nationalist sentiment, tag nrho ib zaug mam li nco dheev xav ywj pheej.

Gorbachev: ib tug hero los yog ib tug neeg ntxeev siab?

Puas Gorbachev uas nyob mus blame Belovezhskoe Daim ntawv cog lus 1991? Cov nyiaj txiag ntawm lub Soviet Union tau raws li kev lom zem ntau rau cov muag khoom ntawm cov kev pab. Lub teb chaws yog nce khi li nyob rau hauv cov nyiaj txais. Maj mam ua ntej Gorbachev yog ib tug xaiv - yog nws yog tawm kho uas pab lub tebchaws United States, thiab nws tau txais nyiaj txais los ntawm lub IMF, los sis ua rau sawv cev ntawm lawv lub teb chaws. Nws xaiv rau koj tus thawj kev xaiv. Nws tseem yog heev nrov saib yog hais tias nws tuaj rau lub hwj chim nrog rau cov kev pab los ntawm lub tebchaws United States. Chiv, nws muaj me ntsis sij hawm raws li feem ntau ntawm cov mej zeej ntawm lub Politburo tended sib tw Romanov thiab Grishin. Ntev yuav tsis pom zoo, thiaj li muaj ob peb lub rooj sib tham. Raws li ib tug tshwm sim, "mam li nco dheev" nres ntawm Gorbachev. Txawm nws yog, tiam sis nws coj lub teb chaws mus rau lub point ntawm tsis muaj rov qab, tom qab uas muaj tsis muaj rov qab.

Cawv los ntawm sab nraum nyob rau xaus ntawm lub USSR

Sharply nyob rau hauv ntau republics nyob hauv zos referenda rau kev ywj pheej. Tsis muaj dab tsi zoo li cas? Ukraine, piv txwv li? Sis tsos ntawm ib Rev ntawm misfits nrog kev ywj pheej yuav tsum tau los ntawm Balaklava tsis alarming? Mikhail Gorbachev twb sim mus zaum rau ntawm ob mejyig nyob rau tib lub sij hawm. Nyob rau hauv ib tes, lub teb chaws yuav tsum tau txais nyiaj, thiab lawv muaj peev xwm muab tau los ntawm muab mus rau hauv kev xyaum lub kho yuam, thiab nyob rau lwm cov tes, nws xav ua zoo rau lub USSR. Qhov no yog evidenced los ntawm cov txheej xwm nyob rau hauv Kaum ib hlis 1990 thiab qhov kev txiav txim los tuav ib tug thoob teb chaws referendum Gorbachev rau muab tso rau hauv qhov chaw presumptuous nationalists.

Nyob rau hauv Kaum ib hlis 1990, cov thawj coj ntawm peb Baltic republics tuaj txog nyob rau hauv Paris rau lub kos npe rau ntawm lub Charter ntawm lub teb chaws cov teb chaws Europe. Nws tsuas yog ua tsaug rau protest Gorbachev lawv ntiab tawm ntawm lub cuab. Yog li ntawd peb yuav tsis nrog 100% tseeb hais tias lub liam rau lub xaus ntawm lub Soviet Union lus dag nkaus rau nws thiab nws ntxeev siab rau cov motherland. Lwm lo lus nug yog nyob rau hauv dab tsi hauv paus cov thawj coj feem ntau yog ua nyob rau OSCE lub rooj sib tham. Tag nrho cov no qhia tau hais tias qhov teeb meem no yog tense artificially. Leej twg pab?

Provocations nyob rau hauv lub Baltic States

Noj kom zoo dua ntawm lub US lub caij ntuj no nkaus teem rau cov tub rog txiav txim tawm tsam Iraq, nyob rau hauv lub siab ntawm Kryuchkov, Pugo thiab Yazov, Gorbachev muab lub nod mus rau lub tsausmuag tsuj ntawm separatist kev ua nyob rau hauv lub Baltic States. Thiab Lub ib hlis ntuj 13, 1991 lub Lithuanians coj tshaj lub TV chaw nyob rau hauv Vilnius thiab tsa barricades. Tshwj xeeb rog "Alpha" twb yuam kom cua daj cua dub. Tua 13 "kev thaj yeeb" pej xeem nyob rau hauv Balaklava. Nws nyob rau hauv tag nrho lub ntiaj teb no raws daim duab mus raws li cov tub rog tua innocent unarmed neeg, uas tsuas xav kev ywj pheej thiab nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe. Ib lub lim piam tom qab ntawd, cov teeb meem no twb rov qab nyob rau hauv Riga. Thiab nyob rau hauv lub Plaub Hlis nyob rau hauv Moscow rau "kev soj ntsuam" los Nixon. Thaj Gorbachev ceased mus tuav Western masters - qhov kev ua si yog tswvcuab B. N. Eltsina. Nws pib no kev tsim txom. Confrontation Yeltsin thiab Gorbachev mus txog ib qho zoo kawg sharpness.

Tso cai rau cov creation ntawm lub CIS

Nyob rau hauv siab los ntawm lub US Gorbachev yuav tsum tau pom zoo rau federalization ntawm lub USSR thiab cov creation ntawm lub tebchaws no Independent States. Nws pib los npaj lub coj daim ntawv cog lus (nyob rau hauv qhov tsim nyog tau ntawm no treaty yuav ua tau ib tug daim ntawv cog lus Belovezhskoe 1991), uas yog tus kawg straw rau cov kev ruaj ntseg cov koom haum ntawm lub USSR. Lub teb chaws tsoo tawm lub yim hli ntuj coup. Thaum muaj xwm ceev Committee yog tsim los pab. Nws yog ib nqi sau cia hais tias nyob rau hauv TV tag nrho peb hnub ntawm lub coup tawm tus neeg dhia tes.

