Yuav ua li cas yog cov dawb-rider teeb meem, txoj kev los daws kom tau nws

Nyob rau hauv kev lag luam, cov dawb-rider teeb meem tshwm sim thaum cov neeg uas siv cov kev pab, cov khoom thiab cov kev pab cuam, tsis them rau lawv. Qhov no ua rau lub fact tias lawv muaj pes tsawg dua li qub. Tag nrho lwm cov neeg yuav tau them rau lawv txawm ntau. Yog hais tias cov xov tooj ntawm stowaways tseem yuav ua tau kom, nws yog tau hais tias ib tug zoo ntau lawm tsis kiag li. Lub ntsiab lo lus nug yog ua li cas kom tsis txhob frirayderstvo thiab tsis zoo los ntawm nws. free rider teeb meem tshwm sim thaum vaj tse txoj cai tsis kom meej meej tseg thiab zoo tswj.

Txheej txheem cej luam

Thaum ib tug neeg tsis yuav ib lub tsheb npav pib, thiab caij mus ua hauj lwm, nws tsis tsim tej yam teeb meem rau lub kev khwv nyiaj txiag. Yog li ntawd nws yuav tseg ib txhia ib feem ntawm lawv cov kev siv nyiaj. Tab sis li cas yog tias koj pib ua li ntawd ntau? Vim li cas yuav tsum tau them rau lub chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm tus neeg tsav tsheb, kho thiab yuav tus tshiab cov tsheb npav? Feem ntau cov yuav, lub tswv yuav sim kom ntxiv dag zog tswj thiab nce kev nplua. Yog hais tias ib lub tsheb npav daim pib mus tau mus yuav qhov feem ntau ntawm cov neeg caij tsheb yuav tsis tau, qhov lawv yuav tsum raug kaw. Qhov no txhais tau tias cuam tshuam tsis tsuas yog cov uas tsis tau them, tab sis kuj zoo heev pej xeem.

Tshwj xeeb yog ib qho free-rider teeb meem nyob rau hauv lub tsev ntawm cov pej xeem cov khoom. Nws tshwm sim thaum them nyiaj rau lawv yog yeem. Ib tug zoo xws li cov tswvyim yog siv nyob rau hauv kev sib ceg kev tshawb xav, antitrust cai lij choj, psychology thiab kev nom kev tswv science. Piv txwv li, ib co mej zeej ntawm pab neeg no yuav pib tsawg nteg, yog hais tias lawv ntseeg hais tias nws muaj freeriders. Ib tug zoo xws li cov teeb meem no tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm tsis ncaj ncees luam union cov tswv cuab. Ib tug piv txwv yog tiv thaiv kev siv nyiaj. Ib tug neeg muaj peev xwm tsis them se, tab sis nws yeej tseem xav tias yuav rau tib theem ntawm kev tiv thaiv raws li lwm cov pej xeem.

Raws li ib qho nyiaj txiag tswvyim

Yog hais tias peb tham txog dab tsi yog qhov dawb-rider teeb meem, nws essence yuav sau ua ke nyob rau hauv lub fact tias muaj yog ib tug tej yam pab pawg neeg ntawm cov neeg uas tau txais txiaj ntsim los ntawm kev siv ntawm cov khoom, tab sis tsis them rau lawv. Qhov no ua rau underproduction. Qhov no yog vim lub inefficiency ntawm Pareto. Dawb-rider nyhuv yog reflected nyob rau hauv kev pab stocks, uas yog tshwm sim tej khoom vaj tse, ua rau lawv sai depletion. nyuaj heev rau faib cov nyiaj pab ncaj ncees, vim hais tias kev tswj tsis muaj ntaub ntawv tsim nyog. Yog hais tias peb nug cov neeg yuav ua li cas lawv soj ntsuam lawv cov nqi, lawv yog cov yuav mus underestimate nws. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, cov nyiaj ntawm pej xeem cov khoom, nws yog ib qhov nyuaj rau cais los ntawm lub defaulters. Yog hais tias ib yam nkaus thiab muaj coob tus neeg pib cov menyuam thiab freeriding, ces nws thiaj li yuav tuaj ib lub sij hawm thaum ib tug system los yog ib qhov kev pab kom tsis txhob ua hauj lwm vim tsis muaj nyiaj.

