Beekeeping kev lag luam - hais tias nws yog tsim nyog? Khoom rau beekeeping. beekeeping kawm

Creation nyob rau hauv 1814 Lavxias teb sab beekeeper P. I. Prokopovichem ncej muv ua tau daim ntawv thov nyob rau hauv kev xyaum ntawm muaj kuab muv txim txoj kev. Tom qab nyob rau hauv los ntawm tus thawj ib nrab ntawm cov 19th caug xyoo, lub invention ntawm cov khoom cua honeycombs (I. Mehring, lub teb chaws Yelemees) thiab cov extractor (F. Hruska, Czech koom pheej) qhib txoj kev rau tus muaj beekeeping.

Ib tug nyuag cov keeb kwm

Nyob rau hauv lub tom ntej no puas xyoo, tus ncej muv thaum kawg ousted board, lawj thiab zes thawv. Promotion tshaj txoj kev thiab cov hom kev kawm muab kev koom tes nyob rau hauv ib tug zoo heev chemist AM Butlerov, beekeepers-enthusiasts I. E. Shavrov, S. K. Krasnoperov.

Nyob rau hauv Russia, muaj beekeeping sawv raws li ywj siab ceg ntawm ua liaj ua teb ua tsaug rau lub dag zog ntawm ib tug txawj ntse organizer, journalist thiab kawm Abraham Evlampievich Titova - tus founder thiab ntev-lub sij hawm editor ntawm "beekeeping ua lag ua luam." Inspired los ntawm cov writings thiab tus yam ntxwv ntawm America txoj kev pchelopromyshlennika Amau hauv paus, nyob rau hauv 1911 nyob rau hauv lub zos Borshchagovka Kiev xeev Titov nrhiav tau tus thawj faj tim teb chaws nyob rau hauv lub apiary-me nyuam me. Ua ntej lub Kaum Hli Ntuj kiv puag ncig muaj txog 200 ntawm beekeeping koom haum ua teb, muaj 15 tshwj xeeb periodicals.

Cov tub hluas ntxhais Soviet koom pheej Anplahas Evlampievich txuas ntxiv tshawb fawb thiab ntau lawm kev ua ub no raws li lub taub hau ntawm lub Izmailovo sim apiary. Raws li peb tes num nyob rau hauv 1929 nyob rau hauv lub Far East, thawj beekeeping ua liaj ua teb tau raug tsim. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo tom ntej, cov tuam txhab uas muag pib lawv ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv Central Asia, Kabardino-Balkaria, nyob rau hauv lub Kuban.

Tam sim no lub xeev

Tsis zoo txoj kev cuam tshuam rau kev lag luam cev qhuav dej ntawm lub Soviet Union. Giant ntawm lub xeev tej liaj teb thiab muaj qhauj raug tshem tawm. Beekeeping kev lag luam nyob rau hauv Russia tsis yog rov qab tau cov poob hauv av, tab sis cov haib thiab siab ua hauj lwm zoo thaum uas nws yog tsis yooj yim sua rau hais.

Ib tug ceev yuav tsum tau txhim kho kev cai lij choj tiv thaiv thiab lub creation ntawm ib tug loj-scale kev cai tswj fwm. Muaj yog ib tug tsis txaus mas tsim nyog cov neeg ua rau beekeeping, zoo thiab nquag managers uas ua tau pa lub neej tshiab mus rau hauv lub lag luam.

Nyob rau hauv yuav tsum tau ntawm radical daim ntawv rov ntxiv ntawm cov khoom thiab kev puag. Ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub apiary yuav tsum tau mechanized thiab caw kaw lus, uas yeej muaj tej yam zoo rau ua lawm tagnrho thiab kev sib tw Lavxias teb sab muv khoom rau lub ntiaj teb no kev ua lag luam. Lub teb chaws muaj lub peev xwm thiab cov kev pab rau oust kev lag luam giants: US, Australia, Canada.

Loj teeb meem?

Tsuas yog hais tias tus scale yog txawv los ntawm pib xyaum ua coj mus muag beekeeping? Raws li rau tej ntau lawm, nws cov ntsiab lub hom phiaj yog ib tug tshaj plaws tso zis ntawm cov khoom yuav tsum tau zoo (zib ntab thiab lwm yam khoom) nrog yam tsawg kawg nkaus cov ntaub ntawv thiab lub sij hawm cov nqi. Cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws mus pab tau txoj profitability thiab kev loj hlob - specialization thiab concentration.

Concentration implies muv teb extension mus rau lub zoo qhov ntev. Profitable ua liaj ua teb yuav tsum muaj ib tug tsawg kawg nkaus ntawm 500 muv zos.

