Yog ho nphav kiag: general yam ntxwv thiab qhov tseem ceeb

Heev ncauj lus kom ntxaws txog cov kab mob ntawm kev txaus siab rau peb muab tutorials rau hauv kev kawm "Biology" (Qib 6). General yam ntxwv ntawm fungi, txawm li cas los, - lub ntsiab rau tag nrho cov phau ntawv thiab scientific ntaub ntawv. Qhov no yog vim li - mus kawm lawv heev nthuav.

Nceb, ib tug general hauj lwm uas yog nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm, ib puag ncig thiab trophic indices - heterotrophic eukaryotes nrog tsuas osmotrofnym hom khoom noj khoom haus. Qhov no txhais kom meej meej distinguishes lawv los ntawm lwm yam kab mob mus rau lub chaw nyob los ntawm cov biota. General yam ntxwv ntawm fungi yuav qhia tau tias nws osmotrofnym txoj kev hwj chim vim morphological, physiological thiab biochemical yam ntxwv ntawm.

Vegetative lub cev ntawm fungi

Lub vegetative lub cev ntawm feem ntau fungi yog ib co branched filaments (hyphae) nrog unlimited kev loj hlob, uas ua ke hu ua mycelium los yog mycelium. Feem ntau, lub mycelium yog nkaus raus nyob rau hauv lub substrate (av, cog cov ntaub so ntswg, tsiaj dung, qoob loo seem, thiab hais txog.), Thiab tej nta ntawm nws cov qauv tso cai rau rau siab tshaj plaws extract los ntawm nws tag nrho cov as-ham rau hauv lub cev siv ekzoosmosa.

Organic tshuaj nyob rau hauv cov substrates yog tsuas yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm siab molecular yuag polymers (cov nqaijrog, polysaccharides, nucleic acids) uas tsis kis tau los ntawm lub cell npog. Yog li ntawd fungi, cov kev yam ntxwv uas peb xav nyob rau hauv lub substrate emit depolymerase enzymes muab siab npuab oligo- thiab polymers ntawm monomers uas yuav thauj mus rau hauv lub hlwb. Yog hais tias tus tsiaj digestive enzymes yog secreted mus rau hauv cov hnyuv, ces cov nceb lawv sawv tawm, thiab ces tus fungal hyphae yuav muab piv ib yam mus rau ib qho everted plab.

tu tub tu kiv ntawm fungi

Tag nrho cov immersion rau hauv lub substrate mycelium txwv lawv dispersal nyob rau hauv qhov chaw. Yog li ntawd, lawv ua me nyuam cov kabmob uas yuav muab tso rau pem hauv ntej rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub substrate, los yog tsa saum toj no nws mus rau kis nyob rau hauv cov huab cua, los yog (yog hais tias tus substrate yog nyob rau hauv cov dej) ntawm lub aqueous nruab nrab. Muaj ntau fungi (macromycetes) spore-kev coj tus kheej lub cev yog loj, kom meej meej pom mus rau tus liab qab qhov muag (microscopic saum toj no cov av shlyapochnye nceb uas loj hlob nyob rau hauv los yog tinder tsob ntoo). Lwm yam fungi (mikromitcety) yog me me lub cev ntawm sporulation, lawv cov qauv yuav pom xwb nyob rau hauv ib tug tshuab kuaj kab mob, tab sis lawv tsim ib tug loj txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov xim nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov raids fungi nyob rau hauv ntau yam substrates.

