Yuav ua li cas yog ib tug sonnet? Cov paj huam, ib tug sonnet. Tus sau phau ntawv ntawm sonnets

Ib tug nyiam ntawm paj huam thiab cov paj huam kiv cua sonnet yog los ntawm tej hauj lwm ntawm provencal troubadours, uas tsim ib tug secular lyrics thiab yog cov thawj compose nkauj nyob rau hauv lub vernacular es tshaj nyob rau hauv Latin. Lub npe ntawm ib hom ntawv nyeem mus rov qab mus rau lub provencal lo lus sonet - sonorous, sonorous song.

Yuav ua li cas yog ib tug sonnet? Lub keeb kwm ntawm tshwm sim

Albigensian ua tsov ua rog (1209-1229) hais tias them rau sab qab teb ntawm Fabkis, yuam ntau troubadours tsiv mus nyob rau Sicily, qhov twg nyob rau hauv lub 1200s nyob rau hauv Naples ntawm lub tsev hais plaub kws sau paj lug thiab patron ntawm Frederick II, paj huam tsev kawm ntawv tau tsim. Nws cov neeg sawv cev tau pab mus rau lub transformation ntawm lub sonnet - Italian nws tau hu ua SONETTO - tus ua ib hom ntawv nyeem ntawm nws ua hauj lwm. Sicilian paj huam enjoyed Tuscan lub suab hais lus, uas yog twb nyob rau hauv lub lem ntawm 13-14 centuries tsim lub hauv paus ntawm lub Italian lus. Muaj ntau ntawm cov geniuses ntawm lub Renaissance sau sonnets: Petrarch, Dante, Boccaccio, Ib De Ronsard, Lopé de Vega, Shakespeare ... thiab txhua tus ntawm lawv coj mus rau cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov kwv huam yog ib yam dab tsi tshiab.

Nta ntawm cov duab

Classic sonnet muaj kaum plaub nqe lus no. Nyob rau hauv lub era ntawm lub Italian thiab Fabkis Renaissance kws sau paj lug paj huam sau nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ob quatrains (quatrains) thiab ob Terzigno (triplets), thiab thaum lub sij hawm kawm lus Askiv - peb quatrains thiab ib ob.

Paj Huam-Sonnet incredibly musically, nws yog li ntawd ib qho yooj yim mus compose music rau nws. Tej yam atherosclerosis twb tiav ua tsaug rau cov alternation ntawm txiv neej thiab poj niam sib dhos, thaum lub kev nyuaj siab ntog rau lub caij nyoog kawg thiab, thiaj li, nyob rau hauv penultimate suab. Cov soj ntsuam ntawm pom tias tus classical sonnet muaj 154 lub suab, tab sis qhov no kev lig kev cai tsis tau complied nrog tag nrho cov paj huam. Ltalis, Fabkis thiab hais - tus menyuam txaj hauv peb lub poetic daim ntawv. Tus sau phau ntawv ntawm sonnets - tuaj ntawm txhua lub teb chaws - tau ua ib co kev hloov nyob rau hauv daim ntawv thiab muaj pes tsawg leeg.

crown ntawm sonnets

Qhov no daim ntawv ntawm cov paj huam originated nyob rau hauv ltalis nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 13th. Nyob rau hauv nws 15 sonnets, thiab rau tom kawg yog lub ntsiab tseem ceeb thiab lub tswv yim ntawm lwm kaum plaub. Vim li no, peb tau pib ua hauj lwm nyob rau tom kawg. Nyob rau hauv lub thib kaum tsib sonnet tseem ceeb yog cov thawj ob stanzas, thiab raws li kev lig kev cai, tus thawj sonnet yuav tsum tau pib ntawm thawj kab thiab xaus nrog rau lub xeem ob. Tsis muaj tsawg interesting yog rau lwm qhov chaw ntawm lub wreath-paj huam. Tus lwm yam tsug kaum peb sonnets kab kawg ntawm yav tas los tas yuav tsum tau rau ntawm thawj kab ntawm cov tom ntej no.