Specialization yog txhais los ntawm lub climatic tsam:

• Cov yav qab teb cov cheeb tsam ntawm lub teb chaws - razvedencheskoe kev taw qhia (tus me nyuam pob muv, poj vaj).
• Far East, Urals District - zib mu (zib ntab, ciab).
• Far North - pollination (pollinating cov qoob loo nyob rau hauv greenhouses ceg), thiab lwm tus neeg.

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, tag nrho cov qhov chaw ntawm tus txheej txheem saw (cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov khoom, lug, cov kev thiab tswvyim) yog raug rau txhav standardization thiab kev koom ua ke. Nyob rau hauv ntau txoj kev, txoj kev vam meej ntawm lub enterprise nyob ntawm qhov tseeb kev xaiv ntawm muv yug thiab tsim chaw ua taus zes. Relations "txiv neej - ib tug muv" siab rationalized, muaj yog tsis muaj chaw rau "lyrics" - tsuas yog ib lub lag luam account.

beekeeping txoj kev loj hlob cheeb tsam

Los ntawm cov kev kawm thiab txiav txim seb lub peev xwm volume ntawm cov zib ntab pab chaw, nws VR, qhov tseeb kev xaiv ntawm qhov chaw ntawm specialization ntawm kev khwv nyiaj txiag nyob rau hauv nws cov profitability thiab kev vam meej txoj kev loj hlob.

Lub forests ntawm Tatarstan, Bashkortostan thiab cov Primorsky Territory yog lub ntsiab zib ntab nroj ntau hom limes. Nyob rau hauv lub feem ntau dej siab xyoo medosbor yuav ncav cuag mus txog 20 kg ib tsev neeg. Nyob rau hauv mixed forests thiab tiaj nyom grasses European Russia muv tau muab 3 kg ntawm zib ntab ib hnub twg nyob rau hauv lub yav qab teb qhov chaw ntawm cov qoob loo buckwheat, attar haiv neeg - 6 kg. Nog puag cheeb tsam yuav tsum xyuas kom meej tsis tau tsuas yog cov zib ntab sau, tab sis kuj lub sij hawm ntawm khaus txoj kev loj hlob thiab li ntawm tsev neeg lub zog.

Ib leeg niam pab tsis tso cai rau mus faus beekeeping rau ib tug muaj scale. Yuav ua li cas yuav tsum tau hloov nyob rau hauv tus cwj pwm thiab kev coj ua?

muaj beekeeping technology

Kev siv cov advanced hom kev kawm ntawm chaw ua taus zes muv yog tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv loj apiaries (500 cov tsev neeg), qhov twg siv mechanization yuav coj tangible tau. Qhov ntau haib tag nrho cov qauv ntawm teb apiary yog muab faib ua nyiaj txiag rau lwm (500-600 ua xua) thiab rau txhua tus tsau nrog ib tug tsim nyog pab, faib qhov tsim nyog cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov cuab yeej (beekeeper ce, ib tug haus luam yeeb, ib tug txaug, etc ..). Tom qab wintering thiab purification flyby ntawm muv nqa tawm nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm cov thawj ua tsev thiab nqa txog rau ib tug caij nplooj ntoos hlav bribes (tsis muaj ntau tshaj li 100 xua ib point). Nyob rau lub hauv paus qub txeeg qub tes yuav tsuas kho tsev (2-3 cov neeg), thiab ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv zoo mob muaj implements thiab cov khoom siv rau beekeeping.

Rau tag nrho cov apiary yog ib tug hluas pab pawg neeg kho mob system nrog ib tug txo tus naj npawb ntawm xeem thaum lub sij hawm lub caij ntuj no. SRI beekeeping tshwj xeeb ua cov hauv qab no yam tsawg kawg nkaus ua hauj lwm (incidentally raws quab yuam tsev neeg muab uniformity):

• Caij nplooj ntoos hlav soj ntsuam thiab pub muv
• tsim cuttings,
• qhov chaw kawm khw los yog lwm yam vaj tse,
• xaiv ntawm marketable zib ntab, txiav slots,
• kev npaj rau lub caij ntuj no.

Yuav kom muab lub hnub rau cov tshuaj ntsuam xwb 10-20 muv zos apiary, coj mus rau hauv tus account lub zaj lus tim khawv ntawm cov tswj nas muv. Xaiv lub bedrock muv xav tsawg roylivoy heev tsim thiab tus feem ntau txais rau lub zos tej yam kev mob.