Ob ntawm lub nceeg vaj ntawm fungi

Phylogenetic reconstructions qhia tias ecomorphs "mushroom" yog tsis homogeneous monophyletic pab pawg neeg, thiab yog muab faib ua ob phyla (lub nceeg vaj). Qhov zoo tshaj plaws ib feem, hu ua "muaj tseeb fungi" (eumitsety) monophyly thiab yog ua tau lub nceeg vaj fungi (Yog ho nphav kiag). Tus me ib feem, hu ua "gribopodobnymi kab mob" (psevdomitsety) los nrog rau ib co seaweed nyob rau hauv lub nceeg vaj Stramenopila, uas yog hoob kawm rau hauv ob pawg - Oomycota (oomycetes) thiab Labyrinthulomycota (net slime pwm). Nyob rau lub hauv paus ntawm no faib ua li cov kev yam ntxwv ntawm fungi. Amanita, raws li koj tau pom - qhov no yog tsuas yog ib feem ntawm tag nrho cov ntawm lawv muaj ntau haiv neeg.

Thawj thiab theem nrab metabolites

Tag nrho cov metabolites conventionally muab faib mus rau hauv thawj thiab. Primary metabolites yog tsim nyog rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub cev, thiab irreplaceable. Qhov no nucleic acids, cov nqaijrog, carbohydrates, coenzymes, lipids, thiab lwm yam Cov no ua cellular organelles -. Nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, cell phab ntsa thiab daim nyias nyias lug uas yog nceb. General yam ntxwv ntawm cov thawj metabolite yog hais tias lawv muaj roj hlwb yog siv raws li ib qhov chaw ntawm cov zaub mov thiab lub zog. Secondary metabolites yog tsim nyog rau adaptation mus rau lub tej yam kev mob ntawm lub neej. Lawv muaj peev xwm tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ib co hom thiab tsis mus kawm nyob rau hauv lwm tus neeg. Tsis zoo li cov thawj, theem nrab metabolites - yog feem ntau tsis tshua muaj molecular yuag tebchaw.

cov nqaijrog

Lub Khoos Loos Tsev nqaijrog yog ib feem ntawm lub cell phab ntsa, membrane lug, chromosomes no los ua cytoskeletal ntsiab - microtubules thiab microfilaments. Enzyme cov nqaijrog muab tag nrho cov intracellular dab thiab sis raug zoo nrog cov ib puag ncig.

carbohydrates

Lub Khoos Loos Tsev polymeric carbohydrates - lub hauv paus ntawm lub cell phab ntsa, uas yog fungi. General yam ntxwv ntawm carbohydrates nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg muaj pes tsawg leeg ua tau rau faib lawv mus rau hauv peb pab neeg: cov piam thaj thiab lwm yam monosaccharides thiab carbohydrates covalently txuas rau peptides (glycoproteins).

Qabzib polymers - yog glucans, chitin thiab cellulose. Glucans yog linear los yog branched chains ntawm zib molecules. Lawv tshwm sim tawm lub txheej txheej ntawm lub cell phab ntsa ntawm feem ntau fungi. Nyob rau hauv lub lwg me me ntawm chitin zib residues yog koom nrog amino pawg (aminated) los ua uas, nyob rau hauv lem, yog txuas acetic acid residues (acetylated). Molecules "stitched" ua ke branched molecules lwm polysaccharides tshwm sim tawm lub khoom cev pob txha ntawm lub cell phab ntsa. Cellulose yog pom nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov nais maum kuaj Oomycetes nyob rau hauv uas nws yog hais txog 10% ntawm lub cell phab ntsa loj. Ntev ntseeg hais tias nws yog tsis muaj tseeb fungi, tab sis tam sim no qhia tau hais tias nws muaj nyob rau hauv cov phab ntsa hauv ib co Ascomycetes (genus Ophiostoma).

Polymers lwm monosaccharides (mannose, galactose, thiab lwm tus neeg.), Thiab Raug Hu nyob rau hauv ntau dua nroj tsuag hemicellulose, tsis muaj tag nrho cov pab pawg ntawm cov fungi. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog ib tug ntau ntawm polymers ntawm mannose - mannans - nyob rau hauv lub cell phab ntsa ntawm poov xab. Thaj, xws li ib tug qauv qhia budding phab ntsa zoo dua glucan.