Kev tshawb fawb muaj lus nug

Yuav ua li cas yog lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub freerider teeb meem (freerider, ib tug luav, ib tug defaulter), koom kawm ua tus kws txawj nyob rau hauv lub tshav pob ntawm pej xeem sector economics. Ib feem ntawm cov pej xeem mus nkaum se, ua rau nws yooj yim dua hav zoov ntawm tus so ntawm cov pejxeem. Qhov no qhov teeb meem yog mob siab rau Wicksell, Lindahl thiab Musgrave. Lawv cheeb tsam ntawm kev txaus siab yog lub neej zoo taxation. Qhov teeb meem no yog kuj koom cov kws txawj nyob rau hauv lub lag luam, thoob ntiaj teb economic kev sib raug zoo, kev tshawb xav ntawm kev koom ua ke koom haum ua teb, ib puag ncig tiv thaiv. Txawm li cas los freeriding tsa tsis zoo nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws tej ntaub ntawv. Feem ntau ntawm cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov ntawv no yog txuas mus rau tus duab ntxoov ntxoo kev khwv nyiaj txiag.

daim duab freerider

free rider teeb meem muaj raws li nram no yuav raug txim:

• underproduction ntawm pej xeem cov khoom;
• ntsuas lawv zoo;
• ntev li havzoov ntawm cov kev pab uas yog siv los ntawm tag nrho cov.

Ib tug classic piv txwv yog "lub zej lub zos qee." Nws tshwm sim thaum uas ib pab pawg neeg ntawm cais daim av. Yog hais tias koj tsis tswj los yog tswj tus nqi ntawm cov grazed nyuj, tsis ntev lawv yuav tsis tau siv ib tug.

Txawm li cas los freerider - nws tsis yog tsuas yog tus neeg uas tsis ua ib qhov nqi ntawm cov nyiaj rau cov kev pab ntawm noj lawv. Qhov teeb meem yog, thiab thaum twg nws tsis them rau nws nyob rau hauv lwm txoj kev. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv cov tub rog kev pab cuam, cov kev kev kev pab lug txhawb cov miv, high-zoo ua hauj lwm, ntaub ntawv. Freerider kev ua yog tooj mus rau koom, kev sib raug zoo thiab pab pawg neeg kev cai ntawm kev coj cwj pwm, lub teb chaws thiab thoob ntiaj teb txoj cai. Feem ntau cov cwj pwm no yog ib tug meej pem pej xeem. Thiab nws muaj ib tug tsis zoo feem rau tag nrho lwm cov neeg siv ntawm cov pej xeem zoo. Dawb-rider teeb meem muaj feem xyuam rau qhov teeb meem ntawm kev sib raug zoo kev ncaj ncees.

qhia kom paub txog free-caij

Yuav kom qhia tau tias freerider, koj yuav tsum xub xyuas seb lub hav zoov ntawm cov kev pab. Stowaway thauj tej zaum txhob txwm tsis them rau mus txawv tebchaws thiab tsis nco qab ua nws. Yog li ntawd, nws yog tsim nyog los paub qhov txawv cov freerider thiab cov kev kawm tsis paub txog qhov yuav tsum tau them. Cov yav tas yuav tsis to taub hais tias kov ib tug pej xeem zoo. Dawb-rider teeb meem ntawm kev qhia kom paub yog feem ntau txuam nrog sai hloov nyob rau hauv hnub no lub koom txoos. Muaj ntau pej xeem khoom uas yus muaj los ntawm ib tug es txoj kev teeb tsa. Yog li ntawd, nws yog ib qhov nyuaj los mus txiav txim raws nraim uas txuas pib tshwm freeriders.

Qhov teeb meem ntawm underestimation ntawm pej xeem cov khoom

Yog hais tias koj thov kom muaj ib tug neeg yog hais tias nws them nyiaj txaus, nws yuav mus rau teb rau lo lus nug no nyob rau hauv qhov tsis zoo. Txawm li cas los, feem ntau peb yuav underestimate ua hauj lwm ntawm lwm tus neeg. Nws los thiab pej xeem cov khoom. Lawv ntau lawm yog feem ntau cov tau nyiaj txiag los ntawm lub xeev. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nws yog feem ntau yooj yim nyob rau hauv ua ntej yuav coj mus rau hauv tus account tag nrho cov nqi, li ntawd, cov pej xeem zoo nqe yuav muab nws txo qis.

Ua rau stowaways

Feem ntau cov feem ntau, freeriding - ib tug meej pem xaiv thiab txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub neej. Cov neeg yuav suav hais tias ib tug pej xeem zoo, thiab yuam kom ruaj. Nws yog tseem tau qhov teeb meem no thaum lawv tseem tsis txaus siab nrog nws zoo. Lwm vim li cas yog cov uas tsis muaj nyiaj tau los ntawm cov pejxeem. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, cov neeg no tab tom nrhiav rau ib tug txoj kev kom tsis txhob muaj ntxiv cov nqi thiab cov nyiaj khaws tseg nyob rau hauv no txoj kev. Txawm li cas los, Yog hais tias stowaways yog vim tsis zoo ntawm cov kev pab, yuav ua li cas nws yuav tau zoo tuaj yog hais tias muaj yog ib tug mob shortfall ntawm cov nyiaj vim lawv? Nws yog ib tug vicious voj voog.

