Biography ntawm Archimedes. Koj discoveries ntawm Archimedes

Cov ancient Greek paub txog Archimedes yog tus inventor, mathematician, designer, engineer, physicist, astronomer thiab kho tsheb. Nws nrhiav tau ib tug coj xws li ib tug lej physicist. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev soj ntsuam tau tsim txoj kev nrhiav tus tagnrho, chaw thiab cov cheeb tsam uas muaj ntau yam lub cev thiab cov nuj nqis, xav txog lub integral calculus. Nws yog tus neeg sau ntawm ntau inventions. Nrog rau cov npe ntawm ib tus paub txog uas txuam nrog rau cov tsos ntawm cov qib kev cai, cov kev taw qhia ntawm lub sij hawm "center ntawm lub ntiajteb txawj nqus" thiab kev tshawb fawb nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm hydrostatic. Thaum cov neeg Loos rov Syracuse, tiv thaiv engineering lub tuam txhab koom nyob rau hauv lub nroog yog Archimedes.

Nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawm technology tshiab thiab kev discoveries, peb yog accustomed rau perceive tus kawm tau ntawv zoo raws li ib yam dab tsi zoo tib yam, oblivious mus rau lub fact tias lub hauv paus ntawm uas twb muaj lawm paub nteg los ntawm ancient scholars. Lawv yog cov tho kev. Thiab Archimedes ntawm Syracuse yog li ntawd ntse heev ntawm tag nrho cov. Tom qab nws paub tseeb hais tias feem ntau ntawm lawv tus kheej lub tswv yim rau hauv xyaum. Peb contemporaries yog siv ntse nyob rau hauv lub chaw ua hauj lwm, tab sis yog tsis txawm paub tias leej twg yog lawv tus neeg sau ntawv. Biography ntawm Archimedes kom dim tsuas yog los ntawm legends thiab puas. Peb muab rau koj paub nrog nws.

Childhood thiab kev kawm ntawv

Archimedes, ib tug luv luv biography uas yuav tsum tau hais hauv qab no, tau yug los nyob rau hauv Syracuse nyob ib ncig ntawm 287 BC. e. Nws tseem yog menyuam yaus coincided nrog lub sij hawm thaum King Pyrrhus waged tsov rog nrog Carthaginians thiab cov neeg Loos, sim los tsim ib tug tshiab hom ntawm Greek lub xeev. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog distinguished nyob rau hauv no tsov rog Hiero - ib tug txheeb ze ntawm Archimedes, uas tau los ua tus uas kav lub Syracuse. Phidias (tus me nyuam tub txiv) yog tus approximate Hieron. Qhov no ua rau nws muab ib tug zoo kev kawm ntawv rau Archimedes. Tab sis tus tub hluas tsis muaj txaus theoretical kev paub, thiab nws tau mus rau Alexandria, uas yog nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm ib tug scientific chaw. Ntawm no, cov Ptolemies - lub rulers ntawm tim lyiv teb chaws - tau sau qhov zoo tshaj plaws Greek scholars thiab thinkers ntawm lub sij hawm. Tsis tas li ntawd nyob rau hauv Alexandria yog cov coob cov tsev qiv ntawv nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no, qhov twg Archimedes tau ntev kawm lej thiab tej hauj lwm ntawm Eudoxus, Democritus, etc. Nyob rau hauv cov xyoo, yav tom ntej soj ntsuam befriended lub astronomer Conon, geographer thiab mathematician Eratosthenes. Tom qab ntawd nws coj lawv nrog ib tug ib feem ntawm lub xov xwm.

thawj txoj hauj lwm

Tom qab kev kawm Archimedes, ib tug luv luv biography uas yog lub npe hu mus rau tag nrho zaum, nws rov qab mus rau Syracuse thiab pub rau txoj hauj lwm ntawm Phidias - lub tsev hais plaub astronomer. Vim Hiero tuaj txog nyob rau hauv peacetime. Yuav kom tau tawm ntawm kev koom tes nyob rau hauv lub Thawj Punic ua tsov ua rog, nws them ib tug lossis loj indemnity mus rau tim Loos. Nyob rau hauv lub "General History" Polybius piav txog qhov no txoj kev: "Hiero tuaj rau lub hwj chim, nrog tsis muaj koob meej los yog wealth, thiab tsis muaj lub txiaj ntsim ntawm txoj hmoo. Nws tsis tau mob, tsis ntiab tawm, tsis tua, tab sis cov kev cai raws li ntau li ntau '54 ... "Cuaj kaum, Hieron, zoo li nws successors, kho nrog zoo saib xyuas mus rau lub strengthening ntawm lub nroog nyob rau hauv kev npaj rau tau ua tub rog nyuaj.