Thaum lub sij hawm lub caij ntuj no, yuav npaj tsawg kawg yog 3-4 tsheb thauj mus los apiary rau flowering melliferous pawg neeg thaj av los ua kom profitability.

Cov ntaub ntawv thiab kev puag

Rau lub hauv paus ua liaj ua teb xaiv cheeb tsam nrog infrastructure, nrog zoo kev nkag kev. Ua liaj ua teb vaj tse (lub ntsiab ntau lawm cheeb tsam, sotohranilische, winterer) yuav tsum tau muab tso rau hauv view ntawm ib qho yooj yim ua lag luam, txawm peem rau nrog lub tsheb du thiab lifting pab kiag li lawm. Hwj Chim ntawm Tsheb thiab Tsheb Laij Teb Chaw ua si yuav tsum tau muab lub tuam txhab xav tau kev pab nyob rau hauv ua liaj ua teb thauj.

Thaum nruab nrog lub apiary tsom rau cov kev xaiv ntawm cov khaus. Lawv yuav tsum muaj tus txheej txheem qhov ntev thiab interchangeable ntsiab (tsev, khw, ntas rau beehives). Qhov yuav tsum tau rau muaj zog thiab khaub-ncaws nyias tsim ntawd mas rov tuav manipulations thaum lub sij hawm tuav thiab migrations.

Nyob rau hauv txoj cai ntau muas beekeeping khoom, khoom siv rau cov mechanized siv zib ntab, voskopererabatyvayuschee khoom (presses, centrifuges, chav generators). Cov koom haum tus kheej ntoo kav nrog zoo cov cav tov thiab tshwj xeeb ceev rov qab rau lub peev.

Tu siab, muaj ntau yam khoom rau beekeeping, nyob rau hauv kev ua lag luam niaj hnub no yog obsolete. Feem ntau, engineers tuam txhab uas muag sab laug mus rau Tsev thiab txawj tej yam ntxiv uas twb muaj lawm cov khoom. Piv txwv li, rau qhov kev npaj ntawm cov zib ntab-suab thaj masses siv muaj kneading tshuab rau dispensing phoov - Hloov pyatidesyatiramochnaya extractor, etc ...

ua hauj lwm rau lub koom haum

Nyob rau loj beekeeping enterprise tau kis sectional txoj kev nyob rau hauv uas txhua txhua tus apiary, muaj los ntawm 500 mus rau 1000 cov tsev neeg, neeg ua hauj lwm neeg ua hauj lwm ntawm 2-6 cov neeg yog ruaj. Ntau txawj thiab tej tub txawg tsa thawj coj hauv pab thiab yog nyiaj txiag lub luag hauj lwm. Nrog txoj kev vam meej ntawm kev xyaum ob hom ntawm kev ua hauj lwm:

• ua hauj lwm rau kev koom tes. Thaum nqa tawm loj-scale tej hauj lwm (tsheb thauj mus los apiary, zib ntab siv) rau ua hauj lwm thiab zoo kawm units muab kev siv zog.
• Lub division of labor. Txhua tus neeg ua haujlwm rau automatism yog ua tej yam txheej txheem (e.g., waxing cov khoom ntas) - generates ib tug narrowly teem. Yuav kom txhim kho efficiency, txhua link yog teem ib co kev cai yog nruj accounting ntawm cov zis, consumables thiab cov khoom siv. Advantageously xyaum combining professions thiab hauj lwm (beekeeper tsav tsheb tsheb laij teb; beekeeper - joiner, etc.).

Beekeeping kev lag luam yog unthinkable yam uas tsis tau tu ncua kev cob qhia thiab kev rov qhia dua ntawm cov neeg ua. Qhuav kawm - lub feem ntau mus siv cuag daim ntawv ntawm perfection. Lawv muaj nyob rau hauv lub caij ntuj no senior tsiaj ti teg taw kev tswj nrog rau kev koom tes ntawm cov xib fwb los ntawm tshwj xeeb tsev kawm ntawv.

Thaum cov Team sib nrhiav ib tug pab pawg neeg ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm nyob rau hauv lub beekeeping kawm (theoretical kawm thiab xyaum) rau Agricultural Academy. Timiryazev Academy ntawm Biotechnology. Scriabin (Moscow) nyob rau hauv lub Perm pedagogical University Pskov Agronomy College.

Hom ntawm cov khoom thiab marketing teeb meem

Cov qhabnias ntawm qhov kev lag luam ua hauj lwm qha tau tias nyob rau hauv Ntxiv nrog rau qhov ntau lawm, muaj ib tug ntau ntawm nyiaj txiag teeb meem.

