Yuav ua li cas yog allotropy? allotrope ntawm cov pa roj carbon, Science News for KIDS

Yog vim li cas ntau yam ntawm cov organic tebchaw - lub peev xwm los tsim txawv carbon atoms chains thiab mus yog interconnected. Qhov ntawd yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm isomerism. Thiab yog vim li cas rau lub ntau yam ntawm tej yam yooj yim inorganic tshuaj? Nws hloov tawm hais tias koj yuav teb tau lo lus nug no los ntawm kev xav dab tsi allotropy. Nws yog nrog no tej yam ntuj tso tshwm sim nyob rau lub ntiaj teb no ntawm tshuaj ntsiab khi lub hav zoov ntawm ntau yam ntaub ntawv ntawm tej yam yooj yim sib txuas.

Yuav ua li cas yog allotropy?

Teb rau lo lus nug no yuav ua tau li ntawd. Qhov no tshwm sim yog lub hav zoov ntawm ib yam tshuaj uas caij nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ob peb yam yooj yim tshuaj. Uas yog, yog hais tias tus cell 118 nyob rau hauv lub periodic rooj, nws tsis txhais hais tias tus tib tus naj npawb ntawm atoms nyob rau hauv cov xwm. Txhua yam ntawm lub ntsiab (yuav luag tag nrho cov) muaj ib los sis ntau ntau yam, los yog allotropic kho.

Yuav ua li cas yog sib txawv xws tshuaj? Yog vim li cas rau lub phenomenon nyob rau hauv lo lus nug yeej ob:

• ib tug txawv tus naj npawb ntawm atoms nyob rau hauv lub molecule (allotropy muaj pes tsawg leeg);
• zoo tib lattice qauv (allotropy daim ntawv no).

Feem ntau lub tswvyim yog txuam nrog lub sij hawm polymorphism. Txawm li cas los, muaj dab tsi sib txawv nruab nrab ntawm lawv. Yuav ua li cas yog allotropy? Qhov no kev hloov kho ntawm cov tshuaj hais nyob rau hauv txawv yooj yim tshuaj, tsis hais seb nws yog nyob rau hauv ib lub xeev ntawm aggregation. Thaum polymorphism - cov tswvyim no yog muaj feem xyuam tsuas rau cov khoom crystalline tshuaj.

Ntau allotropic kev hloov kho tebchaw feem ntau yog denoted los ntawm Roman cov tsiaj ntawv ua ntej lub npe. Alpha yog ib txwm muab tso rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm daim ntawv no, uas muaj ib tug tsawg kawg nkaus melting kub ntawm ib kub npau npau. Ntxiv cia cov tsiaj ntawv thiab ib qho kev nce rau hauv kev kawm, ntsig txog.

Txawm tias cov tshuaj lub caij nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm tej yam yooj yim tshuaj tib yam, kev hloov kho cov khoom ho txawv los ntawm txhua lwm yam, thiab ob lub cev thiab tshuaj. Qhov yooj yim txoj kev uas yuav muab lub hauv allotropic cov ntaub ntawv:

• uas tsis yog-hlau (tshwj tsis yog rau halogens thiab inert gases);
• semimetals.

Tsawg kawg allotropy co kawm txij li thaum lawv tsim ib tug tsis kam xws hloov thiab tsis yog tag nrho. Tag nrho cov rau hnub tim muaj ntau tshaj 400 yam ntaub ntawv ntawm tej yam yooj yim tshuaj. Qhov ntau oxidation cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub caij, ntau dua qhov lub xov tooj ntawm lub npe hu allotropic kev hloov kho rau nws.

carbon kev hloov kho

allotrope ntawm carbon - yog lub feem ntau heev thiab tawm piv txwv illustrating lub phenomenon nyob rau hauv nqe lus nug. Tom qab tag nrho, qhov no caij muaj peev xwm sawv ntawm txoj kev ob peb hom tebchaw txawv siv lead ua ntxaij ntoo qauv. Nyob rau hauv cov duab no ntawm ib tug yooj yim tshuaj xws ncov qaumteb qabteb opposites nyob rau hauv lawv thaj chaw uas kev txiav txim siab sab laug mus rau xav ntawm qhov.

Yog li, ib tug allotrope ntawm carbon muaj xws li cov nram qab no hloov.

1. Yuav ua li cas yog ib qho allotrope ntawm cov pa roj carbon, yuav tsum havzoov thiab tom ntej no nws zoo lawm, uas yog fundamentally sib txawv ntawm cov yav tas los ib. Qhov no graphite. Heev mos yeeb tshuaj, uas yuav flake tawm tau yooj yim thiab tawm ib tug txawv cim rau ntawm daim ntawv. Yog li ntawd, nws siv rau qhov siv thiab ua leeg yog yooj yim cwj mem qhuav. Tus qauv ntawm daim ntawv no - lub hexagonal fawm kib. Kev sib txuas ntawm khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg yog tsis muaj zog, tau yooj yim nraus, tsis tshua muaj ceev cov ntaub ntawv. Graphite yog siv los tsim cov khoom cua diamonds li cov khoom lubricant, rau qhov siv thiab ua cov electrodes li yas muab tub lim, thiab nyob rau hauv nuclear reactors.
2. Fullerenes - lwm pov thawj hais tias muaj allotropy. Science News for KIDS ntawm cov tebchaw yog zoo li hais tias ntawm lub uas muaj ntxhiab hydrocarbons. Vim hais tias lawv cov qauv yog convex kaw polyhedra, li ib lub npas. Fullerenes yog siv raws li ib tug semiconductor nyob rau hauv lub kos duab rau zus tau tej cov superconducting tebchaw li photoresist thiab lwm tus neeg.
3. Lonsdalite tserafit thiab - ob ntxiv crystalline allotropic kev hloov kho ntawm cov pa roj carbon. Nws twb nrhiav tau kuj ntev los no. Los ntawm lub zog zoo heev rau cov pob zeb diamond, nyob rau hauv lub qhaj ntawv ntawm impurities yuav ua tau txawm nyuaj ob peb lub sij hawm.
4. Thee thiab muaj hmoov quav - allotropy amorphous tshuaj. Siv raws li roj, lubricants, ntxaij lim dej, thiab hais txog. Raws li cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv qhov xwm ntawm tus feem ntau ntawm tag nrho cov kev hloov kho ntawm cov pa roj carbon.

