Yuri Khmelnitsky: nyuag Phau ntawv sau, kev nom kev tswv, thaum lub sij hawm lub reign

Ib qho ntawm feem muaj teeb meem nuj nqis nyob rau hauv Ukrainian keeb kwm yog Yuri Khmelnitsky. Tub ntawm tus poj historians Bogdan tau txais ib lub tswv yim uas diverges heev, nyob ntawm seb lawv ideological txoj hauj lwm. Tiam sis tag nrho cov neeg uas lawv pom zoo hais tias tus tub ntawm nws lub peev xwm zoo heev ua tsis tau zoo rau nws tus txiv. Biography Yuriya Hmelnitskogo yuav yog tus raug ntawm peb saib xyuas.

thaum yau

Yuri Khmelnitsky yug nyob ib ncig ntawm 1641 nyob rau hauv ib tug ua liaj ua teb nyob ze Chigirina hnub Saturday nyob rau hauv ib tsev neeg ntawm cov me me Ukrainian nobleman Bogdan (Zinovy) Khmelnitsky thiab Anna Semyonovna Somko, tus muam ntawm lub neej yav tom ntej kuj hetman Yakov Somko. Dhau li nws, tus neeg muaj xya me nyuam: 3 cov tub hluas thiab 4 ntxhais.

Hais txog qhov kev thaum ntxov xyoo ntawm lub neej Yuri zoo tsis muaj dab tsi yog paub, tsuas yog hais tias nws nyob nrog nws tus txiv thiab leej niam nyob rau hauv tsev ua liaj ua teb.

Tsev Neeg lub neej Khmelnytsky thiab tag nrho cov ntawm lub tebchaws no, tau hloov dramatically txij li thaum 1647, thaum hnub Saturday ua plundering raids tus kheej tus yeeb ncuab nobleman Bogdan Daniel Czapliński. Nws puas lub qub txeeg qub tes, thaum lub taub hau ntawm tsev neeg tawm hauv tsev mus, thiab nplawm ib nrab rau txoj kev tuag nws ib tug tub.

liberation tsov rog

Tsis nrhiav ib tug tsim nyog council mus rein nobleman, Bohdan Khmelnytsky thaum pib ntawm 1648 nyob rau hauv Ukraine sparked ib tug nrov uprising tiv thaiv Polish txoj cai. Lub ntsiab tsav tsheb quab yuam ntawm cov uprising yog tus Zaporozhye Cossacks, uas hetman nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo Bogdan Zinovy raug xaiv.

Cov thawj zaug successes ntawm lub uprising twb impressive, raws li cov Cossack pab tub rog nyob rau hauv pab pawg nrog rau cov Crimean Tatars tswj kom tswj feem ntau ntawm tam sim no-hnub Ukraine. Tseem politician Bogdan Khmelnitsky tsis yog li ntawd sophisticated, thiab raws li ib tug tshwm sim-ntaub pua ua si thiab ib tug series ntawm betrayals twb yuam nyob rau hauv 1651 rau kos npe rau ib disadvantageous Belotserkovskii ntiaj teb no uas yog tus nyob rau poob ntawm ib tug tseem ceeb ib feem ntawm lub cheeb tsam.

Bohdan Khmelnytsky pom tau hais tias tsis muaj ib tug haib pab pawg phooj ywg nws tsis yog los yeej muaj cov tsov rog. Nyob rau Pereiaslav Rada nyob rau hauv Lub ib hlis ntuj 1654 txiav txim siab tau pom zoo rau cov me nyuam los tu ntawm Lavxias teb sab pej xeem huab tais. Tom qab hais tias, Zog ntawm Guj kuj yog nyob rau hauv tsov rog nrog teb chaws Poland.

Yuri Khmelnitsky, tsis zoo li nws tus tij laug Timosha, vim thaum ntxov thaum yau, ib tug ncaj qha ib feem nyob rau hauv cov tub rog campaigns ntawm nws txiv tsis kam txais. Tom qab Timosha raug tua nyob rau hauv 1653 thaum lub sij hawm ib tug phiaj los nqis tes nyob rau hauv Moldova, Yuri yog tus tsuas yog tus tub ntawm Bogdana Hmelnitskogo, raws li nws cov kwv tij tau tuag ua ntej lawm. Nws raug txib los ua nws tus txiv mus kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv Kiev collegium.