Ntau tshaj li 80% ntawm cov teb tau txais nyiaj tau los ntawm cov muag khoom ntawm marketable zib ntab, hais txog lub lam zog tau paub txij ancient sij hawm. Ciab thov raws li ib tug raw khoom nyob rau hauv lub metallurgical, xim thiab printing industries, tab sis tus tsov ntxhuav feem ntawm cov khoom (70%) yog rov qab mus rau qhov kev lag luam nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov khoom cua honeycombs.

Tseem ceeb reserves ntawm kev lag luam profitability dag nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm technologies rau cia thiab ua cov propolis, paj ntoos, muv venom thiab pollen, muaj koob muaj npe jelly thiab homogenate drone kab uas yog siv nyob rau hauv tshuaj pleev ib ce thiab pharmaceuticals.

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, qhauj razvedencheskogo qhia cov khoom ua thiab tus muv lawv tus kheej - mus txog rau 50% ntawm cov nyiaj khwv nyiaj txiag yav qab teb Russia los ntawm cov muag khoom poj vaj thiab tej pob khoom.

Neeg txawv teb chaws yuav pab tau peb?

Rau txawv teb chaws ua lag ua luam beekeeping yog yus muaj los ntawm siab productivity thiab intensification ntawm ntau lawm. Raws li txoj cai thiab logistical tej yam kev mob yog paaj rau cov kev siv thiab kev txhim kho ntawm txheej txheem hom technology thiab cov khoom siv, thiab, raws li ib tug tshwm sim - tag nrho cov nruj ua raws li cov thoob ntiaj teb cov qauv ntawm cov khoom. Beekeeping kev lag luam nyob rau hauv ntau lub teb chaws tau txais cov nyiaj pab los ntawm lub khoom hauv lub xeev, nyiam tag nrho cov kev pab txhawb nqa. Piv txwv li, lub US tsoom fwv tswj tariffs rau mas zib mu (rau Tuam Tshoj thiab 180%, Argentina - mus txog rau 60%). US importers txiav nyiaj zib mu (txog li $ 300 lab ib xyoos) yog faib los pab txhawb domestic producers.

Rau lub Lavxias teb sab manufacturers yuav pab tau kev Canadian counterparts. Performance muv zos nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws saum toj no lub ntiaj teb no average tau nyob rau hauv ntau tshaj ob zaug.

Muab tseem ceeb heev rau kev txhim kho thiab expansion ntawm lub ntau yam ntawm tuam txhab uas muag cov khoom rau beekeeping. Nyob rau hauv kev ua lag luam tsis siv neeg cell kab printing thiab siv zib ntab centrifuges thiab tso tsheb hlau luam, cov khoom rau cais qhov zoo ntawm cov zib ntab. Haum xim txawm mus trifles: ce beekeeper "Sheriff" ntawm lub Danish lub tuam txhab "Svente" ib tug high degree ntawm kev tiv thaiv, kev nplij siab, durability.

Zeem muag ntawm txoj kev loj hlob. Innovation nyob rau hauv beekeeping

Lwv nrog Western counterparts yuav ua rau cov kev loj hlob ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm lub Ryazan Agricultural University nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm mechanization thiab txoj kev tshiab ntawm kev cov khoom beekeeping kev lag luam, xws li:

• technology thiab cov khoom siv rau lub extraction thiab kom qhuav beebread,
• complex tu thiab pressing ntawm propolis,
• Khoom noj khoom haus technology nyob rau hauv pub pasty ciab plhaub.

Feem ntau ntawm cov khoom no twb khiav nyob rau hauv ntau lawm. Technology nquag tshawb muv teb.

Zoo zeem muag kev cob cog rua nrog rau kev siv ib co yas honeycomb, lub pob (los ntawm txhab polystyrene thiab tej qib ntawm npaus), siv cov qauv zaj duab xis los ua kom lub dag lub zog ntawm muv zos.

Lub revolutionary khoom sau technology twb qhia los ntawm Australian beekeepers. Hauv plawv ntawm nws - ib tug kiag li tshiab rau lub thav duab ntawm lub muv ua xua thiab lub "tsev". Thaum sau cov honeycomb zib ntab yuav tsum qhib tus kais, thiab cov khoom nyob ib leeg faib mus rau tus outstretched lub peev xwm ntawm ib tug muv.

Nws muaj ib tug ntau ntawm cov tswv yim thiab hom kev kawm, tej zaum kuj yuav luag absurd. Uas lawv yuav coj cov hauv paus hniav thiab yuav tau txais txiaj ntsim beekeepers thiab beekeeping, tib lub sij hawm yuav qhia rau.