Ntawm Lavxias teb sab paj huam nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm lub ntiaj teb cov ntaub ntawv yuav tsum nco ntsoov lub npe Vyacheslava Ivanova thiab Valery Bryusov. Lawv txig paub dab tsi ib tug sonnet, li ntawd, nyiam nyob rau hauv lub crown ntawm sonnets. Nyob rau hauv Russia, qhov no daim ntawv ntawm kev sau ntawv originated nyob rau hauv lub 18th caug xyoo. Ntse heev Valeriy Bryusov yog ib tug tswv ntawm no ib hom ntawv nyeem, thiab ua raws li tus tsim lub hauv paus. Nws kawg zaj paj huam los ntawm ib tug wreath ntawm sonnets ( "Doom series") pib nrog cov kab:

"Kaum plaub qhia rau kuv tias nws yog tsim nyog

Lub npe ntawm nyiam puas ciaj sia! "

, Koj yuav tau siv ib tug me ntsis tsom xam rau ib hom ntawv nyeem ntawm muaj pes tsawg leeg yog ntau to taub. Los ntawm kev lig kev cai, qhov kawg zaj paj huam ntawm cov thawj sonnet pib thiab xaus - lub thib ob; peb sonnet pib lub xeem kab ntawm yav tas los ib tug, nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no - "cov npe ntawm nyiam puas ciaj sia!" Nws yuav sib cav hais tias Valeriy Bryusov mus txog perfection nyob rau hauv no ib hom ntawv nyeem. Rau hnub tim, 150 txawj suav wreaths sonnets Lavxias teb sab paj huam, thiab muaj txog 600 nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no ntawm paj huam.

Francesco Petrarca (1304-1374). Lub Italian Renaissance

Lawv hu ua nws thawj tug txiv neej ntawm cov Renaissance thiab founder ntawm classical Philology. Franchesko Petrarka twb kawm ntawv tus kws lij choj, los ua ib tug pov thawj, tab sis ho tsis nyob raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab ntawm theocentrism. Petrarch mus thoob teb chaws Europe, nyob rau hauv cov kev pab cuam ntawm Cardinal pib nws txawj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub zos ntawm Vaucluse nyob rau hauv yav qab teb Fabkis. Tag nrho nws lub neej nws txhais lub txheej thaud thiab najnpawb ancient classics - Virgil thiab Cicero. Muaj ntau ntawm nws cov kwv huam, xws li sonnets, Petrarch muab tso nyob rau hauv ib tug sau ntawm "Canzoniere", uas lus txhais tau tias "Phau Ntawv Songs". Nyob rau hauv 1341 rau nws txawj ua tau crowned nrog ib tug laurel wreath.

kos duab nta

Lub ntsiab feature ntawm Petrarch - hlub thiab yuav tsum tau hlub, tab sis hais tias kev hlub yuav tsum tsis txhob muaj rau cov poj niam tab sis kuj rau cov phooj ywg, tsev neeg, xwm. Qhov no lub tswv yim yog nws reflected nyob rau hauv nws cov hauj lwm. Nws phau ntawv "Kantsonere" yog hais txog muse Laura de tshiab khiv, ib tug tub rog tus ntxhais. Collection twb sau yuav luag tag nrho lub neej thiab muaj ob tug khoom. Sonnets thawj phau ntawv no hu ua "Rau lub neej ntawm Laura," tus thib ob - "Nyob rau hauv kev tuag ntawm Laura." Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, tus sau - 366 verses. Lub 317 sonnets ntawm Petrarch cai nqaij daim tawv muaj zog ntawm txoj kev xav. Nyob rau hauv lub "Canzoniere" tus sau pom cov hauj lwm ntawm cov paj huam nyob rau hauv chanting qhov zoo nkauj thiab brutal Madonna. Nws idealizes Laura, tab sis nws tsis poob nws tiag tiag yam ntxwv. Lub lyrical hero yog muaj tag nrho cov kev nyuaj siab ntawm unrequited hlub thiab raug kev txom nyem, hais tias nws yuav tsum tau ua txhaum ib yam dawb ceev cog lus. Lub nto moo tshaj plaws sonnet sau - 61, nyob rau hauv uas nws yog txaus siab rau txhua txhua na this siv nrog nws tus hlub:

"Foom koob hmoov rau yog hnub, lub hli, lub caij ntuj sov, teev
Thiab lub sij hawm ntawd thaum kuv ob lub qhov muag tau ntsib cov neeg ob lub qhov muag! "

Sau los ntawm Petrarch - ib tug poetic lees txim, nyob rau hauv uas nws qhia nws puab txoj kev ywj pheej thiab sab ntsuj plig kev ywj pheej. Nws yuav mus, tiam sis tsis khuv xim txoj kev hlub. Nws ciali mus nrhiav pov thawj thiab muaj yeeb koob nyob hauv ntiajteb no mob siab, vim hais tias tsis muaj kev hlub, tib neeg yuav tsis ciaj sia. Nqe vaj lug kub, sonnet qhia no lub tswv yim, thiab nws tseem los pab txhawb paj huam ntawm tom qab lub sij hawm.