scientific tej hauj lwm

Txoj hauj lwm astronomer yog ua nra hnyav rau, thiab Archimedes yog free mus koom nyob rau hauv lwm yam kev ua ub no. Nyob rau hauv theoretical cov nqe lus ntawm nws cov kev tshawb fawb tau multifaceted. Tus thawj hauj lwm ntawm Archimedes tau mob siab mus rau lub mechanics. Nws tso siab rau nws, thiab nyob rau hauv ib co zauv cov ntaub ntawv. Piv txwv li, tus kws tshawb fawb siv lub zog txoj ntsiab cai rau daws tau ib co duab teeb meem. Nws ua zauv xaus teev nyob rau hauv lub chaw ua hauj lwm "rau lub equilibrium ntawm lub dav hlau nuj nqis." Qhov no ua hauj lwm ntawm tus paub txog tau ua tus ncej txheem "parabola squaring" (ib calculus), uas yuav qhib nyob rau hauv 2000 xyoo. Thiab nyob rau hauv phau ntawv "Nyob rau ntsuas vajvoog" soj ntsuam xam piv ntawm lub lub cheeb ntawm ib lub voj voog rau nws kav ntev npaum, los yog nyob rau hauv lwm yam lus, tus xov tooj pi (3.14). Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, tag nrho cov tseem siv nws invented system npe zauv.

scientific tau

Biography Archimedes piav nws ob tug tseem ceeb tshaj plaws kev ua tau: cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub ntiajteb txawj nqus thiab lub formulation ntawm lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm cov qib. Nws kuj nteg lub lub hauv paus ntawm hydrostatics. Tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub lig 16th thiab thaum ntxov 17th caug xyoo, cov tswv yim no tau tsim Pascal, Galileo, Stevin thiab lwm yam zaum uas siv lub Archimedes 'paus ntsiab lus, nws tau piav nyob rau hauv nws cov hauj lwm "Nyob rau floating lub cev". Qhov no ua hauj lwm yog thawj los mus ntsuam xyuas nyob rau hauv kev xyaum siv cov kev xav txog cov qauv ntawm cov teeb meem los ntawm kev tsim cov qauv. Archimedes muaj pov thawj tsis tau tsuas yog ob peb loj kev cai ntawm yam ntxwv lub cev ntawm lub atoms nyob rau hauv cov kua, tab sis kuj paub tseeb hais tias ib tug xov tooj ntawm atomistic tswv yim ntawm Democritus. Nyob rau hauv no ua hauj lwm, ib tug scientific ntse heev soj ntsuam manifested nrog rau kev quab yuam. Nws tau yuav ua pov thawj xwb nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua puv 19.

lwm cov kev tshawb fawb

Raws li cov biography ntawm Archimedes, tsuas yog mechanics, physics thiab kev kawm txog zauv, nws twb koom nyob rau hauv meteorological thiab duab optics. Tsis tas li ntawd, tus paub txog muaj ib tug series ntawm thwmsim rau lub refraction ntawm lub teeb. Muaj yog muaj pov thawj tias Archimedes sau tau ib zoo sau ntawv - "Catoptrics", tab sis hmoov tsis, nws twb tsis tau fwm. Nyob rau lub hauv paus los ntawm cov seem nqe vaj lug kub tej zaum yuav lam xav tias tus neeg tshawb xyuas paub caws nplaum nyhuv uas cov concave lens los ntawm refraction ntawm thwmsim ua lub teeb nyob rau hauv huab cua thiab dej tej kev kawm, thiab kuj muaj ib lub tswv yim hais txog cov khoom ntawm cov dluab nyob rau hauv lub concave, convex thiab tiaj tus tsom iav. Dhau li citations dim tsuas yog ib theorem tseeb tiag hais tias cov thiaj teeb beam ntawm daim iav lub kaum sab xis ntawm cov xwm txheej sib npaug lub kaum sab xis ntawm thiaj.