Thaum kawg, ib tug general cov yam ntxwv ntawm fungi tej zaum yuav supplemented los ntawm lub fact tias nyob rau hauv lawv cov cell phab ntsa, raws li zoo raws li nyob rau hauv cov nroj tsuag muaj ntau polysaccharides txuas rau protein molecules -. Peptidoglycan mannanoproteiny etc. Lawv tsim ib tug tub ntxhais txheej ntawm cov multilayer cell phab ntsa thiab ua si ib qho tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv kev tswj cell yam ntxwv ntseeg, thiab nyob rau hauv nws pauv nrog rau cov ib puag ncig muaj dab.

spare carbohydrates

Qhov no daim ntawv pib ib tug ncaj ncauj lus kom ntxaws general yam ntxwv ntawm fungi. Qib 6 lub tsev kawm ntawv - ib lub sij hawm thaum peb ua ntej kom huv si ntsib nrog cov kab hauv ib chav kawm ntawv. Peb xav kom mus tob zuj zus lawv cov kev paub thiab kom lawv tshawb nyob rau hauv ntau yam. Peb tam sim no piav qhia txog cov kev hloov ntawm carbohydrate.

Nyob rau hauv fungi tsis pom lub ntsiab cia polysaccharide xam qhovkev rau hauv ntau dua cov nroj tsuag thiab ntau algae - cov hmoov txhuv nplej. Qabzib yog muab cia rau hauv eumitsetov glucan kom ze rau tus tsiaj cov hmoov txhuv nplej glycogen. Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus glucans los ntawm nceb muaj lwm yam spare carbohydrates, thiab ib co yog cim rau lub nceeg vaj ntawm fungi. Qhov no yog feem ntau disaccharide trehalose. Rau ib ntev lub sij hawm trehalose pom xwb nyob rau hauv fungi, yog vim li cas uas nws tau txais ib tug thib ob lub npe - mycosis. Tam sim no nws yog nyob rau hauv ib co dua nroj tsuag raws li ib tug me compound. Trehalose plays ib qho tseem ceeb luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub adaptation ntawm cov fungal hlwb rau kev nyuaj siab thiab cov kev cai ntawm osmotic dab. Lub fungal hlwb kuj muaj qab zib alcohols - mannitol, sorbitol, xylitol thiab lwm tus neeg.

lipids

Lipids (glycerol esters ntawm monocarboxylic acids muaj ib tug unbranched aliphatic saw) yog ib qho tseem ceeb spare cov khoom, lawv tso nyob rau hauv lub cell nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov roj mob. Rau fungi yus muaj los ntawm ib tug siab cov ntsiab lus ntawm polyunsaturated (muaj ob peb ob bonds nyob rau hauv lub aliphatic saw) fatty acids xws li linolenic - peb, thiab arachidonic - plaub ob bonds. Lub phospholipid daim ntawv (txuas ester daim ntawv cog lus nrog ib tug phosphoric acid), lipids uas loj Cheebtsam ntawm cell week. Ib tug loj luag hauj lwm nyob rau hauv cov creation ntawm lug ntawm membrane lipids thiab sterols ua si, muab daim nyias nyias lub zog. Tsis zoo li cov roj uas txhaws tsiaj muaj 27 carbon atoms nyob rau hauv lub molecule (C-27) thiab phytosterols (C-29) nroj tsuag, cov thawj fungal sterol - ergosterol (C-28).

Secondary metabolites: pigments

Nceb yog deprived ntawm photosynthetic pigments, tab sis ua ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm cov tebchaw, coloring mycelium propagative kabmob los yog substrate. Raws li cov tshuaj xwm ntawm feem ntau pigments koom terpenoid (carotenoids) los yog mus rau uas muaj ntxhiab tebchaw. Lawv ua tau ntau yam ntawm kev khiav dej num. Yog li, cov txiv kab ntxwv carotene derivatives ntxias txaus ntawm kev sib deev txheej txheem nyob rau hauv Mucorales; tsaus ntsuab thiab dub pigments phenolic Aspergillus tso xwb Sporiferous apparatus uas, tsis zoo li lub substrate mycelium, yog tsim nyob rau hauv huab cua, thiab nyob rau hauv lub tsis sib haum rau kev tiv thaiv los ntawm ultraviolet lub teeb; maub-xim melanin yog tso nyob rau hauv lub cell phab ntsa, kom lawv lub dag lub zog.