Txheej xwm nyob rau hauv lub yim hli ntuj 1991

19-21 Lub yim hli ntuj, 1991. Keeb kwm yog sau los ntawm tus winners, vim hais tias nws yog ib yam uas cov ntaub ntawv nkag mus rau hauv cov phau ntawv raws li ib tug coup los. Txawm tias nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb nws yog ib qho los mus tiv thaiv kom txhob lub cev qhuav dej ntawm lub teb chaws. Kryuchkov, Pugo, Boldin, Chenin, Baklanov, Pavlov thiab Yazov sim mus txeeb hwj chim nyob rau hauv lawv txhais tes. Thrusting tus thawj tswj hwm, lawv yuav forcibly kov yeej lub teb chaws, uas huam ywj siab. Yog li, lawv yuav kom lub sam xeeb ntawm lub teb chaws. Tab sis ob peb yeej paub hais tias lub kos npe rau ntawm qhov kev pom zoo tsim kom muaj lub CIS teem rau lub yim hli ntuj 20 txaus siab rau cov thawj coj ntawm tag nrho 9 separatist-minded republics ntawm lub USSR thiab khaws cia nyob rau hauv ib tug raws lub xeev.

Tag nrho qhov tseeb yog hais tias Gorbachev muaj peev xwm mus sib nrog lawv. Nyob rau hauv ib tes, los ntawm pom zoo mus rau lub creation ntawm lub CIS, Mikhail Gorbachev mus txog rau Teb Chaws Asmeskas, thiab nyob rau lwm cov tes, cov koom pheej tau txais txoj cai rau kev ywj pheej, tab sis lub federation. Ntsiab teeb meem yuav mus txuas ntxiv los mus txiav txim rau lawv Moscow. Rau ob peb lub yog vim li cas, qhov no scenario tsis nplua ntau. Gorbachev thiab nws tsev neeg twb muab tso rau hauv lub tsev raug ntes nyob rau hauv lub Crimea (nws yog nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm so nyob rau hauv hiav txwv).

Yuav ua li cas puas tau tus hero ntawm Yeltsin

Nyob rau lub yim hli ntuj 21 nws twb npaj tus quab yuam ntawm lub Tsev Dawb nyob rau hauv lub Kremlin. Yeltsin npaj hwj chim capture thiab qhia ntawm nws nyob rau hauv Zavidovo. Tab sis "mam li nco dheev" pom ib tug lossis loj tus naj npawb ntawm xav ua kom npog nws nrog lawv lub cev. Tus Dawb lub tsev twb ncig los ntawm ib tug tib neeg coob txog 50 000 tus neeg. Xav! Mam li nco dheev li ntawd, muaj coob tus neeg tau txais thiab tau mus rau lub Kremlin. Muaj free watered thiab pub, muab faib tshuaj yej ncuav, cov zaub mov siav rau ib tug muaj scale.

Lawm, muaj casualties. Ntshav. Ob peb cov neeg nrog Molotov cocktails (tiaj tus neeg) tuaj nyob rau hauv tso tsheb hlau luam. Nws yog tseem tsis nkaus luaj li cas lub hom phiaj lub tso tsheb hlau luam nkag mus hauv lub Red Square. Lawv yog cov zoo xwb nyob rau hauv ib qhov chaw qhib. Thiab cov tub rog staged ib tug coup, yuav tsis tau paub. Los yog seb nws yog tsuas ib qho los mus hem. Ntawm cov hoob kawm, Western Correspondents nyob rau luag hauj lwm ntawm lub npaj txhij, thiab koj yuav yooj yim xav txog tej yam hauv daim duab nyob rau hauv cov huab cua. Kws muaj txuj ci Minister Yazov thim thiab muab qhov hais kom ua mus rho troops los ntawm Moscow. Thaum no coup yog lawm, thiab nws instigators twb nyob rau hauv lub tsev kaw neeg.

Cov ntaub ntawv no qhia txog hais tias ib tug tub rog tsis tshua tig tawm competent thiab rau pem hauv ntej-tom nrhiav txoj cai. Feem ntau cov nthuav yog hais tias tom qab qhov kev tso tawm ntawm tus thawj hu ua Gorbachev, Boris Yeltsin thiab George Bush. Nws kuj hais tias ib tug ntau. Tom qab no cov txheej xwm, nws tau hloov ntau heev. Nws nom tswv credibility thiab poob nrog nws, ob peb cov neeg suav hais tias. Nws ntsia daj ntseg tawm tsam lub backdrop hyped duab ntawm ib tug ntseeg, nquag Yeltsin.

Belovezhskoe Daim ntawv cog lus

Muaj poob cog qoob loo nyob rau hauv Gorbachev Soviet republics pib massively txais ib tug tshaj tawm ntawm kev ywj pheej los ntawm cov Soviet Union. Tam sim no muab lawv mus rau hauv ib tug federation yog tsis tau. Thiab lub txiaj ntsim ntawm tag nrho cov no tau kos npe rau Hlis ntuj nqeg 8, 1991 Belovezhskoe Daim ntawv cog lus xyoo. Nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, ib tug ntawv cog lus tau kos npe rau lub tsev lag luam ntawm lub tebchaws no Independent States. Kos npe tsis muab Gorbachev thiab Yeltsin.

Thiab yog hais tias Gorbachev chiv ua si rau lub federalization ntawm lub republics ntawm lub CIS, tus Yeltsin nrog nws kos npe muab lawv ua kom tiav kev ywj pheej. Li nws txaus siab qhov ntshaw ntawm Western cov neeg koom tes los ntshav hauv lub teb chaws. Belovezhskoe daim ntawv cog lus nyob rau hauv 1991 tshaj tawm hais tias lub Union ntawm dawb Socialist republics mus nyob qhovtwg li.

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