Tom qab ua kom tiav nws kev tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv cov hnub nyoog ntawm kaum nrog rau cov kev pab ntawm nws txiv, Yuri Khmelnitsky Hetman twb tshaj tawm hais tias. Hais tias yog, Bogdan yog nws npaj los mus inherit hwj chim tom qab nws tuag, uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv 1657 los ntawm ib tug mob stroke.

Tom qab nws txiv tuag

Kaum xyoo Yuri tom qab cia li tuag ntawm nws tus txiv yog tsis npaj txhij rau coj dua lub koom haum saib xyuas ntawm lub xeev. Txawm tias ib feem ntawm lub Cossacks hais tias nws hetman, tab sis Chigirinskaya Rada sergeant xaiv lub taub hau ntawm lub tuam clerk (ib tug analogue ntawm cov European chancellor) Ivana Vygovskogo. Yury Bogdanovich twb yuam kam hwj chim nyob rau hauv dej siab ntawm ib tug ntau txog tej tus neeg sib tw.

Ivan Vygovskyy txij thaum lub hnub coj ywj siab ntawm Lavxias teb sab xeev txoj cai. Nws ntseeg hais tias cov Lavxias teb sab tsar txhaum thawj zaug ntawv cog lus rau lub union. Vygovskyy tau mus rau lub rapprochement nrog Poland, uas culminated nyob rau hauv lub xaus ntawm daim ntawv cog lus Hadiach 1658. Nws muab rau lub xam nrog ntawm Ukraine (grand duchy Lavxias teb sab) nyob rau hauv ib feem ntawm Poland, nyob rau sib npaug zos cov ntsiab lus nrog Lithuania thiab Poland.

Qhov no daim ntawv cog lus coj mus rau ib tug split nyob rau hauv Cov Qib ntawm Cossack. Ib tug xov tooj tseem ceeb ntawm cov txwj laug thiab yooj yim Cossacks tau pom zoo rau rapprochement nrog Poland thiab tseem loyal rau lub Lavxias teb sab Tsar. Lub cais coj mus rau ib tug peb caug-xyoo civil tsov rog nyob rau hauv Ukraine, ib lub sij hawm uas tau tau lub npe lub ruins. Thaum lub sij hawm sib ntaus sib tua ntawm lub Lavxias teb sab pab tub rog, uas tau txais kev pab los ntawm ib tug loyal rau vaj ntxwv ntawm lub Cossacks, thiab cov tub rog Vygovskogo, lub tom kawg swb thiab yuam nyob rau hauv 1659 mus rau flee rau hauv teb chaws Poland.

thib ob hetman

Tom qab khiav Vygovskogo, Cossack tub ceev xwm txiav txim siab mus xaiv ib tug tshiab Hetman. Ib qho ntawm feem active ntawm UFW ntawm cov deposed Vygovskogo muaj ib tug txiv ntxawm nyob rau hauv nws niam lub Yuri - Colonel Yakov Somko, uas nws tus kheej methyl nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm lub Cossacks lub taub hau. Tab sis lub ntsiab contender yog tus tub ntawm Velikogo Bogdana - kaum yim Yuri. txiv lub koob meej yog nws muaj zog tshaj card. Thiab nyob rau hauv lub Rada nyob rau hauv 1659 nyob rau hauv lub dawb Koom Txoos nyob rau lub post ntawm hetman Yuri Khmelnitsky tau pom zoo. Thaum lub sij hawm lub reign ntawm Hetman (1659 -. 1685) coincided nrog lub sij hawm ntawm ntshav ruins. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav kom nws xaiv tsa, Yuri xa mus rau lub Rada nyob rau hauv lub dawb Koom Txoos ib thoj tus neeg ntawm nws tus txiv - Ivana Bryuhovetskogo, uas nyob rau hauv yav tom ntej yuav tsum yog nyob rau hauv lub hetman ntawm sab laug-Bank Ukraine.