pob zeb diamond

Lub hardest ntawm tag nrho cov paub tshuaj rau hnub tim, kwv yees li ntawm 10 ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv lub Mohs scale. Lub crystalline daim ntawv ntawm cov pa roj carbon, uas qauv yog rau hauv daim ntawv kom zoo interconnected tetrahedral network chaw.

Pob zeb diamond yog heev zoo tau scatter lub teeb, nws yuav siv tau raws li jewellery (diamonds). Vim nws ua heev heev hardness, yog siv rau tej thiab welding, drilling, polishing, thiab sib tsoo. Niaj hnub no launched zus ntawm cov khoom cua diamonds siv nyob rau hauv kev lag luam.

lwm hom

Tsis tas li ntawd, muaj ntau ntau ntau ntau yam ntawm no:

• nanotubes;
• nanofoam;
• Astrolite;
• nanofibers;
• glassy;
• graphite;
• carbine;
• nanobuds.

Tej zaum, tab sis putative ntaub ntawv ntawm cov hav zoov ntawm tej yam yooj yim carbon tebchaw: chaoit, carbon thiab hlau dicarbon.

oxygen allotropy

Qhov no ntaub ntawv ob nonmetal yooj yim tshuaj:

• oxygen gas (ntawm ib txwm tej yam kev mob), cov mis uas O _2;
• ozone roj, qhov cov empirical muaj pes tsawg leeg uas thiaj O _3.

Nws yog pom tseeb tias ntawm no yog lub ntsiab yog vim li cas rau lub hav zoov ntawm kev hloov kho - lub molecule. Tej pa - lub hauv paus ntawm lub neej rau tag nrho cov nyob creatures (tshwj tsis yog rau co kab mob). Nws yog ib tug active koom tes nyob rau hauv lub nkev pauv, qhov ntawm lub zog rau tag nrho lub neej muaj dab. Sib - oxidant, uas ib tug plurality kev tshua yog nqa tawm.

Nws yog tsim nyob rau hauv cov xwm los yog tshwj xeeb khoom siv sim ozonizers oxygen los ntawm huab cua los ntawm ib tug muaj zog hluav taws xob tawm. Nyob rau hauv tej yam ntuj tso tej yam kev mob - nws yog xob laim. Thaum uas tsis muaj ntau ntawm tej qhov cim tseg nws muaj ib tug tsis hnov tsw qab ntxiag tshiab (tom qab lub cua daj cua dub yeej ib txwm muaj nyob rau hauv cov huab cua). Nws yog ib tug heev muaj zog oxidant, bleach, sib active.

phosphorus kev hloov kho

Allotropy oxygen yog zoo li ntawd ntawm phosphorus thiab. Nws kuj muaj txog 11 txawv hloov differing tooj ntawm atoms nyob rau hauv lub molecule, thiab yog li ntawd, ib tug tshuaj daim ntawv cog lus thiab zog. Muaj peb ruaj khov cov ntaub ntawv, thiab tus so, nyob rau hauv qhov suab tsis tshwm sim, thiab lwj.

1. Dawb phosphorus. Nws Formula F _4. Ib tug tshuaj li dawb mos mos paraffin los yog me ntsis yellowish xim. Nws yog ib qho yooj yim rau yaj, tig mus rau tshuaj lom roj.
2. Liab phosphorus - ib tug muab tshuaj txhuam, uas muaj ib tug unpleasant tsw. Formula - P _n. Qhov no polymer qauv.
3. Dub phosphorus - oily qhov kov hnyav, uas yog dub nyob rau hauv cov xim thiab tag soluble nyob rau hauv cov dej.

hlau hloov kho

Yuav ua li cas yog allotropy co, yuav muaj nyob rau cov piv txwv ntawm cov hlau. Nws tshwm sim nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm:

• alpha;
• beta;
• gamma;
• sigma zoo.

Txhua txawv los ntawm lub yav dhau los cov qauv ntawm tus siv lead ua ntxaij ntoo thiab, raws li, lub zog. Piv txwv li, alpha-daim ntawv - ferromagnetichna thiab beta -paramagnetik.

Feem ntau, tag nrho cov paub co ntawm allotropic kev hloov kho rau daim ntawv muaj tag nrho ntawm 27 tshuaj ntsiab.

tin allotropy

Nthuav nyob rau hauv uas lub alpha-daim ntawv - ib tug grey hmoov, uas tshwm sim tsuas yog thaum uas tsis muaj kub. Beta-daim ntawv no, rau lwm cov tes, hlau, silvery-dawb, mos mos thiab zas. Muaj yog thaum muaj kev kub kub - mus txog rau 161 ° ^C. Ib daim ntawv yog nkag hloov dua siab tshiab mus rau lwm lub nyob rau hauv vivo, yog tias degree nco.