Dzhovanni Bokkachcho (1313-1375). Lub Italian Renaissance

Qhov zoo Renaissance txawj sau ntawv (zoo tshaj plaws lub npe hu rau nws ua hauj lwm "Cov Decameron") yog ib tug tsaub me nyuam, yog li chiv nws twb kho nrog yuam cai, tab sis cov txuj ci prevailed, thiab cov tub ntxhais kws sau paj lug twb paub. Kev tuag ntawm Petrarch Boccaccio li tsiv hais tias nws sau tau ib sonnet nyob rau hauv nws yawm, uas qhia lub tswv yim impermanence ntawm earthly lub neej.

"Los ntawm Sennuchcho rau chino koom,

Thiab Dante koj, thiab ua ntej koj

Ces muab zais los ntawm peb hais nws tus kheej xab. "

Dzhovanni Bokkachcho nplooj siab sonnets Dante Aligeri thiab lwm yam geniuses, thiab feem ntau cov tseem ceeb - cov poj niam. Nws hlub nws hu ua ib tug lub npe - Fiametta, tab sis nws txoj kev hlub tsis yog raws li sublime li Petrarch, thiab ntau down rau lub ntiaj teb. Nws me ntsis alters sonnet ib hom ntawv nyeem thiab ua kev zoo siab kev zoo nkauj ntawm lub ntsej muag, cov plaub hau, lub puab tsaig, daim di ncauj, sau txog nws attraction rau kev zoo nkauj thiab qhia txog cov physiological xav tau kev pab. Dodger thiab cov nyiam cov poj niam yuav ib tug hnyav txoj hmoo: tu siab rau qhov xwm zoo nkauj creatures thiab raug kev txom nyem ntxeev siab, Boccaccio nyob rau hauv 1362 coj dawb huv kev txiav txim.

Ib De Ronsard (1524-1585). Fabkis Renaissance

Yug rau hauv ib lub tsev neeg ntawm muaj nyiaj thiab noble cov niam txiv, ib De Ronsard muaj txhua lub sij hawm rau ib tug zoo kev kawm ntawv. Nyob rau hauv 1542, nws tau muab scant tshiab Fabkis paj huam poetic meters thiab lus sib dhos, rau cov uas nws twb tabtom hu ua tus "huab tais ntawm paj huam." Alas, rau nws kawm tau zoo nws twb phem heev them thiab poob nws lub rooj sib, tab sis nws tsis tawm hauv lub siab hlob ntawm tus kheej-kev txhim kho. Advanced ancient kws sau paj lug nws xav tias Horace thiab Virgil. Ib De Ronsard twb coj los ntawm tus ua hauj lwm ntawm nws predecessors: nws paub dab tsi ib tug sonnet, thiab piav txog kev zoo nkauj ntawm cov poj niam, nws txoj kev hlub rau lawv. Cov kws sau paj lug yog peb Muses: Cassandra Marie thiab Elena. Nyob rau hauv ib yam ntawm cov sonnets, nws confesses nws txoj kev hlub mus rau ib tug tej yam tsaus ntuj nti-haired thiab xim av-eyed hluas nkauj, thiab cuabyeej rau nws hais tias tsis muaj redheads los yog svetlookie yeej tsis ua rau nws lub teeb txoj kev xav:

"Kuv muaj xim av ob lub qhov muag tseem ciaj sia nrog hluav taws blazing,
Kuv muaj gray ob lub qhov muag thiab pom kuv tsis xav ... "

Translations sonnets ua los ntawm no cov sau Lavxias teb sab sau ntawv ntawm lub thib nees nkaum caug xyoo - Vilgelm Levik thiab Vladimir Nabokov.

Uilyam Shekspir (1564-1616). English Renaissance

Dhau li ntawm tus splendid comedies thiab xwm txheej uas teev muaj nyob rau hauv lub txhab nyiaj ntawm lub ntiaj teb cov ntaub ntawv, Shakespeare sau 154 sonnets, ntawm kev txaus siab rau kev kawm txawj critics. Nws sau tau hais tias "qhov no tseem ceeb, nws qhib nws lub siab." Nyob rau hauv ib co sonnets txawj sau ntawv qhia nws ntawm sab ntsuj plig, thaum lwm tus neeg tau raug khi, txaus ntshai. Shakespeare mob siab chetyrnadtsatistrofnye zaj paj huam rau nws tus phooj ywg thiab Swarthy poj niam. Txhua sonnet yog peculiar tooj, li ntawd, nws yog ib qho yooj yim los txheeb xyuas cov gradation ntawm tus sau txoj kev xav: yog hais tias nyob rau hauv thawj tej hauj lwm ntawm lyrical hero admires kev zoo nkauj, tom qab 17 sonnets tuaj pleas rau them pauj. Nyob rau hauv cov kwv huam nyob rau hauv xov tooj 27-28, ib tug zoo nkaus li - yog tsis muaj kev xyiv fab tab sis ib tug xav xav tau.