Yuav kom daws tau qhov teeb meem, koj yuav tsum hloov cov heev economic mechanism ntawm creation ntawm pej xeem cov khoom, nws txais thiab tau. Muaj ntau cov kws txawj xav txog tsim nyog rau lawv pom mus rau hauv cov khoom thiab cov kev pab cuam rau koj tus kheej siv. Part politicians sawv rau ib ntus ncua kev kawm ntawv ntawm, e.g., dej, roj, hluav taws xob uas tsis yog-kuj. Txawm li cas los, qhov no yuav tsum tau ib tug zoo PatientsÕ moj khaum.

Freerider nyob rau hauv lub koom haum

Ib tug ntau yam ntawm cov dawb-rider teeb meem yog cov siv ntawm unscrupulous businessmen paaj chaw uas tsim los ntawm lwm yam businessmen. Freeriding tshwm sim thaum ib tug neeg ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub "guise" ntawm ib tug hom, tab sis tsis ua tej yam kev pab mus rau nws zoo duab. Lwm cov piv txwv yuav ua tau ib tug prestigious university associate xib fwb uas yog tsis koom nyob rau hauv scientific kev ua ub no. Nws nyiam cov kev pab cuam ntawm cov kev ua ub, tab sis tsis txhob ua rau kom lub Department of qeb duas uas yog khiav. Tsis tas li ntawd nkag thiab soloist ntawm lub Bolshoi Theatre, tsis los txhim kho lawv kev txawj ntse. Nws tsuas ua hauj lwm "kos npe rau," thiab nws tsis ua tej yam kev pab mus rau lub tsev kawm ntawv yav tom ntej. Ib tug zoo xws li cov teeb meem yuav tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ib lub lag luam union los yog lwm cov koom haum. Yuav kom daws tau qhov teeb meem no, muaj ntau yam tuam txhab uas muag tsis txhais mus rau hauv ib tug franchise hauv paus rau tag nrho cov ua hauj lwm. Yog li ntawd lawv yuav tswj tau qhov zoo tshaj ntawm cov kev pab cuam distributors.

Muaj freeriding thiab nyob rau hauv lub koom haum. Nws zoo nkaus li thaum ib pab pawg neeg ntawm cov neeg muaj lub sij hawm kom tsis txhob lawv zog. Yuav kom tshem tawm tuam txhab uas muag restructuring. Cov kev siv ntawm cov chaw ua hauj lwm yuav tsum tau nqa tawm zoo tswj. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg hais tias tus loj dua cov pab pawg neeg, qhov ntau yuav pib mus rau sawv ntsug free-rider teeb meem. Thiab nws yuav countered tsuas yog los ntawm ib tug ntsuam xyuas ntawm txhua tus neeg ua hauj lwm. Yog li ntawd feem ntau nyob rau hauv kev nrhiav kom tau freeriders nqi yog tsis tsim nyog cov ua nyhuv.

tau outputs

Tshuaj dawb-rider teeb meem yog cov neeg ua hauj lwm ntawm tsoom fwv. Lub xeev yuav tsum tsis txhob tsuas cai cov kev cai tab sis kuj mechanisms rau lawv cov tub ceev xwm. Feem ntau cov feem ntau, tus tsoom fwv thov kev ntsuas kom tiv thaiv ib puag ncig degradation thiab ntau siv ntawm cov kev pab. Cov muaj xws li cov kev taw qhia txog ntau yam se thiab txhawb kom donations. Nws yog tseem tau hais tias cov pej xeem zoo yog hloov dua siab tshiab rau hauv private khoom.

nyob rau hauv kev xyaum

Nyob rau hauv Russia, free-rider teeb meem, piv txwv uas yuav nrhiav tau nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov cheeb tsam ntawm kev pej xeem kev sib raug zoo, yog heev. Lub xeev lub luag hauj lwm yog lossi ua nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws kev khwv nyiaj txiag. Nws nrhiav kev tsis tau tsuas yog los xyuas kom meej qhov lag luam ntawm kev ua lag luam mechanisms, tab sis kuj yuav mitigate socio-economic teeb meem.

Txawm li cas los, qhov yuav tsum tau rau lub xeev raws li ib tug regulator yog nej ib tug muaj teeb meem qhov teeb meem. Nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntev ntawm no yuav ua tau ib tug tseem ceeb tsis tau. Qhov no yog vim lub fact tias lub zus tau tej cov pej xeem xeev cov kev pab cuam uas muab los ntawm taxation. Thiab nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam no yog tshwj xeeb yog tus nais khu, raws li peb tau pom, qhov teeb meem ntawm dawb-caij. Yog li ntawd, ntawm no yog ib qho tseem ceeb nqi koj tshuav ntawm lub luag hauj lwm ntawm lub xeev thiab collective kev ntawm cov pab pawg me me ntawm cov neeg. Tsoom fwv kev koom tes yog heev tau los ua ib tug thiaj li hu ua ntshiab pej xeem cov khoom, tab sis nyob rau hauv qhuav ntawm tov nws zoo tshaj plaws kom txo tau.