Co toxins thiab tshuaj tua kab mob

Muaj ntau fungi tsim tshuaj lom mus rau lwm cov kab mob uas muaj feem ntau raug cai thaum tso ua ke general yam ntxwv ntawm fungi (qib 6 phau ntawv los yog phau ntawv rau cov tsev kawm ntawv). Yam tshuaj uas yog tshuaj lom rau kab mob, hu ua tshuaj tua kab mob uas muaj kuab lom rau cov nroj tsuag - phytotoxins lom rau tsiaj txhu thiab tib neeg - mycotoxins. Ib txhia metabolites ntawm fungi, ua tshuaj lom rau txawv pab pawg ntawm cov kab mob (cov nroj tsuag thiab kab mob, nroj tsuag thiab tsiaj txhu), muaj ib tug complex kev txiav txim. Tshuaj tua kab mob muaj tsim los ntawm ntau fungi inhabiting lub av, uas yuav tsum sib tw rau cov as-ham substrates nrog rau lwm cov kab mob. Lawv tshuaj xwm thiab hom ntawm kev txiav txim yog ntau haiv neeg. Yog li, tshuaj tua kab mob-penicillins thiab cephalosporins inhibit cell phab ntsa synthesis nyob rau hauv cov kab mob, trichothecenes - protein synthesis nyob rau hauv eukaryotic kab mob, griseofulvin - mitosis.

Phytotoxins thiab mitotoksiny

Phytotoxins faib fungi nyob rau hauv kab mob tsob nroj ntaub so ntswg, ua rau tus tuag ntawm tsob nroj hlwb, uas ces ua ib qho yooj yim prey rau cov cab. Co toxins inhibit enzymatic dab nyob rau hauv lub hlwb raug tus kab mob nroj tsuag (e.g., pwm Alternaria tentoksin cheeb photosynthetic ntsev) muaj muaj zog membrane nyhuv thiab cawv rau cov thauj ntawm yam los ntawm daim nyias nyias, cov transmembrane ion hloov lwm lub tsev (fusaric acid, fusicoccin li al.).

Mycotoxins raug muab faib ua ob pawg - cov co toxins ntawm me me fungi (mikromitcetov) thiab fungal toxins macromycetes muaj loj fruiting lub cev. Tus thawj yog tshwj xeeb yog txaus ntshai fungi uas mob rau lub cog cov khoom uas yog siv nyob rau hauv cov zaub mov. Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv sclerotia ergot alkaloids noog (heterocycles muaj nitrogen), uas Neuro-ua ib ce tuag toxins. Lawv tsis txhob ua txhaum down thaum lub sij hawm ci, yog li hauv lub khob cij ci los ntawm hmoov nrog ib tug khiav ceev ntawm crushed sclerotia, yog tsis tshua muaj txaus ntshai. Nws siv yuav ua rau mob loj heev lom, feem ntau nrog neeg tuag taus txim. Lwm yam cereals cab - yav Fusarium lub taub hau blight. Nws yog ib tug mushroom ntawm Fusarium, uas allocates grain terpenoid toxins kuj ua rau mob hnyav lom (mov ci ci los ntawm hmoov kab mob nrog Fusarium, popularly hu ua "qaug dej qaug cawv mov", raws li nws ua rau kiv taub hau, ntuav thiab mob lwm yam li mob loj heev cawv lom).