Shakespeare tus sonnets tau sau tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv kev hlub ntxhais: tej zaum tus neeg sau ua raws li ib tug philosopher, dreaming txog kev tsis txawj tuag, thiab rau txim rau vices. Cuaj kaum, tus poj niam rau nws - yog ib tug zoo meej, thiab nws muaj kev ruaj ntseg hais tias kev zoo nkauj yog destined rau txuag lub ntiaj teb no. Nyob rau hauv lub npe nrov sonnet 130 Shakespeare admires cov kev zoo nkauj ntawm lub ntiaj teb ntawm nws tus hlub: nws ob lub qhov muag tsis muab los sib piv nrog rau cov hnub qub, lub complexion yog deb ntawm me ntxoov ntxoo ntawm rose, tab sis nws hais tias nyob rau hauv lub xeem ob:

"Thiab tsis tau nws muab li tsis yog,

Leej twg nyob rau hauv kev sib piv Lush tatau yuamkev. "

Italian, Fabkis thiab lus Askiv sonnets: zoo sib xws thiab sib txawv

Renaissance tau muab noob neej ntau masterpieces ntawm cov ntaub ntawv. Thaum pib nyob rau hauv ltalis nyob rau hauv lub thib kaum peb xyoo pua, ib tug me ntsis rau yav tom ntej ntu tau tsiv mus rau Fabkis, thiab ob tug centuries tom qab - nyob rau hauv ces. Txhua txawj sau ntawv, ua ib haiv neeg ntawm ib lub teb chaws, theem nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug sonnet ib co kev hloov, tab sis txuas ntxiv mus yuav tus feem ntau yam kev xai - chanting cov poj niam kev zoo nkauj thiab kev hlub rau nws.

Lub classic Italian sonnet quatrains sau rau ntawm ob lus sib dhos, Terzetto kuj tso cai rau sau raws li ob los yog peb, thiab cov alternation ntawm cov txiv neej thiab poj niam sib dhos yog xaiv teb tau. Nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, lub haum nyob rau hauv lub zaj paj huam yuav poob raws li lub xeem, thiab nyob rau hauv penultimate suab.

Nyob rau hauv Fabkis, ib tug txiav npluav twb yuam rau lub repetition ntawm cov lo lus thiab kev siv cov imprecise lus sib dhos. Quatrains los ntawm tercets nruj me ntsis sib cais los ntawm txhua lwm yam syntactically. Poets ntawm lub Renaissance nyob rau hauv Fabkis sau sonnets desyatislozhnikom.

innovation twb qhia nyob rau hauv ces. Poets paub dab tsi ib tug sonnet, tab sis es tsis txhob ntawm nws li ib txwm daim ntawv, muaj raws ntawm ob quatrains thiab ob TERCET muaj peb quatrains thiab ib ob. Xaus nqe yog suav tias yog ib tug tseem ceeb thiab ris kev paub qhia lo aphoristic maxim. Lub rooj qhia tau hais tias lub normalized versions ntawm lus sib dhos txawv teb chaws.

sonnet hnub no

Chetyrnadtsatistrofnaya thawj nqe daim ntawv tau ntse hloov zuj zuj thiab cov chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm kev kawm sau ntawv. Nyob rau hauv lub thib nees nkaum caug xyoo, lub feem ntau yog cov Fabkis qauv. Tom qab Samuil Yakovlevich Marshak brilliantly txhais Shakespeare tus sonnets, tus sau phau ntawv yog xav nyob rau hauv cov lus Askiv daim ntawv. Cov yav tas yog nyob rau hauv coob txawm tam sim no. Txawm tias muaj tseeb tias tag nrho cov sonnets tau txhais eminent geniuses ntawm ntaub ntawv, paj nyob rau hauv no ib hom ntawv nyeem tseem ceeb rau hnub no: nyob rau hauv 2009 Alexander Sharakshane luam tawm ib phau nrog translations ntawm Shakespeare tus sonnets.