tiv thaiv Syracuse

Qhib Archimedes nyob rau hauv engineering coj nws ntau tshaj plaws koob meej, uas hla ciam teb tsis tau tsuas yog lub teb chaws, tab sis kuj centuries. Qab ntsoov nws engineering ntse heev manifested nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv 214 BC. e. thaum lub sij hawm lub siege ntawm nws cov haiv neeg Syracuse. Archimedes mus rau hauv nws xya caum. Nws yog ib tug ntawm cov loj tshaj triumphs nyob rau hauv lub neej ntawm ib tus paub txog. Ntawm no nws txawv nws tus kheej tsis tau tsuas yog raws li ib tug inventor, tab sis kuj raws li ib tug zoo heev builder. Sawv daws yeej paub hais tias tus ancient lug muaj khoom phab ntsa. Archimedes mounted nyob rau hauv lawv cov loopholes thiab loopholes tsim rau nruab nrab thiab sab bout. Nws tsim nyob rau hauv peacetime, kev sib ntaus los tsheb pub los mus tiv thaiv Syracuse los ntawm cov neeg Loos ua tua rau peb lub xyoos.

tsis ntev los no xyoo

Raws li koj tau pom, lub scientific lub neej ntawm Archimedes yog kaj thiab nyeem. Nyob rau hauv xyoo tsis ntev los, nws twb koom nyob rau hauv ib tug computationally-astronomical kev ua ub no. Tit Livy (Roman txawj sau ntawv) hu ua nws "ib tug ntawm ib tug zoo saib ntawm cov hnub qub thiab lub ntuj." Thiab txawm hais tias peb tsis tau mus txog ib tug astronomical writings ntawm Archimedes, peb yuav tsis ntseeg cov authenticity ntawm no yam ntxwv. Hais txog cov chav kawm ntawv qhov no zoo ntawm kev ua si yog paub tseeb hais tias los ntawm zaj dab neeg ntawm lub vaj xilethi-aus kheej tsim los ntawm nws, thiab kev sau ntawv "Lub Xuab zeb Reckoner", qhov twg zaum no sim rau suav tus xov tooj ntawm cov nplej ntawm cov xuab zeb nyob rau hauv lub ntug.

Nyob rau hauv nws cov hauj lwm tus kws tshawb fawb yog ib tug lub sij hawm ntawd uas yuav tsum tau ntaus nqi mus rau qhov "discovery ntawm Archimedes 'qeb. Tus thawj tus paub txog nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm science piv rau ob lub nruab ntawm lub ntiaj teb no - lub heliocentric thiab geocentric. Archimedes sau tias: "Feem ntau cov astronomers ntseeg tau hais tias lub ntiaj teb no - ib tug pob kos npe ntawm lub ntiaj teb thiab qhov chaw ntawm lub hnub." Yog li, nws yeej paub txog qhov ntev ntawm lub ntiaj teb no thiab paub hais tias nws yog finite. Qhov no tso cai rau kev soj ntsuam coj lawv cov laij mus txog thaum kawg.

xaus

Qhov no xaus rau biography ntawm Archimedes. Nws tau tshwm sim ua ntej peb li ib tug engineer, soj ntsuam, theorist thiab popularizer ntawm science. Lub ua ke ntawm cov tswv yim kev xav nrog zauv txuj ci thiab lub koom haum kev txawj ntse nyob rau ntawm lub sij hawm yog ib tug rarity. Nyob rau hauv lub keeb kwm ntawm science Archimedes tuaj raws li ib tug shining piv txwv ntawm ib tug soj ntsuam uas yog tau sib haum xeeb muab kev tshawb xav xyaum. Nco ntsoov, nws yog ib tug yam ntxwv paub txog, uas nws yog tsim nyog los noj ib qho piv txwv rau lwm tiam ntawm kev soj ntsuam. Qhov kev thov Archimedes zauv physics twb tsis tiag ntaus nqi tsis nws xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv, los yog cov zaum ntawm lub Nrab Hnub nyoog. Thaum xav txog cov kev soj ntsuam, ua ntej ntawm lub sij hawm, uas Archimedes yog cov lawv cov ntaub ntawv. Tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 16-17 European mathematicians twb tau paub qhov tseem ceeb thiab qhov tseem ceeb ntawm nws scientific kev koom tes. Txij thaum ntawd los, lub Greek kawm tau ntau followers thiab enthusiasts, hlawv nrog lub siab xav los ua pov thawj lawv tus kheej lub hom phiaj ntawm pob zeb gains. Thiab tam sim no, nyob rau hauv lub cim xeeb ntawm cov ntse heev zaum uas ua lub foundations, rov qab tib yam quaj hais tias Archimedes: "Eureka! Kuv tau pom. "