Nyob rau hauv lub tshiab Rada saws ib tug daws teeb meem nyob rau hauv tsab ntawv foob mus rau lub Lavxias teb sab Tsar rau lub expansion ntawm cov cai ntawm lub Cossacks. Nyob rau hauv kev, nug tau hais txog qhov lub strengthening hwj chim ntawm tus Hetman thiab cov autonomy ntawm lub Ukrainian lub Koom Txoos. Tab sis tsab ntawv foob tsis lees txais cov muaj koob muaj npe tswv xeev Troubetzkoy. Nws kuj demanded ib tug re-pog los ntawm cov Cossacks uas txoj cai yog txawm ntau tsawg nyob rau hauv kev sib piv nrog rau lub sij hawm Bogdana Hmelnitskogo.

phua lub Ukraine

Nyob rau hauv 1660 Lavxias teb sab pab tub rog nyob rau hauv cov coj ntawm nobleman Sheremetyev protested tawm tsam cov rog ntawm lub tebchaws no,. Yuav kom tus tswv xeev nws yog mus koom Yuri Khmelnitsky nrog nws Cossacks, tab sis laus dua tsis xav vim hais tias ntawm cowardice. Nws yog lig thiab nws twb ncig los ntawm Polish pab tub rog, twb tau muaj lub sij hawm rau puav ib ncig Sheremetyevo.

Nyob rau hauv siab Yuri Foreman twb yuam kom kos npe rau ib tug tshiab daim ntawv cog lus nrog lub tebchaws no. Nyob rau hauv ib qhov chaw ntawm kev npaj, nws lub npe hu ua Slobodyshche treatise. Qhov no daim ntawv cog lus tau nyob rau hauv ntau lub respects zoo xws li cov Gadyachsky, tab sis muab tsawg txoj kev ywj pheej ntawm lub Ukrainian pejxeem, nyob rau hauv particular, tsis muab rau autonomy. Yuri Khmelnitsky twb yuam kom thov kawm ntawm lub Polish huab tais.

Qhov tseeb yog tsis mus rau lub los ntawm ib tug loj ib feem ntawm cov txwj laus thiab Cossacks. Lawv tsis kam mloog lus thiab Yuri xaiv ua yeeb yam hetman Colonel Somko, uas txaus siab rau Lavxias teb sab lub nceeg vaj. Nyob rau hauv cov kev tswj ntawm Yuriya Hmelnitskogo tsuas yog txoj cai-bank Ukraine. Yog li, tshaj ib puas xyoo me ntsis Russia yog ua tau phua ua ob qhov chaw: lub tsev txhab nyiaj ntawm qho pom tau hais tias Polish thiab Ottoman txoj cai, thiab sab laug bank - lub hwj chim ntawm lub Lavxias teb sab tsar.

tshiab setbacks

Sim los tswj tau tshaj rau tag nrho cov ncig ntawm lub Ukraine, thiab cia siab rau tus pab txhawb nqa ntawm lub tebchaws no,, Yuri Khmelnitsky pib mus rau sab laug Bank. Ua ntej, nws cov tau ntsib nrog kev vam meej, tab sis tom qab ib tug Somko reinforcements tuaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov Lavxias teb sab pab tub rog nyob rau hauv lub txib ntawm Boyar Romodanovsky, txoj cai-bank hetman raug kev txom nyem ib crushing yeej ntawm Kanev lub caij ntuj sov 1662.

Tsis txhob lub Lavxias teb sab pab tub rog Khmelnitsky yuav tsuas xaus alliance nrog lub Crimean Khan. Yog li ntawd nyob rau hauv lub yeej twb tsis tau nws muaj nqis. Raws li commander pom nws tiav tsis ua hauj lwm Yuri Khmelnitsky, nws txoj cai tau ua tsis tau tejyam, lub yeeb koob ntawm nws txiv yuav tsis xyuas kom meej lub credibility ntawm txoj cai-bank hetman. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm 1662 nws twb yuam kam hwj chim nyob rau hauv dej siab ntawm cov thawj coj tub rog Pavla Teteri, thiab nws tau los ua ib tug haujsam nyob rau hauv lub npe ntawm nws tus tij laug, Khede-oos.

limbo

Tab sis qhov no mishap tub Bogdana Hmelnitskogo yog tsis yog qhov kawg. Paul Teteria pib nyaj nws ntawm xav rov qab rau hauv lub qhov chaw ntawm lub Hetman thiab yog li ntawd kaw neeg mloog nyob rau hauv 1664 nyob rau hauv Lviv fortress. Tsuas yog tom qab kev tuag ntawm Hetman Khmelnytsky nyob rau hauv 1667, nws tau tso tawm rau hauv lub qus thiab pib nyob rau hauv Uman monastery.