noj mov nceb

Tam sim no, ib tug ntau ntawm cov ntaub ntawv hais txog lawv noj tau science thiab biology. General yam ntxwv ntawm fungi, los ntawm no taw tes ntawm view yog raws li nram no. Hwj chim feem ntau fungi yog vim cov nroj tsuag, li ntawd, lawv muaj active enzymes uas ua txhaum lub yam ntxwv thiab spare polysaccharides nyob rau hauv nyob nroj tsuag thiab cog cov khib nyiab. Tej pectinases rhuav tseg polygalacturonic acid (pectin) rau cov uas tsis muaj molecular yuag oligogalakturonidy, xylanase, cellobiase thiab cellulose degrading cellulose thiab hemicellulose - lub ntsiab carbohydrate tivthaiv ntawm cog ntawm tes phab ntsa, amylase decomposes starch, thiab lwm yam Ob txhais, tom qab lub cellulose by luj ntawm Cheebtsam ntawm cog hlwb -. Lignin, sawv cev rau ib tug peb-dimensional polymer uas muaj ntxhiab rings. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog ib tug ntau ntawm nws nyob rau hauv lub ntxhov hlwb. Lignin - lub feem ntau resistant vegetative polymer thiab tsuas yog nceb (mas drevorazrushayuschih Polypore) muaj lignazy degrading enzymes nws. Nceb cab kis npog tsiaj thiab tib neeg (daim tawv nqaij, plaub hau, plaub), paim enzymes uas zom protein keratin, los ntawm uas lawv lub tsev.

Feem ntau ntawm cov enzymes rau lub zog txuag yog tsim los ntawm lub hlwb tsis lossi tiam sis tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm lub substance nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam (e.g., Yog hais tias tsis muaj pectin nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam, lub pectinase yog tsis tsim). Lawv yog cov tsis constitutive, raws li kev kawm mus rau substrate induction. Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv yuav tsis tsim yog hais tias tus nruab nrab yog ib tug sib tov ntawm as tebchaw uas muaj ntau paaj zog metabolism (catabolites). Piv txwv li, qhov kawg khoom ntawm kev puas tsuaj ntawm feem ntau polysaccharides - qabzib, txawm li cas los nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw uas nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd muaj pectin los yog cellulose, qabzib, cellulase thiab pectinase tsis ua. Tsis zoo li yuav pab tau los tsim txoj tshuaj dab los tsim qabzib, yog hais tias nws yog twb nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob medium. Tej kev cai no yog hu ua catabolite tsuj.

agamobium

Ntxiv mus qhib ib tug npe xws li "General yam ntxwv ntawm fungi", piav me ntsis txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm hais tawm. Asexual tu tub tu kiv ntawm cov kab mob yuav ua tau mobile thiab tshais noob. Zoospores ntaub ntawv ib tug me me muaj pes tsawg tus ntawm fungi, dej thiab terrestrial, uas nws caj kom meej meej pom vim cov dej. flagella qauv thiab nyob zoospores Oomycetes gifihitrievyh zoo li ntawd piav rau ochrophyta, thaum Chytridiomycota yuav tau los sib tham nyob rau hauv qhov kev piav qhia ntawm no pab pawg neeg. Feem ntau cov hom ntawm fungi noob reproduces stills, qhia hais tias lawv yog ntev heev-lub sij hawm kev nkag mus rau lub teb chaws. Cov noob kab mob yuav tsum tsim nyob rau endogenously nyob rau hauv sporangia (sporangiospory) los yog exogenously (conidia). Endogenous noob yog tso tawm tsuas yog tom qab kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov sporangium, uas feem ntau tshwm sim thaum ntub dej. ib tug loj tus naj npawb (txhiab) ntawm spores, tab sis qee yam tsim me me sporangium (sporangioli) uas yog tsuas ib ob peb noob (tej zaum ib) yog feem ntau tsim nyob rau hauv lub sporangia. Nyob rau hauv lub caij nyoog kawg no cov ntaub ntawv lub plhaub sporangioli thiab noob yuav coalesce, thiab ces hais tsis sib haum endogenous zog raws li exogenous. Qhov no qhia cov thawj tshwm sim los ntawm endogenous spores, uas yog cov precursors ntawm exogenous.

syngenesis

Feem ntau hom ntawm kev sib deev txheej txheem, nrog rau feem ntau yooj yim - cov fusion ntawm ob gametes tsis txawv nyob rau hauv cov vegetative hlwb, hu ua somatogamiya. Qhov no hom ntawm tus txheej txheem yog raug rau kev sib deev askomitsetnyh yeasts, Basidiomycetes thiab ntau lwm fungi. Tej zaum nws yuav siv sij hawm txawm tsis muaj cell fusion, ib tug yooj yim fusion ntawm nuclei nyob rau hauv lub hlwb. Ib tug ntau txheej txheem yog preceded ntawm kev sib deev rho tawm feem mycelium cov neeg koom tes (gametangia) uas ces hauj lwm ua ke. Xws li ib tug kev sib deev txheej txheem, gametangiogamiya, raug rau ntau zigo- thiab Ascomycetes. Thaum kawg, nyob rau hauv fungi pom thiab lub li ib txwm lwm eukaryotic kab mob gametogamiya, piv txwv li merger tshwj xeeb gametes.

Classic kuv- thiab heterogamy cov yam ntxwv ntawm algae, pom xwb nyob rau hauv lub qis fungi - Chytridiomycota. Classical oogamy fungi uas tsis yog-existent. Txawm oomycetes, hu li ntawd vim lawv muaj oogamy tsis muaj txiv neej gametes (phev los yog spermatsiev) thiab qe nyob rau hauv oogonia deprived tus kheej cell phab ntsa thiab muaj npe oosferami. Nyob rau hauv ib co hom ntawm marsupials nceb muaj oogonium (tab sis tsis muaj tus poj niam gametes yog qe, piv txwv li sawv cev rau gametangium), tab sis yog tsis muaj antheridium, yog li ntawd fertilization tshwm sim autonomic gifoy. Lwm tus askomitsegov thiab bazidiomitsetnyh xeb fungi yog txiv neej gametes - spermatsii, tab sis tsis muaj poj niam gametes, thiab tej zaum kuj gametangia (spermatogamiya). Nyob rau hauv ib co hom spermatsii yog dual muaj nuj nqi - tus txiv neej gametes thiab asexual noob (conidia).

xaus

General yam ntxwv ntawm fungi: noj thiab ua tsis taus pa, spore tu tub tu kiv - tag nrho cov uas zoo txaus siab mus rau qhov lovers. Nws yog ib lub cim kab mob uas tsis nroj tsuag los yog cov tsiaj. Qhib nyob rau hauv cov phau ntawv nyeem muaj cai "General yam ntxwv ntawm fungi" (Qib 7), koj yuav pom tau tias lawv roos ib tug nyias muaj nyias ib lub nceeg vaj. Lwm yam kingdoms - yog tsiaj txhu, nroj tsuag, cov kab mob thiab cov kab mob. Lub ntsiab lus ntawm "General yam ntxwv ntawm fungi thiab tus nqi" teem tawm nyob rau hauv cov phau ntawv thiab nyob rau hauv no tsab xov xwm - yog cia li cov ntaub ntawv hais txog lawv. Nyob rau lawv tau sau tag nrho cov phau ntawv, li ntawd, koom nyob rau hauv lawv txoj kev kawm yuav ua tau ntev heev. Ib qho ntawm feem nthuav xai nyob rau hauv peb lub tswv yim, yog lub general yam ntxwv ntawm fungi. Pwm - ib qho ntawm feem ancient nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no hom uas muaj sia nyob. Nws nyob 200 lab. Years dhau los thiab loj hlob tau nyob rau hauv lub niaj hnub ntiaj teb no. Qhib seem ntawm tej tsev kawm ntawv phau "Lub nceeg vaj ntawm fungi. General yam ntxwv" (Qib 6), thiab koj yuav nrhiav tau cov lus qhia ntxiv hais txog nws.