Noj ib feem nyob rau hauv lub Cossack council nyob rau hauv 1668, Yuri Khmelnitsky chiv txhawb cov pro-Turkish orientation ntawm tus tshiab txoj cai-bank hetman Peter Doroshenko, uas coj Ottoman pej xeem, tab sis, ces tsiv mus rau sab ntawm nws tus nrog sib ntaus Mihaila Hanenko.

Nyob rau hauv ib yam ntawm cov battles nrog lub Tatars Yuri nws twb ntes thiab xa mus rau Istanbul. Txawm li cas los, lub Turkish raug kaw rau lub qub Hetman yog kuj xis.

dua hetman

Tom qab Peter Doroshenko tsis kam Hetmanate thiab tuaj koom lub Lavxias teb sab pej xeem, nws los ua tseeb vim li cas lub Turks yog loyal rau Yuriyu Hmelnitskomu. Sultan pom nws raws li ib tug backup neeg sib tw rau tus ncej ntawm Hetman. Tseeb, los ntawm lub foundations ntawm cov Turks, nws yog hom phiaj haum rau no txoj hauj lwm tub Bogdan. Yuriya Hmelnitskogo yam ntxwv pub rau hais tias qhov no yuav tsum tau kiag li impotent ua nyob rau hauv txoj kab, uas yuav tsum tau cov Turks, vim hais tias los ntawm nws yuav tsis yog cia siab tias tej neeg sab nraud txiav txim.

Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv 1876, Yuri twb dua taw Hetman, lub sij hawm no los ntawm lub Turkish Sultan. Nws tau koom tes nyob rau hauv lub phiaj los nqis tes tiv thaiv tsis tau cov Turks Chigirin, thiab ces ua nws chaw nyob nroog ntawm Nemiroff.

tiav

Tsis muaj peev xwm los yeej tswj lub Ukrainian pawg neeg thaj av, Yuri Khmelnitsky pib npaj lub tua ntawm nws tus kheej kawm. Cov txheej xwm yog portrayed nyob rau hauv ib tug phem teeb portrait Yuriya Hmelnitskogo. Sij hawm luv luv reign ntawm Hetman twb nyob rau hauv 1681, thaum lub Turks xa nws mus rau ib qho ntawm cov Islands tuaj ntawm lub Aegean.

Muaj yog ib tug kev tshawb xav raws li uas Yuri Khmelnitsky Hetman tau raug tsa los ntawm cov Turks ib zaug ntxiv - nyob rau hauv 1683. Tiam sis nws kuj tseem excesses, raws li ua ntej. Qhov no angered lub Turkish Pasha, uas coj George nyob rau hauv Kamenetz-Podolsk, qhov uas nws tua nyob rau hauv 1685.

General yam ntxwv

Es complex thiab tragic lub neej nyob Yuri Khmelnitsky. Luv luv biography ntawm no ib tug neeg twb xam tau tias yog los ntawm peb. Kuv yuav tsum hais tias feem ntau historians pom zoo hais tias nws yog ib tug tsis muaj zog-willed, tsis zoo siab txiv neej, rau ib ntev lub sij hawm sim limbo. Peb yuav hais tias Yuri Khmelnitsky yog tus plaything ntawm txawv teb chaws nom tswv nyiam. Qhov no yuav tsis cuam tshuam rau nws psyche, uas tau nyob rau hauv lub xaus ntawm lub neej nyob rau hauv lub unfounded txim kawm.

Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, peb yuav tsum hais tias peb tseem paub kuj me me txog lub motives ntawm kev ua ntawm tus txiv neej no. Txawm muaj kev sib hwm kom nws tuag, muaj kev tsis sib haum ntawm cov historians.